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Unit 5

The document provides an overview of CPM (Critical Path Method) and PERT (Programme Evaluation and Review Technique), outlining their concepts, applications, and terminologies. It explains the phases of project management, the differences between PERT and CPM, and includes examples of projects suitable for each method. Additionally, it discusses network construction rules and provides exercises for calculating project completion times and critical paths.

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SEJAL BANGAD
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6 views31 pages

Unit 5

The document provides an overview of CPM (Critical Path Method) and PERT (Programme Evaluation and Review Technique), outlining their concepts, applications, and terminologies. It explains the phases of project management, the differences between PERT and CPM, and includes examples of projects suitable for each method. Additionally, it discusses network construction rules and provides exercises for calculating project completion times and critical paths.

Uploaded by

SEJAL BANGAD
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit-5

CPM & PERT


Dr. Sachin Vyavhare
[email protected]
PERT: Programme Evaluation and
Review Technique”.
And
CPM : Critical Path Method
Outline
1. CPM & PERT: Concept, Drawing network, identifying critical path
2. Network Calculations: Calculating EST, LST, EFT, LFT, Slack &
probability of project completion, Crashing
Project
A Project is defined as a combination of interrelated activities which
must be executed in a certain order before the entire task is
completed.
Concept
A project may be big or small , has three basic
requirements
i) It should be completed without delay.
ii) It should use available man power and other
resources as small as possible.
iii) It should involve as small investment as possible.
The project management involves the following three
phases:

• Project Planning
• Project Scheduling
• Project Controlling
PERT was developed by US
Navy Engineers to plan and
control the huge Polaris
Submarine Programme. And Du
Pont and Remington Rand
Companies CPM to help the
process of scheduling.
Programme Evaluation and Review Technique(PERT)
It uses event oriented network in which successive events are joined by
arrows. It is preferred for projects that are non-repetitive and in which time
for various activities cannot be precisely pre-determined. There is no
significant past experience to guide, they are once through projects.
There are three time estimates in PERT.
• Optimistic Time (To)
• Pessimistic Time (Tp)
• Most Likely Time (Tm)

Examples:-
• Launching a new product in the market.
• Research a development of a new war weapon
• Launching of satellite
• Sending Space craft to Mars are PERT projects.
Critical Path Method (CPM )
It uses activity oriented network which consists of a number
of well recognized jobs ,tasks or activities . Each activity is
represented by arrow and the activities are joined together
by events. CPM is generally used for simple ,repetitive
types of projects for which the activity times and costs are
certainly and precisely known.

Examples- Construction of Building , road, bridge, physical


verification of store etc.
Terminologies in CPM & PERT
Activity:
An activity is a part of a project which requires time
and resources for its execution. An activity is
represented by an arrow, the tail of which represents
the start and the head , the finish of the activity. The
length, shape and direction of the arrow has no
relation to the size of the activity.
Event:

The beginning and end points of an activity are called events or


nodes. Event is a point in time and does not consume any resources.
It is represented by a circle.
Dummy Activity
An activity which only determines the
dependency of one activity on the other ,
but does not consume any time is called a
dummy activity. Dummies are usually
represented by dotted line arrows.
Example of Dummy Activity
Example- To illustrate the use of dummy ref the
diagram and assume that the start of activity D depends
upon the completion of the activities A and B and that
the start of the activity C depends only on the
completion of activity A.

Activity Immediate Predecessors

A ------
B -------
C A
D A,B
Wrong Example

A C

B
D
Though a dummy activity does not consume either
resources or time.
PERT AND CPM ????
1.When is each individual phase of the project
scheduled to start and finish?

2.How soon will the project be completed?

3.Which are the independent activities?

4.Which are inter-related activities?

5.What is total project time?


6.What are different resources required for
completion of the project?

7.Which are the critical phases of the project to be


finished on time and required close managerial
attention to avoid delay?

8.Can project time be curtailed?

9. At what cost?

10.Can resources be reduced and then the cost?


2. TERMINOLOGY USED IN PERT AND CPM

ACTIVITY :
CONSUME RESOURCES AND TIME

A
TAIL / LHS
t HEAD / RHS

TYPES

1. PARALLEL / CONCURRENT / INDEPENDENT ACTIVITY

2, PRECEEDING ACTIVITY

3.SUCCEEDING ACTIVITY
EVENT / NODE
DO NOT CONSUME RESOUCES AND TIME
BURSTING EVENT
A
B
2
C

MERGING EVENT

D
E
4
F
Rules of Network Construction
1.In network diagram, arrows represent activities and
circles (or nodes) the events. The length of an arrow is
of no significance.
2.Each activity must start and end in a node The
tail of an activity represents the start and head,
the completion of work.

3.The event numbered 0 or 1 denotes start of the project and


is acted initial node (or event). All activities emerging (or
taking off) from event 1 should not be preceded by any other
activity or activities Events carrying the highest number
denote the completion event.
4.Events should be numbered such that for each
activity (i, J), i < j

5.An event number should not get repeated or


duplicated,
6.The same starting and completion events
should not identify two activities.
7.The logical sequence (or inter relationship)
between activities must follow the following rules:

i)An event cannot occur until all the incoming activities


into it have been completed.

ii)An activity cannot start unless all the preceding


activities, on which it depends, have been completed.
DUMMY ACTIVITY

1 2 LOOP / LOOPING

NOT ALLOWED
Though a dummy activity does not consume either
resources or time, even then it has to follow the rules (1)
and 7(ii).
Activity Immediate Predecessors

A -

B -

C A

D B
Activity Immediate Predecessors

A -

B -

C A

D A

E C, B
Beginning Event Ending Event Activity

1 2 1-2

1 3 1-3

2 4 2-4

3 4 3-4

3 5 3-5

4 6 4-6

5 6 5-6
Q1) The following table gives the activities in a construction project and other relevant
information.
i) Draw the network diagram for the project.
ii) Find the critical path
iii) Determine the expected project completion time

Activity Immediate Duration (Days)


Predecessor
A -- 4
B A 6
C A 5
D B 3
E C 7
F D 2
G E 6
H F, G 2
Q2) The following table gives the activities in a construction project and other relevant
information.
i) Draw the network diagram for the project.
ii) Find the critical path
iii) Determine the expected project completion time.

Activity Duration (Days)


1–2 20
1–3 25
2–3 10
2–4 12
3–4 6
4–5 10
Q3) The following table gives the activities in a construction project and other
relevant information.
i) Draw the network diagram for the project.
ii) Find the critical path
iii) Determine the expected project completion time.

Activity Duration (Days)


1–2 10
2–3 11
2–4 11
2–5 12
3–7 11
4–5 9
4– 7 9
5– 6 10
6– 7 9

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