1.
Create the Employees table with constraints
CREATE TABLE Employees (
EmployeeID INT PRIMARY KEY, -- PRIMARY KEY constraint
FirstName VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL, -- NOT NULL constraint
LastName VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL, -- NOT NULL constraint
Department VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL, -- NOT NULL constraint
Salary INT CHECK (Salary > 50000 AND Salary < 100000), -- CHECK constraint
HireDate DATE NOT NULL, -- NOT NULL constraint
City VARCHAR(50) DEFAULT 'Unknown' -- DEFAULT constraint
);
2. Insert records while satisfying constraints
INSERT INTO Employees (EmployeeID, FirstName, LastName, Department, Salary,
HireDate, City)
VALUES
(1, 'John', 'Doe', 'Finance', 75000, '2020-01-15', 'New York');
3. Ensure department names are unique
ALTER TABLE Employees
ADD CONSTRAINT Unique_Department UNIQUE (Department);
4. Add a foreign key relationship to a new Departments table
CREATE TABLE Departments (
DepartmentID INT PRIMARY KEY, -- Primary key for Departments table
DepartmentName VARCHAR(50) UNIQUE NOT NULL -- UNIQUE and NOT NULL
constraint
);
ALTER TABLE Employees
ADD DepartmentID INT;
ALTER TABLE Employees
ADD CONSTRAINT FK_Department FOREIGN KEY (DepartmentID) REFERENCES
Departments(DepartmentID);
5. Ensure EmployeeID is unique (redundant with PRIMARY KEY for
demonstration)
ALTER TABLE Employees
ADD CONSTRAINT Unique_EmployeeID UNIQUE (EmployeeID);
6. Add a check constraint on HireDate
ALTER TABLE Employees
ADD CONSTRAINT Check_HireDate CHECK (HireDate >= '2000-01-01');
7. Default city for employees not explicitly assigned
ALTER TABLE Employees
ALTER COLUMN City SET DEFAULT 'Unknown';
8. Ensure salary is a positive number
ALTER TABLE Employees
ADD CONSTRAINT Check_Salary_Positive CHECK (Salary > 0);
ALTER TABLE Employees
ADD CONSTRAINT Unique_FullName UNIQUE (FirstName, LastName);
10. Restrict employees to specific cities only
ALTER TABLE Employees
ADD CONSTRAINT Check_City CHECK (City IN ('New York', 'San Francisco', 'Los
Angeles', 'Chicago', 'Houston', 'Seattle', 'Phoenix', 'Boston', 'Denver',
'Austin', 'Dallas', 'San Diego'));
11. Create an index on Department for faster queries
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_Department ON Employees(Department);
12. Create a table for Projects with a foreign key to Employees
CREATE TABLE Projects (
ProjectID INT PRIMARY KEY,
ProjectName VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
EmployeeID INT,
FOREIGN KEY (EmployeeID) REFERENCES Employees(EmployeeID)
);
13. Add a default salary if not provided
ALTER TABLE Employees
ALTER COLUMN Salary SET DEFAULT 60000;
14. Ensure names are not empty strings
ALTER TABLE Employees
ADD CONSTRAINT Check_Name_Not_Empty CHECK (FirstName <> '' AND LastName <>
'');
15. Add a foreign key to a Cities table
CREATE TABLE Cities (
CityID INT PRIMARY KEY,
CityName VARCHAR(50) UNIQUE NOT NULL
);
ALTER TABLE Employees
ADD CityID INT;
ALTER TABLE Employees
ADD CONSTRAINT FK_City FOREIGN KEY (CityID) REFERENCES Cities(CityID);
16. Set a default hire date
ALTER TABLE Employees
ALTER COLUMN HireDate SET DEFAULT GETDATE(); -- For SQL Server
-- Use CURRENT_DATE for PostgreSQL or MySQL
17. Restrict department names to specific values
ALTER TABLE Departments
ADD CONSTRAINT Check_DepartmentName CHECK (DepartmentName IN ('Finance', 'IT',
'HR', 'Marketing'));
18. Ensure no duplicate combinations of EmployeeID and CityID
ALTER TABLE Employees
ADD CONSTRAINT Unique_Employee_City UNIQUE (EmployeeID, CityID);
19. Create a Bonuses table with constraints and foreign keys
CREATE TABLE Bonuses (
BonusID INT PRIMARY KEY,
EmployeeID INT NOT NULL,
BonusAmount INT CHECK (BonusAmount >= 0),
FOREIGN KEY (EmployeeID) REFERENCES Employees(EmployeeID)
);
20. Ensure all employees in IT have a salary above 80,000
ALTER TABLE Employees
ADD CONSTRAINT Check_IT_Salary CHECK (Department <> 'IT' OR Salary >= 80000);
