VECTORS Exercise1.

-an insect moves from A to B and follows path

described by line 𝑃1 .
This path has no specific direction (is
directionless). The length is a scalar quantity.
-the insect could also have travelled in a specific
direction using path 𝑃2 or could also have taken
the 𝑃 3 and 𝑃4 route.

Fig.1 1. a. The line segments represent vectors 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ,

𝑥
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐶𝐷,…, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐾𝐿.Write these vectors in the form (𝑦).

-a vector is any quantity which has direction as b. From results obtained in 1a, what is ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐴?
well as size i.e. a quantity with both magnitude
NB (i) From your results in 1a and 1b,
and direction e.g. force, displacement,
acceleration ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ .
AB = −BA
- a vector is the shortest distance between two
points, with direction; it is movement in a straight Similarly ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
BA = −AB ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , BUT ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB ≠ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
BA because
they have different directions.
line with a direction.
-a scalar is a quantity described by magnitude (ii) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) or ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB + (−AB AB + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
BA = 0
only e.g. mass, distance, speed, time
2. What is (i) ⃗⃗⃗GI ? ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ?
(ii) HJ
Ways of representing vectors NB. From results obtained in No.1 and 2,
⃗⃗⃗ −5 3 −2
(i) directed line segment GI = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
GH + ⃗⃗⃗⃗
HI i.e. ( ) + ( ) = ( )
2 0 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 3 −2 1
and HJ HI + ⃗IJ i.e. ( ) + ( ) = ( ),
0 4 4
the two are examples of sum of vectors.
3.

𝑝
̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑎̅ = (𝑞 )

(ii) by letters eg ̅̅̅̅

𝐴𝐵 or ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 or 𝐴𝐵 or 𝑎 or 𝑎̅ or 𝐀𝐁
or 𝐚 or or 𝑝 + 𝑞 or 9𝒂 + 5𝒃 etc
N.B. ** If bold letters are used there is no need for
lines below or above the letter(s). Draw line segments to represent the following
** Order of letters indicates direction. vectors on the provided grid.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (4) ,
𝐵𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐷𝐸 = ( ) ,
−6 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ( 2 ),
𝐹𝐺
𝑝 1 2 −5
(iii) 2×1 column matrix (𝑞 ). −3 4 0
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐻𝐼 = ( ) , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐾𝐿 = ( ) , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐿𝑀 = ( ),
−2 0 4
N.B. ** (i) Processes in No.3 are translations or
displacements i.e. movement in a straight line, and
in a specified direction without turning.

1
 ** (ii) Revisiting Fig.1 once more, 𝑃2 , 𝑃3 −2 2
eg. − ( ) = + ( ).
and 𝑃4 are translations and obviously 𝑃1 is not a 7 −7
5. Express the following as positive vectors
translation.
−3 4 −8 2
** (iii) In no.1a vector ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 , point A(1;2) a) − ( ) b) − ( ) c) − ( ) d) − ( )
1 −5 −6 7
translates to a point B(5;3). This is described by
4 Scalar multiplication
column vector ( ). 4 represents translation parallel
1 -if any vector is multiplied by a scalar k, the result
to the x-axis while 1 is translation parallel to the
is a vector k times as big. A scalar is simply a
y-axis.
numerical multiplier.
-if k is positive, then 𝒌𝑎 has same direction as 𝑎
Magnitude of a vector e.g. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝐴𝐵 is denoted |𝐴𝐵⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |,
and its magnitude is k times the magnitude of 𝑎.
where| | are not 1s but lines. This is modulus or -if k is negative, then 𝒌𝑎 has the direction opposite
size of a vector. It is the length of the line segment to that of 𝑎 and magnitude equal to k times the
𝑥
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . In general if 𝑎 = ( )then using
𝐴𝐵 magnitude of 𝑎.
𝑦
Pythagoras theorem |𝑎| = √(𝑥)2 + (𝑦)2.
Exercise 4.
3 3 −4
Exercise 2. Given that 𝑝̅ = ( ) , 𝑞̅ = ( ) , 𝑟̅ = ( ),
4 −1 0
Find the magnitudes of the following vectors express as a single column vector,
3 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (−4),
1
1. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐷𝐸 = ( ), 2. 𝑅𝑇 a) 5𝑝̅ b) 3𝑞̅ c) 2 𝑟̅
4 3
4 8 0 d) 3𝑝̅ + 𝑞̅ − 6𝑟̅ e) 2(𝑝̅ − 𝑟̅ )
3. 𝑎 = ( ), 4. 𝑐 = ( ), 5. 𝑒 = ( ).
−3 −6 7
N.B. different vectors may have the same Position vector
magnitude. -is a vector whose tail (initial / starting point ) is
the origin; is displacement of a point relative to the
Sum and difference of vectors origin.
Exercise 3. -if P has coordinates (x;y)
0 −2 4 2 then,
1. If 𝑝 = ( ) , 𝑞 = ( ), 𝑟 = ( ), 𝑠 = ( ),
4 −3 −2 0
** as in the diagram, 𝑎̅ is
find a) 𝑝 + 𝑞 b) 𝑝 − 𝑠
the displacement / translation
c) 𝑝 + 𝑞 − 𝑟 d) 𝑝 + 𝑞 + 𝑟 + 𝑠 𝑥
of P from O. 𝑎̅ = 𝑂𝑃 ̅̅̅̅ = ( ).
𝑦
7 4
2. A vector 𝑏⃗ is such that ( ) + 𝑏⃗ = ( ). -examples of position vectors are 𝑂𝐴 ̅̅̅̅, 𝑂𝑃
̅̅̅̅, 𝑂𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
2 −5
etc.
Find 𝑏⃗.
-a free vector is any other vector on the Cartesian
plane which does not start at the origin
N.B . **in vectors + means “ together with” or
̅̅̅̅, 𝑉𝑋
e.g .𝑃𝑄 ̅̅̅̅ , ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑀𝑁, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐾𝐿, etc
“followed by” ,not ‘plus’
7 −6 -position vectors are used to find displacement in
3. If 𝑝 = ( ) and 𝑞 = ( ), find free vectors e.g. P(𝑥1 ; 𝑦1 ) is displaced / translated
−3 2
a) 𝑝 − 𝑞 b) 𝑞 − 𝑝 c) |𝑝 − 𝑞 | to Q(𝑥2 ; 𝑦2)
−3 −8 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ .
i.e. vector 𝑃𝑄
4. Find the vector 𝑞 such that ( ) − 𝑞 = ( ).
1 4
Hence find |𝑞 |.

NB. To subtract a vector is equivalent to adding a

vector of the same size in the opposite direction
but ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑷𝑸 = 𝑂𝑄 make ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑷𝑸 the subject

2
thus ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑷𝑸 = 𝑂𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃 (ii) ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 ║𝐶𝐷̅̅̅̅║𝑀𝑁
̅̅̅̅̅, so equal vectors are
𝑥2 𝑥1 (𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) parallel and have same magnitude. This includes
𝑷𝑸 = (𝑦 ) − (𝑦 ) = ( 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ )
2 1 (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) vectors which are in line. The angle between
NB generally 𝑉𝑋 ̅̅̅̅ = 𝑂𝑿̅̅̅̅ − 𝑂𝑽;
̅̅̅̅̅ parallel lines is zero (where ║ implies is “parallel
𝑀𝑁 = ̅̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅̅ 𝑂𝑵 − ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑂𝑴 etc. to”).
-so ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 = ̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝐷 = ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑀𝑁
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2
NB. |𝑃𝑄 PARALLEL VECTORS
-if two vectors are parallel then
Exercise 5. (i) they are equal e.g. 𝑏̅ and 𝑐̅
1. The points O,P,Q,R and S have coordinates or (ii) one is a fraction / multiple of the other e.g.
(0;0), (1;5), (3;8), (7;10), (10;3) respectively. 𝑎̅ is a fraction
Express each of the following as column vector. of 𝑏̅ while OB
̅̅̅̅
(a) 𝑂𝑄 ̅̅̅̅
b) 𝑂𝑆 ̅̅̅̅
c) 𝑃𝑄 is a multiple of
̅̅̅̅
d) 𝑄𝑅 e) ̅̅̅̅
𝑄𝑆 f) ̅̅̅̅
𝑅𝑃. m in terms of
2. Points M and N have position vectors m and n magnitude
respectively relative to the origin O.
1 7 i.e OB = km
If 𝐦 = ( ) and 𝐌𝐍 = ( ), find
−4 10 or (iii) they are in a line (one behind the other);
(a) n , (b) |𝐧| , are said to be collinear ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅
𝑂𝐴 = 𝑘𝐴𝐵
(c) the coordinates of a point P such that OM is -so 𝑎̅║𝑏̅║𝑐̅║𝒎║𝒏║𝑶𝑩
the short diagonal of parallelogram MNOP. (where ║ implies is “parallel to”).
N.B. **parallel vectors are vectors which have
Exercise 6. same or parallel support. They can have equal or
1. With or without using the diagram, represent unequal magnitudes and their directions maybe
each of the following by a single vector (in other the same or opposite.
words what is the resultant vector of ). Make
sketches where necessary. RATIO CONCEPTS IN VECTORS
(a) ̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝑄 + 𝑄𝑅 ̅̅̅̅ 𝑃𝑅 + ̅̅̅̅
(b) ̅̅̅̅ 𝑅𝑆 1
1. -if ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 = ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶
̅̅̅̅ + 𝑆𝑇
(c) 𝑃𝑆 ̅̅̅̅ (d) 𝑃𝑅 ̅̅̅̅ + 𝑅𝑃
̅̅̅̅ (e) 𝑃𝑅 ̅̅̅̅ + 𝑅𝑇
̅̅̅̅ 3

̅̅̅̅ + 𝑄𝑅
̅̅̅̅ + 𝑅𝑆
̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ + 𝑄𝑇
̅̅̅̅ + 𝑇𝑆
̅̅̅̅ then AB:BC=1:2
(f) 𝑃𝑄 (g) 𝑃𝑄
̅̅̅̅ + 𝑅𝑆
(𝒉) 𝑃𝑄 ̅̅̅̅ + 𝑄𝑅
̅̅̅̅ + 𝑆𝑇
̅̅̅̅ (i) 𝑃𝑄
̅̅̅̅ + 𝑇𝑅 ̅̅̅̅.
̅̅̅̅ + 𝑄𝑇
3
̅̅̅̅̅ = 𝑀𝐵
2. -if 𝑀𝑁 ̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅: 𝑁𝐵
then 𝑀𝑁 ̅̅̅̅ =3:1
4
Some properties of vectors
UNIT VECTOR- is a vector of length one unit
in a given direction i.e. a vector whose magnitude
is one.
ZERO VECTOR- is a vector whose magnitude
0 ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ 1
is zero e.g. ( ) ; 𝑃𝑄 + 𝑄𝑃 = 𝑃𝑃 3. Consider straight line ABC with AB= 4 AC,
0
̅̅̅̅ = ̅̅̅̅
so 4𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶
EQUAL VECTORS- 2 or more vectors are
3
equal if and only, they are the same in direction or BC= 4 AC
and have same magnitude, regardless of positions 1
or BC=3AB or ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 = 4 ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶
of their initial points

NB. (i) ̅̅̅̅

𝐶𝐷 and ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑀𝑁 are in the same line.

3
4. P lies between A and B such that ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |, ii. the coordinates of M, the
b. Find i. |PQ
AP: PB = 𝒎 ∶ 𝒏 , so mid-point of PQ. [1,1,1]
̅̅̅̅ = 𝑂𝐵
𝑶𝑷 ̅̅̅̅ + 𝐵𝑃
̅̅̅̅
𝒏
but ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝑃 = ̅̅̅̅)
(𝐵𝐴 5.n2001p2 No.5a P is the point (6;3) and Q is the
𝑚+𝑛
𝒏 point(2;6). Calculate
̅̅̅̅ = 𝒃
⇒ 𝑂𝑃 ̅+ ̅̅̅̅)
(𝐵𝐴
𝑚+𝑛 ̅̅̅̅, ̅̅̅̅|
̅+𝒂
̅̅̅̅ = −𝒃 ̅ (i) 𝑃𝑄 (ii) |𝑃𝑄 [3]
but 𝐵𝐴 ̅=𝒂 ̅−𝒃
̅̅̅̅ = 𝒃
⇒𝑂𝑃 ̅ + 𝒏 (𝒂 ̅−𝒃 ̅)
𝑚+𝑛 6.j2014p1 No.19
̅ + 𝒏 (𝒂
=𝒃 ̅) −
𝒏 ̅ − 𝒏 (𝒃
̅) = 𝒃
(𝒃 ̅) + 𝑛 (𝒂
̅)
𝑚+𝑛 𝑚+𝑛 𝑚+𝑛 𝑚+𝑛
̅ (𝒎+𝒏)−𝒃
𝒃 ̅𝑛 ̅
𝒏𝒂 ̅ 𝒎+𝒃
𝒃 ̅ 𝒏−𝒃
̅𝒏 ̅
𝒏𝒂
= 𝑚+𝑛
+ 𝑚+𝑛 = 𝑚+𝑛
+ 𝑚+𝑛
𝒎𝒃 ̅ 𝒏𝒂̅
= +
𝒎+𝒏 𝒎+𝒏
̅
𝒎𝒃 ̅
𝒏𝒂
̅̅̅̅ =
⇔ 𝑂𝑃 +
𝒎+𝒏 𝒎+𝒏

Exercise 7. more practice In the diagram, OABCDE is a hexagon.

𝑥 −2 12 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , ii. 𝑂𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐴𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ,
1. Solve the following 2(𝑦) + ( ) = ( ) [2] a. Express as column vectors i. 𝑂𝐸
4 16
b. Describe fully the single transformation which
2. Write the resultant vector 𝑟 in terms of the
maps side BC onto side OE. [1,1,2]
other vectors 𝑎 and 𝑏 in the diagrams that

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 14
7.n2014Rp1 No.14 𝐴𝐵 = ( ) and
6
follow. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (12). M and N are mid-points of AB and
𝐴𝐶
[3] 8
AC respectively.
3.n2000p1 No.17

a. Find i. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ,

𝑀𝑁, ii. 𝐵𝐶
b. Explain why MN is parallel to BC. [2,1,1]

8.n2001p1 No.23 It is given that𝑂𝑃̅̅̅̅ = 9𝒂 + 5𝒃.

In the diagram, ̅̅̅̅
𝑂𝐴 =a and 𝑂𝐵̅̅̅̅= b. The points C ̅̅̅̅ in terms of a and b.
(a) Express 5𝑂𝑃 [1]
and D are also shown on the diagram.
3ℎ
(a) Mark and label clearly on the diagram the (b) Given that ̅̅̅̅, find the
𝑎 + (ℎ − 𝑘)𝑏 = 𝑂𝑃
4
point X such that ̅̅̅̅
𝑂𝑋=2𝒂 + 3𝒃. [1] value of h and the value of k. [3]
̅̅̅̅̅
(b) Write down 𝑂𝐶 in terms of a and b. [1]
(c) Draw ̅̅̅̅
𝐷𝐸 such that ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ .
𝐷𝐸 = 𝑂𝐶 [1] 9.n2016p1 No.21 It is given that ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 = 3𝒑 − 2𝒒
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝒑 + 7𝒒.
and 𝑂𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ( −2
4.n2015p1 No.4 It is given that OP ) and a. Find ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 in terms of p and q,
7
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 12 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 2𝑚𝒑 + (𝑚 − 𝑛)𝒒, find
b. Given also that 𝐴𝐵
OQ = ( ) where O is the origin.
−5
the value of m and n. [1,3]
a. Express ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
PQ as a column vector.
4
10.n1999p2 No.4a It is given that 𝑂𝑃̅̅̅̅ = (3), 16.j2017p1 No.26 It is given that O is the origin.
4 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑋 = 2𝒂 + 3𝒃 and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑌 = 3𝒂 − 4𝒃.
̅̅̅̅ 12 5𝑏
̅̅̅̅ = ( ).
𝑃𝑄 = ( ) and 𝑂𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ .
a. Find 𝑋𝑌
𝑎 −𝑏
(i) Find the value of a and the value b. [3] b. Given also that = (1 − ℎ)𝒂 + 𝑘𝒃, find the
̅̅̅̅|.
(ii) Calculate|𝑂𝑃 [1] value of h and the value k. [2,3]

11.Using the triangle, 17. Triangle ABC has vertices A(1;0), B(0;2),
C(1;3). X is the point (4;4).∆ABC is displaced
by vector AX. Find
(a) the coordinates of the image of ∆ABC, [3]
(b) the modulus of AX. [2]

18.j2000p1 No.28 Two points, A (5;2) and

B(-3;8), lie on a straight line l and C(-2;4), lies on
Write each of the following as a single vector in its another straight line m.
simplest form. (a) Find (i) the gradient of l, [1]
(a) 𝑎 + 𝑏 (b) 𝑐 + 𝑎 [3] ̅̅̅̅ as a column vector,
(ii) 𝐴𝐵 [1]
extra work (c) 𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄 [1] (iii) the length of the line AB. [2]
(b) Given that m is parallel to l, find the equation
12. PROVE that the quadrilateral O(0;0),A(4;0), of m in its simplest form. [2] [6]
B(7;5), C(3;5)is a parallelogram. [4] ˃
19.j1999p2 No.4c W,X,Y and Z are four points
13.n2014p1 No.18 The coordinates of A, B and C with coordinates (-2;3), (4;6), (8;1) and
are (4; 2), (0; −2), and (−3; 2) respectively. (1;-2) respectively.
̅̅̅̅as a column vector.
(i) Find 𝑋𝑌 [1]
a. Express as column vectors i. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ .
𝑂𝐴, ii. −2𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |. ̅̅̅̅|.
(ii) Find |𝑋𝑌 [2]
b. Calculate |𝐵𝐶 [1,2,2]
(iii) Calculate the gradient of WX. [1]
(iv) Find the equation of the line parallel to WX
14. In the diagram are
which passes through Z. [2] [6]
four points A, B, C,
and the origin O.
3 20.n2016p2 No.3 b. Points P(-3;1), Q(3;4) and R
Given that AP=( ),
2 are on a Cartesian plane, i. Find ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
PQ.
mark on the diagram 2
ii. If ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
PR = ( ), find the coordinates of R.
and label clearly the −6
point P. Given that iii. Find the equation of the line PQ. [1,2,3] [6]
BQ=2AC, mark on
the diagram and label 21.n2000p2 No.12c
clearly the point Q. Calculate |𝑶𝑨| [1;2;2]

15.j2018p1 No.17 It is given that vector 𝐩 =

3 −2
( ) and vector 𝐪 = ( ).
−4 𝑥
a. Calculate 𝐩 − 𝐪 in terms of x, In the diagram OPA and OBR are straight lines.
b. Find the value of PR intersects AB at Q, ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ = 𝒃, ̅̅̅̅
𝑂𝐴 = 𝒂, 𝑂𝐵 𝑂𝑃 =
i. |𝐩|, the magnitude of vector 𝐩. 4̅̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝐴 and 𝑂𝑅̅̅̅̅ = 3𝑂𝐵
̅̅̅̅.
ii. x such that 2𝐩 = −3𝐪. [1,1,3] (i) Express in terms of a and/ or b
5
 ̅̅̅̅
(a) 𝐴𝐵 [1] 𝑥
in the form (𝑦) [2]
̅̅̅̅
(b) 𝑃𝑅 [2]
(b) In the diagram, OABC is a parallelogram in
(ii) Given that ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅, express ̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝑄 = ℎ𝑃𝑅 𝑃𝑄 in terms
of h, a and b and hence show that
̅̅̅̅ = 4 (1 − ℎ)𝒂 + 3ℎ𝒃.
𝑂𝑄 [3] [6]
5

̅̅̅̅=a, 𝑂𝐵
22.j2000p2 No.12 In the diagram, 𝑂𝐴 ̅̅̅̅ = 𝒃.
The point C is
such that ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 4𝒑 and 𝑂𝐶
which 𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 5𝒒. X is a point on
AC=3CB and AC such that AX: XC=2:3.
the point D is (i) Express in terms of p and/or q
such that 1. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 ,
OD=DA.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ in its simplest terms.
2. 𝑂𝑋
𝐴𝑌
(a) Express, in terms of a and/or b, the vectors (ii) Y is a point on AB such that 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑘, where
̅̅̅̅ ,
(i) 𝐴𝐵 ̅̅̅̅,
(ii) 𝑂𝐷 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ in terms of p, q
k is constant. Express 𝑂𝑌
̅̅̅̅ ,
(iii) 𝐴𝐶 (iv) 𝑂𝐶̅̅̅̅ [4] and h.
(b) OC and BD meet at X. Given that BX=kBD, (iii) Given that OY =hOX, where h is a
̅̅̅̅ in terms of a, b and k.
express 𝐵𝑋 constant, write another expression for ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑌 in
Hence show that 𝑂𝑋 ̅̅̅̅ = 1 𝑘𝒂 + (1 − 𝑘)𝒃 [3] terms of p, q and h.
2
(c) Given also that ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ , express ̅̅̅̅
𝑂𝑋 = ℎ𝑂𝐶 𝑂𝑋 in (iv) Using results in (ii) and (iii), find the value
terms of a, b and h. [1] of h and the value of k.
the area of ∆OAY
(d) Using these two expressions for 𝑂𝑋̅̅̅̅ , find (v) Express 𝑡he area of parallelogram OABC, as a
the values of h and k. [3] fraction in its simplest form. [1;2;2;1;3;1] [12]
(e) Find the numerical value of the ratio 25.n2004p2 No.9 In the diagram ,OXYZ is a
BX:XD. [1] [12] quadrilateral. N is a point on XZ such that
23.n2007p2 No.9 3
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
XN = XZ. 𝑂𝑋=𝒑 + 2𝒒 and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑁=4𝒑
In the diagram, 4

OABC is a (extra work) give ratio XN:NZ in its simplest

trapezium with form
OA parallel
to CB. OB and
AC intersect
1
at G. OG: GB=2:1 and CB=2OA.
OC=3𝒂 − 𝒃 and OA= 2𝒂 + 6𝒃
(a) Express in terms of a and/or b.
(i) AC (ii) AB (ii) OG [2;2;2]
(b) Given that AG=kAC,
(i) express AG in terms of a, b and scalar k, [1]
(ii) show that OG= (2 + 𝑘)𝒂 + (6 − 7𝑘)𝒃. [3] (a) Express as simply as possible in terms of p
(c) Using the two expressions of OG, find the and/or q.
value of k. [2] [12] (i) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑋𝑍 (iii) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑋𝑁 (ii) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑂𝑍 [1;2;1]
24.n2013p2 No.8 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
(b) Given that ZY is parallel to OX, express 𝑂𝑌
−5 3
(a) If g=( )and 𝒉 = ( ) , express 𝒈 + 2𝒉 in terms of p, q and a constant k. [3]
2 4

6
 4
(c) If OY = 3 ON,
(i) find the value of k,
(ii) express ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑍𝑌 in terms of p and q. [3;1]
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆𝑌𝑍𝑁
(d) Find the ratio . [1] [12]
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆𝑂𝑋𝑁
26.n2014p2 No.12 In the
diagram, ABC is a triangle
in which ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AB = 𝒒 and
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AC = 𝒑. M is the
mid-point of AB
and X is a point
on BC such
that BX: XC = 4: 1. CM and AX intersect at Y.
(a) Express in terms of p and/or q,
(i) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
BC (ii) ⃗⃗⃗⃗
CX (iii) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
CM (iv) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AX [5]
(b) Given that CY = 𝑘CM, express ⃗⃗⃗⃗
CY in terms of
p, q and k. [1]
⃗⃗⃗⃗ in terms
(c) Given also that AY = ℎAX, express CY
of p, q and k. [2]
(d) Using results of (b) and (c), find the value of h
and the value of k. Hence express ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
AY in
terms of p and q. [4] [12]

[COLLINEAR when two or more vectors are

parallel to one another irrespective of the
magnitude or the direction are said to be collinear
vectors, ie are either along the identical line or
the vectors are parallel to one another in the
same or opposite direction; are Parallel and
collinear vectors the ? Yes, they are the same.
www.cuemath.com . Two vectors are collinear
vectors if they have the same direction or are
parallel or anti-parallel(are parallel in nature but
opposite in direction). two vectors are parallel if
they have the same direction or are in exactly
opposite directions. www.cuemath.com ]
**as adjectives the difference is that collinear is
lying on the same straight line while parallel is
equally distant from one another at all points
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