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EE 322 Lecture 6 Comm

Orthogonal Vector

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Waleed Abdullah2k19 EE603
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11 views41 pages

EE 322 Lecture 6 Comm

Orthogonal Vector

Uploaded by

Waleed Abdullah2k19 EE603
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EE322

Analog & Digital Communication


Dr. Imran Javed
(Lecture-6)

Department of Electrical Engineering,


UET Narowal

5/27/2021 UET Narowal 1


Baseband communication
• The baseband is the frequency band of the original signal
– Audio: 0–20 KHz
– Telephony: 300–3700 Hz
– Television video: 0–4.3 MHz
– Ethernet (10 Mbs): 0–20 MHz

• Baseband communication usually requires wire (single,


twisted pair, coaxial)
• Does not involve modulation
• Multiple baseband signals cannot share a channel without
time division multiplexing (TDM)
5/27/2021 UET Narowal 2
Carrier Communication

5/27/2021 UET Narowal 3


Modulation
• It is often impractical to transmit the message signal
directly over the communication channel
– Message signals called as baseband signals have
generally low frequencies or higher wavelengths
– For efficient radiation, size of antenna should be made
proportional to the wavelength of baseband signal
– Higher wavelength means larger size of antenna that
is costly and often impractical
– Therefore message signals are modulated by a high
frequency carrier wave
– Modulation reduces the wavelength of transmitting
waveform that, in turn, reduces the size of antenna
5/27/2021 UET Narowal 4
Modulation (cont’d)
• Modulation also allows simultaneous transmission of
multiple signals over the same geographical area
– This process is called as multiplexing
– By modulation, simultaneous transmission of multiple
signals do not interfere with each other
– Actually each message signal is modulated by a carrier of
different frequency
– Thus we have multiple modulated carrier signals
transmitted simultaneously
– At the receiver, bandpass filter is tuned to desired carrier
wave and the message signal is extracted
– Example: TV transmission having various channels over
the same cable
5/27/2021 UET Narowal 5
Modulation (cont’d)
• Using different frequencies to separate different message signals
for simultaneous transmission is called Frequency Division
Multiplexing (FDM)
• Using different time instants to separate different message signals
for simultaneous transmission is called Time Division
Multiplexing (TDM)

5/27/2021 UET Narowal 6


Modulation (cont’d)
• Modulation is the process of altering the carrier in
correspondence with the variations of message signal
• Demodulation is the process of extracting the message
signal from modulated carrier
• Carrier is usually a high-frequency sinusoidal waveform
• If the message signal alters the amplitude of carrier
wave
– This gives AMPLITUDE MODULATION (AM) (if message
signal is analog)
– This gives AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING (ASK) (if message
signal is digital)

5/27/2021 UET Narowal 7


Modulation (cont’d)
• If the message signal alters the frequency of carrier
– This gives FREQUENCY MODULATION (FM) (if message
signal is analog)
– This gives FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING (FSK) (if message
signal is digital)
• If the message signal alters the phase of carrier
– This gives PHASE MODULATION (PM) (if message
signal is analog)
– This gives PHASE SHIFT KEYING (PSK) (if message
signal is digital)

5/27/2021 UET Narowal 8


Modulation (cont’d)

5/27/2021 UET Narowal 9


Amplitude Modulation (AM)

5/27/2021 UET Narowal 10


AM (cont’d)

5/27/2021 UET Narowal 11


AM (cont’d)

5/27/2021 UET Narowal 12


AM (cont’d)

5/27/2021 UET Narowal 13


Power of AM Signal

5/27/2021 UET Narowal 14


Demodulation of AM Signal

5/27/2021 UET Narowal 15


Demodulation of AM Signal(cont’d)

5/27/2021 UET Narowal 16


Choosing Carrier Frequency
• Carrier frequency should be greater than the signal bandwidth
otherwise two copies of frequency spectrum of modulated signal
will overlap

5/27/2021 UET Narowal 17


DSB-SC Example

5/27/2021 UET Narowal 18


DSB-SC: Frequency Domain

5/27/2021 UET Narowal 19


DSB-SC: Time Domain

5/27/2021 UET Narowal 20


Exercise

5/27/2021 UET Narowal 21


Implementation of AM Modulator

5/27/2021 UET Narowal 22


1. Nonlinear Modulator

e.g., diode

5/27/2021 UET Narowal 23


Nonlinear Modulator (cont’d)

5/27/2021 UET Narowal 24


2. Switching Modulator

5/27/2021 UET Narowal 25


Switching Modulator (cont’d)

5/27/2021 UET Narowal 26


Switching Modulator (cont’d)

5/27/2021 UET Narowal 27


Diode Switch
• Switching function can be implemented by a diode bridge

5/27/2021 UET Narowal 28


Ring Modulator

5/27/2021 UET Narowal 29


Ring Modulator (cont’d)

5/27/2021 UET Narowal 30


Implementation of AM Demodulator
• At the receiver, carrier used by the demodulator must
be synchronized in frequency and phase with the
transmitter carrier
– Such a receiver is called synchronous or coherent
detector
• Imperfect electronics makes difficult to meet this
objective e.g., drift in oscillator frequency
• Also, the frequency and phase of carrier may get shifted
due to channel
• An alternative is to transmit the carrier also with the
modulated signal
– Such receiver is called non-coherent detector
– E.g., Envelop detector & Rectifier detector
5/27/2021 UET Narowal 31
Full AM Signal

5/27/2021 UET Narowal 32


Full AM Signal (cont’d)

5/27/2021 UET Narowal 33


Full AM Signal (cont’d)

5/27/2021 UET Narowal 34


AM Demodulation using
Envelop Detection

5/27/2021 UET Narowal 35


Envelop Detection (cont’d)

5/27/2021 UET Narowal 36


AM Demodulation using Rectifier

5/27/2021 UET Narowal 37


5/27/2021 UET Narowal 38
Power Efficiency

5/27/2021 UET Narowal 39


5/27/2021 UET Narowal 40
Exercise

5/27/2021 UET Narowal 41

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