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4 TH Experiment

The document provides an overview of various SQL functions including conversion functions (TO_CHAR, TO_NUMBER, TO_DATE), string functions (CONCAT, LPAD, RPAD, LTRIM, RTRIM, LOWER, UPPER, INITCAP, LENGTH, SUBSTR), and date functions (SYSDATE, NEXT_DAY, ADD_MONTHS, LAST_DAY, MONTHS_BETWEEN, LEAST, GREATEST, TRUNC). It includes examples demonstrating how to use these functions with sample data from an 'emp' table. The document serves as a reference for performing data manipulation and formatting in SQL.

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9 views5 pages

4 TH Experiment

The document provides an overview of various SQL functions including conversion functions (TO_CHAR, TO_NUMBER, TO_DATE), string functions (CONCAT, LPAD, RPAD, LTRIM, RTRIM, LOWER, UPPER, INITCAP, LENGTH, SUBSTR), and date functions (SYSDATE, NEXT_DAY, ADD_MONTHS, LAST_DAY, MONTHS_BETWEEN, LEAST, GREATEST, TRUNC). It includes examples demonstrating how to use these functions with sample data from an 'emp' table. The document serves as a reference for performing data manipulation and formatting in SQL.

Uploaded by

likhithakonda28
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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4.

QUERIES USING CONVERSION FUNCTIONS (TO_CHAR, TO_NUMBER AND TO_DATE),


STRING FUNCTIONS (CONCATENATION, LPAD, RPAD, LTRIM, RTRIM, LOWER, UPPER,
INITCAP, LENGTH, SUBSTR AND INSTR), DATE FUNCTIONS (SYSDATE, NEXT_DAY,
ADD_MONTHS, LAST_DAY, MONTHS_BETWEEN, LEAST,
GREATEST, TRUNC, ROUND, TO_CHAR)

SQL> select *from emp;


ENO ENAME SALARY LOC
101 ali 15000 vja
102 haji 20000 hyd
103 mohammad 42000 vja
104 ravi 23000 gnt
105 irfath 50000 hyd

a) Conversion Functions:
1. to_char: to_char is used to convert the attribute values to char.
SQL> select to_char(salary,'$99999.99') from emp;
TO_CHAR(SALARY)
$15000.00
$20000.00
$42000.00
$23000.00
$50000.00
SQL> SELECT TO_CHAR (123.4567, '99999.9') FROM DUAL;
TO_CHAR (
123.5
SQL> SELECT TO_CHAR(123.4567, '99999.99') FROM DUAL;
TO_CHAR(1
123.46

SQL> SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, 'YYYY/MM/DD') FROM DUAL;


TO_CHAR(SY 2021/07/09

SQL> SELECT TO_CHAR (SYSDATE, 'DD/MM/YYYY') FROM DUAL;


TO_CHAR(SY 09/07/2021

SQL> SELECT TO_CHAR (23, '000099') FROM DUAL;


TO_CHAR 000023

SQL> SELECT TO_CHAR (23, '0000999') FROM DUAL;


TO_CHAR( 0000023

2. to_number: to_number is used to convert the attribute value to number.

SQL> SELECT TO_NUMBER('1210.73', '9999.99') FROM DUAL;


TO_NUMBER('1210.73','9999.99') 1210.73
3. to_date: to_date is used for convert and display the attribute values as
date. SQL> select to_date('01-01-2020', 'MM-DD-YYYY') from dual;

TO_DATE(' 01-JAN-20

b) String functions:
1. Concatenation: CONCAT is used to add two attribute values such as
string.

SQL> select concat (eno, loc) from emp;


CONCAT(ENO,LOC)
101vja 102hyd 103vja 104gnt 105hyd

2. lpad: LPAD() function is used to padding the left side of a string with a
specific set of characters.

SQL> select lpad(ename,10,'*') from emp;


LPAD(ENAME,10,'*')
*******ali
******haji
**mohammad
******ravi
****irfath
3. rpad: RPAD() function is used to padding the right side of a string with
a specific set of characters.

SQL> select rpad(ename,10,'*') from emp;


RPAD(ENAME,10,'*')
ali******* haji****** mohammad** ravi****** irfath****

ltrim: LTRIM() function is used to remove all specified characters from


the left end side of a string

SQL> select ltrim('******hi********','*') from dual;


LTRIM('*** hi********
5. rtrim: RTRIM() function is used to remove all specified characters
from the left end side of a string

SQL> select rtrim('******hi********','*') from dual;


RTRIM('*
******hi
6. lower: lower() function is used to convert the attribute value in to lower
case.

SQL> select lower(ename) from emp;


LOWER(ENAM
ali haji
mohammad ravi
irfath
7. upper: upper() function is used to convert the attribute values in to
upper case.

SQL> select upper(ename) from emp;


UPPER(ENAM ALI
HAJI
MOHAMMAD RAVI
IRFATH

8. initcap: initcap() is used to convert the attribute values first character in


capital letter.

SQL> select initcap (ename) from emp;


INITCAP(EN
Ali Haji
Mohammad Ravi
Irfath
9. length: length() function is used to calculate the length of the given
attribute.

SQL> select ename,length(ename) from emp;


ENAME LENGTH(ENAME)
ali 3
haji 4
mohammad 8
ravi 4
irfath 6
10. substr:substr() function is used to find the substring of the given
attribute value. It retuns size-1 of the given string/ attribute as a sub string.

SQL> select ename, substr(ename,4) from emp;


ENAME SUBSTR(ENAME,4)
ali
haji i
mohammad ammad ravi i
irfath ath

c) Date functions:
1. Sysdate(): sysdate() function returns the current system date.

SQL> select sysdate from dual;


SYSDATE 28-APR-21
2. next_day(); it reurns the date of next coming day .

SQL> select next_day(sysdate,'sunday') from dual;


NEXT_DAY( 02-MAY-21
3. add_months(): it returns the next date after adding number of months in the orguments.

SQL> select add_months(sysdate,5) from dual;


ADD_MONTH 28-SEP-21
4. last_day(): The LAST_DAY() function takes a date value as argument and returns the last day of month in that da

SQL> select last_day(sysdate) from dual;


LAST_DAY( 30-APR-21
SQL> select last_day('02-FEB-2020') from dual;
LAST_DAY(

29-FEB-20
5. months_between(): it returns the numbers of months between given two dates.

SQL> select months_between('02-feb-2021','02-feb-2020') from dual;


MONTHS_BETWEEN('02-FEB-2021','02-FEB-2020') 12
SQL> select months_between(sysdate,'02-feb-2020') from dual;
MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE,'02-FEB-2020')
14.8600769
6. least(): it retuns least value from the given argument or attributes.

SQL> select least(300,450,100,440) from dual;


LEAST(300,450,100,440) 100
7. greatest(): it returns maximum values from the given arguments or attributes in the relation.

SQL> select greatest(300,450,100,440) from dual;


GREATEST(300,450,100,440) 450
8. trunc(): The TRUNC() function returns a DATE value truncated to a specified unit.

SQL> select trunc(sysdate,'mm') from dual;


TRUNC(SYS 01-APR-21
SQL> select trunc(sysdate,'yyyy') from dual;
TRUNC(SYS

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