year 11 curriculum

GCSE HIGHER
chapter 1
further trigonometry

[Recommended Time : 10 - 14 hours]

Contents

Pythagoras' Theorem Review Page 2

Pythagoras' Theorem in 3D Review Page 4
Sin, Cos, Tan Review Page 6
Trigonometry in 3D : Finding Angles Page 8
Investigation: Graphs of Sin and Cos extra
challenge Page 11
Graphs of y = sinθ and y = cosθ Page 12
Investigation: Graph of Tan extra
challenge Page 14
Graph of y = tanθ Page 15
General Triangle Trigonometry : The Sine Rule Page 16
General Triangle Trigonometry: The Cosine Rule Page 18
Mixed Sine and Cosine Practice Page 20
General Triangle Trigonometry: Area of Any Triangle Page 21
Investigation : Approximating the Area of a Circle extra
challenge Page 22
extra
Combined Trigonometry Problems challenge Page 23
Chapter Review Page 25

Page 1 www.MathsPad.co.uk
 pythagoras' theorem review

recall c2
c
Pythagoras' theorem states that a 2 + b 2 = c 2 , where a and b are a2 a
the shorter legs of a right angled triangle and c is the hypotenuse. b

b2
exercise 1a

1. Work out the lengths marked x, correct to 1 decimal place:

6cm
10cm 5cm
x cm
x cm
x cm 10cm
5cm 8cm

2. Work out the lengths marked x, 3. Work out the area of the triangle:
correct to 1 decimal place:

6 cm
x cm 37 cm
12 cm

5 cm

12 cm

4. Carly is trying to work out the length of x. 6 Carly's Method

Explain her mistake.
95° x 2 = 52 + 62
5 x x = 61
x = 7.8

5. Work out the area of this isosceles triangle:

10cm

12cm

Page 2 www.MathsPad.co.uk
 6. A Pythagorean triple is a set of 3 integers a, b and c, where a 2 + b 2 = c 2
Complete these Pythagorean triples:

a) 32 + 42 = ____2 b) 52 + 122 = ____2 c) 82 + 152 = ____2

7. Is this triangle right angled? Show how you decide. 63

16 65

8. The diagonal length of this square, AC, is 128 B C

Work out the perimeter of the square.

A D

9. Work out the circumference of the circle,

correct to 1 decimal place.
12
5

10. Decide whether each of 2

a) b)
these triangles is right
angled or not. 2
2 2 3
For extra challenge,
try to do it without a calculator. 4

11. The length of a side of an equilateral triangle is 8cm. What is its area of the triangle?

a) 16cm2 b) 96cm2 c) 8 3 cm2 d) 24 cm2

12. The diagram shows part of an equilateral triangle.

Which of the following gives the length of the side marked x?

y2 y
a) y 2 + y
2
c) y2 - x
2 4

ay 2
b) y 2 - y
2
d) y2 + y
2 4
2

Page 3 www.MathsPad.co.uk
 pythagoras' theorem in 3d (review)

recall

Pythagoras' theorem can be used to find the distance between

two points, both in 2 dimensions and in 3 dimensions.

examples
ABCDEFGH is a cuboid. The diagram shows a pyramid. Y is the midpoint of DC.
Work out the length of AG. Work out: a) the length XY and b) the length XC
F
E G X a) OY = 4.5
H
XY2 = 4.52 + 122
4cm
XY = 12.8cm (1dp)
B
A C 12
3cm D 7cm b) AC2 = 92 + 82
B C AC = 12.04
AG = 3 + 7 + 4
2 2 2 2
A O OC = 6.02
Y
AG2 = 74 9cm XC2 = 122 + 6.022
D 8cm
AG = 8.6 cm (1d.p.) XC = 13.4cm (1dp)

exercise 1b

1. Work out the length of the diagonal 2. Work out the length of the diagonal
of the cube, correct to 1 decimal place. of the cuboid, correct to 1 decimal place.

5cm 6cm
5cm 5cm
5cm
3cm
3. The diagram shows a square - based 4. The diagram shows a square - based
pyramid. EO = 8cm and AD = 6cm. pyramid. EO = 4cm and AD = 4cm.
M is the midpoint of DC. M is the midpoint of DC.
Work out the length of EM, correct to Work out the length of EC, correct to
3 significant figures. 3 significant figures.
E E

8 4
B C B C
A O M A O M
6cm 6cm 4cm 4cm
D D

Page 4 www.MathsPad.co.uk
 5. ABCD is a regular tetrahedron with 6. A triangular prism is shown.
each edge length equal to 5cm. Work out the length of AE, correct to
M is the midpoint of AC. 3 significant figures.
Work out the length of DM, correct to
3 significant figures. 3cm F
D E
4cm

D
C
C
B
B 10cm
5cm A
A
C
7. The diagram shows a cube. B
The length of the diagonal DH, is 108 A D
Work out the edge length of the cube.
G
H
E
F
8. A square - based pyramid ABCDE 9. Four cubes, each with edge lengths of
has a perpendicular height of 15cm. 3cm, are arranged as shown.
The apex of the pyramid is directly Work out the straight - line distance
above the centre of the square. from X to Y.
CE = 17cm. Give your answer correct to 1 decimal
Work out the length AB, correct to place.
1 decimal place.
E Y

17cm
15cm
X
D
C
O
A
B
F
10. A cuboid is shown in the diagram. N
E
M is the midpoint of AB. G
N is the midpoint of FG.
H
Work out the length MN, correct to
3 significant figures. 5cm
B
A M
3cm C
D 8cm

Page 5 www.MathsPad.co.uk
 sin, cos and tan review
hypotenuse
recall opposite
39°
For right angled triangles, the sin, cos and tan ratios
can be used to work out missing angles and sides. adjacent

opposite adjacent
sinθ = cosθ = tanθ = opposite
hypotenuse hypotenuse adjacent

exercise 1c

1. Work out the lengths and angles marked x, correct to 1 decimal place:

a) b) c)
x x° 8cm
43°
52°
x 10cm
5cm 9cm

d) e) f)
x
12cm
18 cm
x° x
15 cm
56° 42°
10cm

g) 8 cm h) i) x

46° 60°
5 cm
x x° 9 cm
15 cm

j) k) l)
12 cm
10 cm x° 38°
60°
x
8 cm x
52° 30°
20 cm
6 cm

Page 6 www.MathsPad.co.uk
 2. Work out the area of each triangle, correct to the nearest 0.1 cm2 .
a) 15cm c)

8cm

60°
50°

b) d)

12cm

34°
64°

20cm

3. Work out the length marked x, correct to 1 decimal place.

33° 20 cm
74°
x cm

4. Work out the exact area of the 5. Work out the area of the kite,
trapezium: correct to the nearest 0.1 cm2 .
6cm
6cm
108°

45°

22cm

6. The diagram shows a rectangle.

The ratio of the length of the rectangle
to its width is 4 : 1 x°

Work out the size of x, the angle between the

diagonal of the rectangle and the longer side,
correct to 1 decimal place.

Page 7 www.MathsPad.co.uk
 trigonometry in 3D : finding angles

example

The diagram shows a cube with edges of length 6cm.

Work out the size of angle AHD, correct to 1 decimal place.

DH2 = 62 + 62 E F
DH = 72 A
B

tanθ = opposite = AD =
6
adjacent DH 72
G θ° H
θ = tan-1 6
= 35.3° D C
72 6 cm

exercise 1d

1. The diagram shows a cube with edge 2. The diagram shows a cube with edge
length 8cm. Work out the size of angle length 10cm. Work out the size of
AHD, correct to 1 decimal place. angle BGC, correct to 1 decimal place.

E F E F
A A
B B

G H G H

D 8 cm C D 10 cm C

3. The diagram shows a cuboid. 4. The diagram shows a cuboid.

Work out the size of angle Work out the size of angle ECG,
FDH, correct to 1 decimal place. correct to 1 decimal place.

E F E F
A B A B
5 cm
6 cm
G G
H H
2 cm
D C 3 cm D C
9 cm 12 cm

Page 8 www.MathsPad.co.uk
 In the following questions, round all answers to the nearest degree.

5. ABCDEFGH is a cuboid. 6. ABCDEFGH is a cube.

Work out the value of CAG. Thomas says: "Angle ECA is 45°."
Annabel says: "No, it is less than that."
F Work out who is correct.
E
G F
H E
G
5cm H

B
A B
C
4cm D 8cm A
C
D

7. Point E is vertically above point C. 8. ABCDEFGH is a cuboid.

CE = 3cm and AE = 8cm. Work out the angle between the
Work out the angle between the line line DF and the plane DCGH.
AE and the horizontal plane ABCD.
G
E H
F
E
8cm
3cm 4cm
B
C C
D
A B 6cm
D 2cm A

9. ABCDE is a square - based pyramid. 10. A right angled triangular prism is shown.
The apex of the pyramid is directly Work out DEA.
above the centre of the square.
EC = 10cm.
Work out AEC.
E
D
E
F
5cm

10cm B
A
6cm 2cm
D C
C
A
5cm B

Page 9 www.MathsPad.co.uk
 11. ABCDEFGH is a cuboid. 12. ABCDEFGH is a cuboid.
Work out the angle between the line Work out the angle between the line
BH and the plane ABCD. FD and the plane BCGF.
G G
F
H F
E H
4cm E
7cm
C
B
C
B 2cm D
D A 6cm
3cm 3cm
A

13. ABCDEFGH is a cuboid. 14. The rectangular - based pyramid has a

Work out the angle between the line perpendicular height 8cm.
FD and the plane ADEH. The apex of the pyramid is directly above
the centre of the rectangle.
F
G Work out DBE.
E
H E

20cm

B C
C B
A 14cm D 4cm
5cm D 7cm
A

More challenging
15. ABCDE is a square based pyramid. 16. In the trapezoidal prism, AD = 6cm,
O is the centre of the square. AB = 9cm, CD = 2cm and DH = 4cm.
E is directly above O. M is the midpoint Work out the angle between the line that
of AB, EO = 12cm and EC = 15cm passes through the points B and G and
Work out the angle EMO. the infinite plane that includes ADHE.
F
E
B

12cm 15cm
G
D
C C
O
A E
M H
B A
D

Page 10 www.MathsPad.co.uk
 y
Investigation: Graphs of Sin & Cos extra
challenge
1
The unit circle is centred on the origin with a radius of 1

If a right - angled triangle is drawn where the hypotenuse b

is the radius of the circle, then the length b equals sin(θ) -1 θ° 1 x
and the length a equals cos(θ). a

As we move the black dot around the circle's

circumference, we can see how sin(θ) and cos(θ)
change for different values of θ.
-1
For example, when θ is 0°, a = 1, so cos(θ) = 1, and b = 0, so sin(θ) = 0.
Use these ideas and your calculator to plot the graphs of y = sin(θ) and y = cos(θ)

y = sin(θ)

θ -360 -270 -180 -90 0 90 180 270 360

y
y
2

-360 -270 -180 -90 90 180 270 360

θ

-1

-2

y = cos(θ)

θ -360 -270 -180 -90 0 90 180 270 360

y
y
2

-360 -270 -180 -90 90 180 270 360

θ

-1

-2

Page 11 www.MathsPad.co.uk
 graphs of y = sinθ and y = cosθ

learn by heart

The graph of y = sinθ The graph of y = cosθ

y y
2 2

1 1

-360 -270 -180 -90 90 180 270 360

θ -360 -270 -180 -90
0
0 90 180 270 360 θ
-1 -1

-2 -2
goes through (0, 0) goes through (0, 1)

exercise 1e

1. Decide whether each graph is y = sin(θ) or y = cos(θ)

a) y c) y

1 1

90 180 270 360 θ -180 -90 90 180 θ

-1 -1

b) y d) y
1 1

θ θ
-180 -90 90 180 -90 90 180 270 360

-1 -1

2. The graph of y = sin(θ) is shown. Work out the co - ordinates of points A, B, C, D and E.
y
C

A D
θ

B E

Page 12 www.MathsPad.co.uk
 3. The graph of y = cos(θ) is shown. Work out the co - ordinates of points A, B, C, D and E.
y
B

A C D
θ
E

4. The graph of y = sin(x) is shown for -90 ≤ x ≤ 360.

y
1 y = sin(x)

0.5

x
-90 90 180 270 360

-0.5

-1

a) Use the graph to estimate the value of:

i) sin(30°) ii) sin(120°) iii) sin(240°)

b) Use the graph to estimate solutions to the following, in the range -90 ≤ x ≤ 360.
i) sin(x°) = -1 ii) sin(x°) = 0 iii) sin(x°) = 0.2

5. The graph of y = cos(x) is shown for -90 ≤ x ≤ 360.

y Use the graph to
estimate solutions to
1 the following, in the
range -90 ≤ x ≤ 360
0.5
i) cos(x°) = 1

x
-90 90 180 270 360
ii) cos(x°) = 0
-0.5

-1 iii) cos(x°) = -0.6

Page 13 www.MathsPad.co.uk
 Investigation: Graph of tan extra
challenge y
1
tan(θ) = opposite
adjacent
b
In the unit circle this is equal to b or sin(θ)
a cos(θ) -1 θ° 1 x
a
Use your calculator to help you plot the graph of
y = tan(θ) and see what happens to tan(θ) for
different values of θ
y = tan(θ) -1
y
θ y 20

0 18
20
16
40
14
60
80 12
85 10
87
8
90
93 6
95 4
100
2
120
140 90 180 270 360 θ
160 -2
180
-4
200
-6
230
260 -8
265 -10
267
-12
270
275 -14
280 -16
300
-18
320
340 -20

Page 14 www.MathsPad.co.uk
 graph of y = tanθ An asymptote is a line that
the graph gets closer to and
learn by heart closer to but will never meet.

The graph of y = tan(θ°) y

20
has vertical asymptotes at
θ = 90 and θ = 270 15
10
When θ = 90 or 270,
tan(θ°) is undefined. 5

θ
90 180 270 360
-5
-10
-15
-20

exercise 1f

1. Which diagram correctly shows y = tan(θ°)?

A y B y

θ θ
-180 -90 90 180 270 360 -180 -90 90 180 270 360

C y D y

θ θ
-180 -90 90 180 270 360 -180 -90 90 180 270 360

2. Using the graph at the top of the page, write down the value of:

a) tan(0°) b) tan(90°) c) tan(180°)

3. If the graph of y = tan(θ) is continued beyond θ = 360, at which of the following values
will there be asymptotes?
θ = 630 θ = 720 θ = 820

Page 15 www.MathsPad.co.uk
 general triangle trigonometry : the sine rule

learn by heart

The sin, cos and tan ratios we have looked at so far apply to right angled triangles.
A
To find missing lengths and angles in any triangle, b
including those without a right angle, the sine rule
c
C
can be used: a = b = c
sinA sinB sinC a
B

The capital letters refers to the angles. Angle A is opposite side a.

sinA sinB sinC
If we wish to find an angle, the reciprocal formula can be used: = =
a b c

exercise 1g Diagrams not drawn to scale

1. Work out the missing sides and angles marked x or θ.
Round lengths to 1 decimal place and angles to the nearest degree.
a) B b) A c) A
A
44° θ B
57° 53°
73° 6.4cm
x 4.3cm
5.2cm 4.9cm
66° B
C x
C C
d) B e) A f)
P
x
33°
A θ 80°
2.7cm
100° 8.6cm
3.9cm 73°
C Q
47° x
6.1cm B R
C
g) h) i)
A 4.9cm G
B 68° F
θ 70°
x 3.6m
4.5cm
2.8m θ
5.4cm 49°
56°
H
C

Page 16 www.MathsPad.co.uk
 2. For which of these triangles can the sine rule be used to work out the value of x ?
a) b) x c) d) All of them.
15
7cm 40° 57°
x 31° 74° 18 89°
x

3. Triangle ABC is such that AB = 4.5cm, ABC = 37° and BCA = 78°
Work out the length AC, correct to the nearest millimetre.

4. Work out the length marked x.

Give your answer correct to the nearest 0.1cm. 32°

45°
x

51°
2.2cm

5. In the diagram, ABC is a straight line. A 4.8cm B C

Work out the acute angle marked θ. θ
53° 53°
Give your answer correct to the nearest degree.

7.1cm

D
6. Hardeep is trying to work out the height of a building.

He measures the angle of elevation to the top of the

building to be 42°. He walks 15m towards the building
and the angle of elevation increases to 65°.

Work out the height of the building correct to the 65° 42°
nearest metre.
15m
7. Triangles ABC and DEF each have side lengths of 4cm and 7cm, and an angle of 33°,
but they are not congruent. Angle x is acute and angle y is obtuse.

Work out the values of x and y, correct to the nearest degree.

A
D
x
4cm 4cm
y
33° 33°
B F E
C 7cm 7cm

Page 17 www.MathsPad.co.uk
 general triangle trigonometry : the cosine rule

learn by heart
C
The sine rule is useful when we have two pairs of connected
sides and angles, with one unknown.
The cosine rule is useful when we are working with a single b
angle and all three sides, with one unknown. a

The cosine rule is: a 2 = b 2 + c 2 - 2bc(cosA)

A
b2 + c2 - a2 c
or to find an angle: cosA = B
2bc

example

Work out the length of the side marked x:

x2 = 152 + 82 - 2 × 8 × 15 × cos(71°)
x2 = 225 + 64 - 240cos(71°)
71° 15
8 x2 = 210.86
x= 210.86
x x = 14.5 (to 1 d.p.)

exercise 1h

1. Work out the missing side lengths marked x and angles marked θ in each triangle.
Round lengths to 1 decimal place and angles to the nearest degree.
a) c) Y e)
B
11mm
10cm x
X 3.7cm
A 9cm θ
θ 48°
9mm
6cm Z 3.4cm
C
b) d) F f)
8.2cm A 5.1cm B
C A
37° 0.5m 70°
1.3m
x θ 2.4cm x
6.8cm
H
B C
1.2m
G

2. Triangle ABC is such that AB = 6.1cm, AC = 7cm and BAC = 65°

Work out the length BC to the nearest 0.1cm.

Page 18 www.MathsPad.co.uk
 3. a) Work out the length QS, correct to the Q
nearest 0.1cm 3.4cm 4.6cm
P 53° R
b) Work out the angle QRS, correct to the
nearest degree. 4.7cm 5.3cm
S
4. The diagram shows a kite.
Work out the angle marked θ,
correct to the nearest degree. 74° θ

6cm 11cm

5. Two ships are being tracked from a lighthouse. Ship A

Ship A is 2.3km from the lighthouse on a bearing Ship B
of 029°.
N
Ship B is 2.5km from the lighthouse on a bearing
of 306°.
Work out the straight - line distance between the
ships, correct to the nearest 0.1km Lighthouse

6. Two aircraft, flying at the same height, are being tracked from a control centre.
Aircraft A is 4.1km from the control centre on a bearing of 078°.
Aircraft B is 1.6km from the control centre on a bearing of 163°.

Work out the straight - line distance between the aircraft, correct to the nearest 0.1km

7. Justin is going to buy lots of identical tiles in the figure 1 figure 2

shape of an isosceles triangle, as shown in figure 1.

He wants to arrange them in a pattern around a point,

10.6cm
as shown in figure 2.

Work out how many of the tiles are needed to fit

completely around a point.
4.4cm

8. In the diagram, ADC is a straight line. B

Work out the length BC, correct to the
nearest 0.1m. 8.6m
3.5m

A C
5.9m D 3.7m

Page 19 www.MathsPad.co.uk
 mixed Sine & cosine rule practice

exercise 1i

1. Decide whether to use the sine rule or the cosine rule to work out the value of x in each
diagram. Round lengths to 1 decimal place and angles to the nearest degree.

a) b) x c)
A
8cm
67°
x 6cm 5.8cm
10cm x
53°
41° 5.7cm
C B
6.4cm

d) e) f) B
A 9cm
A
8cm B
54°
A x 5.5cm
5cm 35° B 7.9cm
x 64° x
8.5cm
C C

g) h) i) B
3cm 83° 12cm 52°
38° 4cm
2m
x 1.3m
A
x C
x

j) C k) A l) R
3.4cm
59mm
46°
5.9cm Q 49°
66mm x B
x
10cm P
B x A
C

2. Triangle ABC is such that AB = 6m, BC = 5m and AC = 8m.

Work out the size of BAC to the nearest degree.

Page 20 www.MathsPad.co.uk
 general triangle trigonometry: area of any triangle

recall A
1
Area of a triangle = 2
absinC b
B
a
C
exercise 1j

1. Work out the area of each triangle, correct to 1 decimal place:

a) c) e)
20cm
45° 67°
40° 92° 9cm 8cm
8cm 5cm
15cm

b) d) 8cm f)
49° 64° 7cm
6cm 70°
7cm

2. The area of the triangle is 12.6cm2 . 3. The area of the triangle is 47.7cm2 .
Work out the value of x, correct to 1 Work out the value of x, correct to the
decimal place. nearest degree.

111°
x 12
6 x
8

4. Work out the area of the rhombus, 5. The area of the rhombus is 60cm2
correct to 1 decimal place. Work out the value of x, correct to 1
decimal place.
7cm

129° 43°
x cm

Page 21 www.MathsPad.co.uk
 6. Work out the area of the quadrilateral, 7. Work out the area of the pentagon,
correct to 2 decimal places. correct to 2 decimal places.

8cm 10cm
4cm
133°
67° 6cm 49°

12cm 3cm
5cm

12cm

8. Points A, B, C and D lie on the circumference of the circle. B

4cm
8cm
AB = 4cm 103°
BC = 8cm A C
CD = 12cm
AD = 7.5cm 7.5cm
Angle ABC = 103° 12cm

Work out the area of quadrilateral ABCD, D

correct to 2 decimal places.

9. Work out the area of the pentagon, 10. The diagram shows a regular pentagon.
correct to 1 decimal place. Work out the area of triangle ABC,
correct to 2 decimal places.
B
60°
10cm

A C

6cm

11. Point D is the centre of a circle. B

Points A, B and C lie on the circumference of the circle.
8cm
AB = 10cm
BC = 8cm 10cm D C
CD = 4cm 4cm
Angle ADC = 122° 122°

Work out the area of quadrilateral ABCD,

A
correct to 1 decimal place.

Page 22 www.MathsPad.co.uk
 Investigation : Approximating the Area of a Circle extra
challenge

All of the circles on this page have a radius of 1cm.

1. A square is inscribed inside the circle with

radius 1cm. Work out the area of the square.
1cm

2. A regular pentagon is inscribed inside the

same circle with radius 1cm. Work out the area
of the pentagon, correct to 2 decimal places.

3. A regular hexagon is inscribed inside the

same circle with radius 1cm. Work out the area
of the hexagon, correct to 2 decimal places.

4. A regular octagon is inscribed inside the

same circle with radius 1cm. Work out the area
of the octagon, correct to 2 decimal places.

5. What if it was 14 sides? or 20? or 100?

Can you work out the area if the shape had
1000 sides? 1 million?

Page 23 www.MathsPad.co.uk
 combined trigonometry problems
extra
challenge

example

Work out the size of angle BCD, correct to 1 decimal place:

First use the sine rule to find length BD

C
10cm BD 20
=
? 7cm sin(54°) sin(100°)
B
BD = 16.42994...
100° D
Then use the cosine rule to find the angle:
54°
20cm 102 + 72 - 16.429942
cos(BCD) =
A 2 × 10 × 7
cos(BCD) = -0.86389...

BCD = 149.8° (1 decimal place)

exercise 1k

1. Work out the length CD. Round 2. Work out ABD. Round your answer
your answer to the nearest 0.1cm. to the nearest degree.

B C
B 8cm
7cm
66° 96°
3cm
C
39°
A 64° D
5cm D
9cm
A

3. Work out the area of triangle BCD, 4. Work out BAC. Round your answer
correct to 1 decimal place. to the nearest degree.

B B 12
8cm D
7cm
A 93° 8
44°
D
78° A
13

C 8
C

Page 24 www.MathsPad.co.uk
 5. The area of triangle ABC is 22cm2 6. The area of triangle ABC is 40cm2
Work out the value of x, correct to Work out the value of x, correct to the
1 decimal place. nearest degree.
C
9cm B
A 10cm
40°
A
x D
x cm
12cm
C 43° 52°

D 5cm
B

7. Calculate the area of the triangle, 8. The area of triangle ABC is 38cm2
correct to the nearest 0.1cm2 DAB is a straight line.
Work out the value of x, correct to
1 decimal place.
18cm C
x cm
8cm
D 51°
14cm
12cm

6cm B
9. Work out angle x, correct
to the nearest degree.
6cm 63°

79°
x 7.2cm
5cm

10. Work out the length of RS. Round your 11. Work out BCD, correct to the
answer to the nearest 0.1cm. nearest degree.
Q B

8cm
3cm 50°
59° R
A 67°
P C

54°
4cm
4cm
D
S

Page 25 www.MathsPad.co.uk
 chapter review

exercise 1l

1. Work out the value of x in each triangle. Give your answers correct to 2 significant
figures.
a) b) c)
43°
74° x 9cm 7cm
8cm
3cm x
x
52°
8cm

d) e) x f)
5cm
41°
80°
98° 4cm
x
103°
10cm x
4cm

2. Work out the diagonal lengths in each cuboid shown.

Give your answers as exact numbers (as a surd)

a) b)

4cm
7cm

5cm
3cm 12cm
4cm

3. Work out the size of FDG, correct 4. Work out the size of DGA, correct
to the nearest degree. to the nearest degree.
E F E F
A B A B
6cm
H 4cm
G H G
5cm 5cm
D 8cm C D 7cm C

Page 26 www.MathsPad.co.uk
 5. Work out the value of x in each triangle.
Give your answers correct to 2 significant figures.
a) B b) c)
B
7cm
6cm 58°
11cm
A 39° x
60°
x C 4cm
C x
A 7cm

d) e) f)
B Q 7cm V
U x
x 3cm
2cm
5cm 76°
56° P R
8cm
A x C W

y
6. Sketch the graph 1.5
of y = sin(x) 1
for -90 ≤ x ≤ 360
0.5
x
-90 90 180 270 360
-0.5
-1
-1.5
y
7. Sketch the graph 1.5
of y = cos(x) 1
for -90 ≤ x ≤ 360
0.5
x
-90 90 180 270 360
-0.5
-1
-1.5
extra
extension challenge

8. a) Use the sine rule to work out the value of sinθ. B

32°
θ
4.8cm
b) Given that θ is obtuse, work out the value of θ,
correct to the nearest degree. 8.3cm

Page 27 www.MathsPad.co.uk
 year 11 curriculum

GCSE HIGHER
chapter 1
further trigonometry

[Recommended Time : 10 - 14 hours]

Contents

Pythagoras' Theorem Review Page 2

Pythagoras' Theorem in 3D Review Page 4
Sin, Cos, Tan Review Page 6
Trigonometry in 3D : Finding Angles Page 8
Investigation: Graphs of Sin and Cos extra
challenge Page 11
Graphs of y = sinθ and y = cosθ Page 12
Investigation: Graph of Tan extra
challenge Page 14
Graph of y = tanθ Page 15
General Triangle Trigonometry : The Sine Rule Page 16
General Triangle Trigonometry: The Cosine Rule Page 18
Mixed Sine and Cosine Practice Page 20
General Triangle Trigonometry: Area of Any Triangle Page 21
Investigation : Approximating the Area of a Circle extra
challenge Page 22
extra
Combined Trigonometry Problems challenge Page 23
Chapter Review Page 25

Page 1 Answers www.MathsPad.co.uk

 pythagoras' theorem review

recall c2
c
Pythagoras' theorem states that a 2 + b 2 = c 2 , where a and b are a2 a
the shorter legs of a right angled triangle and c is the hypotenuse. b

b2
exercise 1a

1. Work out the lengths marked x, correct to 1 decimal place:

6cm
10cm 5cm
x cm
x cm
x cm 10cm
5cm 8cm
6.2cm 8cm
11.2cm

2. Work out the lengths marked x, 3. Work out the area of the triangle:
correct to 1 decimal place:
14.3cm 210cm2
6 cm
x cm 37 cm
12 cm
13cm

5 cm

12 cm

4. Carly is trying to work out the length of x. 6 Carly's Method

Explain her mistake.
95° x 2 = 52 + 62
5 x x = 61
She cannot use Pythagoras on this
triangle as it is not right angled. x = 7.8

5. Work out the area of this isosceles triangle:

10cm
8 12 × 8 = 48cm2
2
12cm

Page 2 Answers www.MathsPad.co.uk

 6. A Pythagorean triple is a set of 3 integers a, b and c, where a 2 + b 2 = c 2
Complete these Pythagorean triples:

a) 32 + 42 = ____
5 2 b) 52 + 122 = ____
13 2 c) 82 + 152 = ____
17 2

7. Is this triangle right angled? Show how you decide. 63

Yes because 162 + 632 = 652 16 65

8. The diagonal length of this square, AC, is 128 B C

Work out the perimeter of the square.
32cm

A D

9. Work out the circumference of the circle,

correct to 1 decimal place.
12
5
13cm
13π = 40.8cm

10. Decide whether each of 2

a) b)
these triangles is right
angled or not. 2
2 2 3
For extra challenge,
try to do it without a calculator. 4
Yes Yes
2

11. The length of a side of an equilateral triangle is 8cm. What is its area of the triangle?

a) 16cm2 b) 96cm2 c) 8 3 cm2 d) 24 cm2

12. The diagram shows part of an equilateral triangle.

Which of the following gives the length of the side marked x?

y2 y
a) y 2 + y
2
c) y2 - x
2 4

ay 2
b) y 2 - y
2
d) y2 + y
2 4
2

Page 3 Answers www.MathsPad.co.uk

 pythagoras' theorem in 3d (review)

recall

Pythagoras' theorem can be used to find the distance between

two points, both in 2 dimensions and in 3 dimensions.

examples
ABCDEFGH is a cuboid. The diagram shows a pyramid. Y is the midpoint of DC.
Work out the length of AG. Work out: a) the length XY and b) the length XC
F
E G X a) OY = 4.5
H
XY2 = 4.52 + 122
4cm
XY = 12.8cm (1dp)
B
A C 12
3cm D 7cm b) AC2 = 92 + 82
B C AC = 12.04
AG = 3 + 7 + 4
2 2 2 2
A O OC = 6.02
Y
AG2 = 74 9cm XC2 = 122 + 6.022
D 8cm
AG = 8.6 cm (1d.p.) XC = 13.4cm (1dp)

exercise 1b

1. Work out the length of the diagonal 2. Work out the length of the diagonal
of the cube, correct to 1 decimal place. of the cuboid, correct to 1 decimal place.

8.7cm 8.4cm

5cm 6cm
5cm 5cm
5cm
3cm
3. The diagram shows a square - based 4. The diagram shows a square - based
pyramid. EO = 8cm and AD = 6cm. pyramid. EO = 4cm and AD = 4cm.
M is the midpoint of DC. M is the midpoint of DC.
Work out the length of EM, correct to Work out the length of EC, correct to
3 significant figures. 73 = 8.54cm 3 significant figures.
E E 24 = 4.90cm

8 4
B C B C
A O M A O M
6cm 6cm 4cm 4cm
D D

Page 4 Answers www.MathsPad.co.uk

 5. ABCD is a regular tetrahedron with 6. A triangular prism is shown.
each edge length equal to 5cm. Work out the length of AE, correct to
M is the midpoint of AC. 3 significant figures.
Work out the length of DM, correct to
3 significant figures. 125 = 5 5 = 11.2cm
3cm F
D 75
=
5
3 = 4.33cm E
4 2 4cm

D
C
C
B
B 10cm
5cm A
A
C
7. The diagram shows a cube. B
The length of the diagonal DH, is 108 A D
Work out the edge length of the cube.
G
6cm H
E
F
8. A square - based pyramid ABCDE 9. Four cubes, each with edge lengths of
has a perpendicular height of 15cm. 3cm, are arranged as shown.
The apex of the pyramid is directly Work out the straight - line distance
above the centre of the square. from X to Y.
CE = 17cm. Give your answer correct to 1 decimal
Work out the length AB, correct to place.
1 decimal place.
E Y
128
= 8 2 126
17cm = 11.3cm = 3 14
15cm
X
D = 11.2cm
C
O
A
B
F
10. A cuboid is shown in the diagram. N
E
M is the midpoint of AB. G
N is the midpoint of FG.
H
Work out the length MN, correct to
3 significant figures. 5cm
B
173 = 1 173 = 6.58cm A M
4 2 C
3cm
D 8cm

Page 5 Answers www.MathsPad.co.uk

 sin, cos and tan review
hypotenuse
recall opposite
39°
For right angled triangles, the sin, cos and tan ratios
can be used to work out missing angles and sides. adjacent

opposite adjacent
sinθ = cosθ = tanθ = opposite
hypotenuse hypotenuse adjacent

exercise 1c

1. Work out the lengths and angles marked x, correct to 1 decimal place:

a) b) c)
x x° 8cm
43°
52°
x 10cm
5cm 9cm 13.2cm
6.4cm 53.1°

d) e) f)
x
12cm
18 cm
x° x
15 cm
56° 33.6° 42°
22.2 10cm
12.0cm

g) 8 cm h) i) x

46° 60°
5 cm
x x° 9 cm
11.5cm 15 cm
56.3°
7.5cm

j) k) l)
12 cm 23.1cm
10 cm x° 38° 9.4cm
60°
x
8 cm x
52° 30°
36.9° 20 cm
6 cm

Page 6 Answers www.MathsPad.co.uk

 2. Work out the area of each triangle, correct to the nearest 0.1 cm2 .
a) 15cm c)

8cm

60° 15.8cm2
2
65.0cm 50°

b) d)

12cm
205.0cm2

34°
64°

20cm 66.8cm2

3. Work out the length marked x, correct to 1 decimal place.

x = 10.1 33° 20 cm
74°
x cm

4. Work out the exact area of the 5. Work out the area of the kite,
trapezium: correct to the nearest 0.1 cm2 .
6cm
6cm
108°

45°

22cm
112cm2 49.5cm2

6. The diagram shows a rectangle.

The ratio of the length of the rectangle
to its width is 4 : 1 x°

Work out the size of x, the angle between the

diagonal of the rectangle and the longer side,
correct to 1 decimal place.
14.0°

Page 7 Answers www.MathsPad.co.uk

 trigonometry in 3D : finding angles

example

The diagram shows a cube with edges of length 6cm.

Work out the size of angle AHD, correct to 1 decimal place.

DH2 = 62 + 62 E F
DH = 72 A
B

tanθ = opposite = AD =
6
adjacent DH 72
G θ° H
θ = tan-1 6
= 35.3° D C
72 6 cm

exercise 1d

1. The diagram shows a cube with edge 2. The diagram shows a cube with edge
length 8cm. Work out the size of angle length 10cm. Work out the size of
AHD, correct to 1 decimal place. angle BGC, correct to 1 decimal place.

E F E F
A A
B B

G H G H

D 8 cm C 35.3° D 10 cm C
35.3°

3. The diagram shows a cuboid. 4. The diagram shows a cuboid.

Work out the size of angle Work out the size of angle ECG,
FDH, correct to 1 decimal place. correct to 1 decimal place.

E F E F
A B A B
5 cm
6 cm
G G
H H
2 cm
D C 3 cm D C
9 cm 12 cm

32.3° 22.3°

Page 8 Answers www.MathsPad.co.uk

 In the following questions, round all answers to the nearest degree.

5. ABCDEFGH is a cuboid. 6. ABCDEFGH is a cube.

Work out the value of CAG. Thomas says: "Angle ECA is 45°."
Annabel says: "No, it is less than that."
F Work out who is correct.
E
G F
H E
G
5cm H

B
A B 35°
C
4cm D 8cm A Annabel is
C correct.
29° D

7. Point E is vertically above point C. 8. ABCDEFGH is a cuboid.

CE = 3cm and AE = 8cm. Work out the angle between the
Work out the angle between the line line DF and the plane DCGH.
AE and the horizontal plane ABCD.
G
E H
F
E
8cm
3cm 4cm
B
C C
D
A B 6cm
D 2cm A
22° 53°

9. ABCDE is a square - based pyramid. 10. A right angled triangular prism is shown.
The apex of the pyramid is directly Work out DEA.
above the centre of the square.
EC = 10cm.
Work out AEC.
E
D
E
F
5cm

10cm B
A
6cm 2cm
D C
C
A 41° 38°
5cm B

Page 9 Answers www.MathsPad.co.uk

 11. ABCDEFGH is a cuboid. 12. ABCDEFGH is a cuboid.
Work out the angle between the line Work out the angle between the line
BH and the plane ABCD. FD and the plane BCGF.
G G
F
H F
E H
4cm E
7cm
C
B
C
B 2cm D
D 59° A 6cm 16°
3cm 3cm
A

13. ABCDEFGH is a cuboid. 14. The rectangular - based pyramid has a

Work out the angle between the line perpendicular height 8cm.
FD and the plane ADEH. The apex of the pyramid is directly above
the centre of the rectangle.
F
G Work out DBE.
E
H E

20cm

B C
C B
34° D
A 14cm 4cm
5cm D 7cm 63°
A

More challenging
15. ABCDE is a square based pyramid. 16. In the trapezoidal prism, AD = 6cm,
O is the centre of the square. AB = 9cm, CD = 2cm and DH = 4cm.
E is directly above O. M is the midpoint Work out the angle between the line that
of AB, EO = 12cm and EC = 15cm passes through the points B and G and
Work out the angle EMO. the infinite plane that includes ADHE.
F
E
B

12cm 15cm
G
D
C C
O
A E 44°
M 80° H
B A
D

Page 10 Answers www.MathsPad.co.uk

 y
Investigation: Graphs of Sin & Cos extra
challenge
1
The unit circle is centred on the origin with a radius of 1

If a right - angled triangle is drawn where the hypotenuse b

is the radius of the circle, then the length b equals sin(θ) -1 θ° 1 x
and the length a equals cos(θ). a

As we move the black dot around the circle's

circumference, we can see how sin(θ) and cos(θ)
change for different values of θ.
-1
For example, when θ is 0°, a = 1, so cos(θ) = 1, and b = 0, so sin(θ) = 0.
Use these ideas and your calculator to plot the graphs of y = sin(θ) and y = cos(θ)

y = sin(θ)

θ -360 -270 -180 -90 0 90 180 270 360

y 0 1 0 -1 0 1 0 -1 0
y
2

-360 -270 -180 -90 90 180 270 360

θ

-1

-2

y = cos(θ)

θ -360 -270 -180 -90 0 90 180 270 360

y 1 0 -1 0 1 0 -1 0 1
y
2

-360 -270 -180 -90 90 180 270 360

θ

-1

-2

Page 11 Answers www.MathsPad.co.uk

 graphs of y = sinθ and y = cosθ

learn by heart

The graph of y = sinθ The graph of y = cosθ

y y
2 2

1 1

-360 -270 -180 -90 90 180 270 360

θ -360 -270 -180 -90
0
0 90 180 270 360 θ
-1 -1

-2 -2
goes through (0, 0) goes through (0, 1)

exercise 1e

1. Decide whether each graph is y = sin(θ) or y = cos(θ)

a) y c) y

1 1

90 180 270 360 θ -180 -90 90 180 θ

-1 -1 y = sinθ
y = sinθ
b) y d) y
1 1

θ θ
-180 -90 90 180 -90 90 180 270 360

-1 -1
y = cosθ y = cosθ
2. The graph of y = sin(θ) is shown. Work out the co - ordinates of points A, B, C, D and E.
y
C
A (-180, 0)
C (90, 1) D (180 ,0)
A D
θ

B E
B (-90, -1) E (270, -1)

Page 12 Answers www.MathsPad.co.uk

 3. The graph of y = cos(θ) is shown. Work out the co - ordinates of points A, B, C, D and E.
y
B B (0, 1)

A C D
θ
D (270, 0) E
A (-90, 0) C (90, 0)
E (450, 0)

4. The graph of y = sin(x) is shown for -90 ≤ x ≤ 360.

y
1 y = sin(x)

0.5

x
-90 90 180 270 360

-0.5

-1

a) Use the graph to estimate the value of:

i) sin(30°) 0.5 ii) sin(120°) approx. iii) sin(240°) approx.
0.87 -0.87
b) Use the graph to estimate solutions to the following, in the range -90 ≤ x ≤ 360.
i) sin(x°) = -1 ii) sin(x°) = 0 iii) sin(x°) = 0.2
x = -90, 270 x = 0, 180, 360 approx. x = 11, 169

5. The graph of y = cos(x) is shown for -90 ≤ x ≤ 360.

y Use the graph to
estimate solutions to
1 the following, in the
range -90 ≤ x ≤ 360
0.5
i) cos(x°) = 1

x x = 0, 360
-90 90 180 270 360
ii) cos(x°) = 0
-0.5 x = -90, 90, 270

-1 iii) cos(x°) = -0.6

approx. x = 127, 233

Page 13 Answers www.MathsPad.co.uk

 Investigation: Graph of tan extra
challenge y
1
tan(θ) = opposite
adjacent
b
In the unit circle this is equal to b or sin(θ)
a cos(θ) -1 θ° 1 x
a
Use your calculator to help you plot the graph of
y = tan(θ) and see what happens to tan(θ) for
different values of θ
y = tan(θ) -1
y
θ y 20

0 0 18
20 0.36
16
40 0.84
14
60 1.73
80 5.67 12
85 11.4 10
87 19.08
8
90 undefined
93 -19.08 6
95 -11.43 4
100 -5.67
2
120 -1.73
140 -0.84 90 180 270 360 θ
160 -0.36 -2
180 0
-4
200 0.36
-6
230 1.19
260 5.67 -8
265 11.43 -10
267 19.08
-12
270 undefined
275 -11.43 -14
280 -5.67 -16
300 -1.73
-18
320 -0.84
340 -0.36 -20

Page 14 Answers www.MathsPad.co.uk

 graph of y = tanθ An asymptote is a line that
the graph gets closer to and
learn by heart closer to but will never meet.

The graph of y = tan(θ°) y

20
has vertical asymptotes at
θ = 90 and θ = 270 15
10
When θ = 90 or 270,
tan(θ°) is undefined. 5

θ
90 180 270 360
-5
-10
-15
-20

exercise 1f

1. Which diagram correctly shows y = tan(θ°)?

A y B y

θ θ
-180 -90 90 180 270 360 -180 -90 90 180 270 360

C y D y

θ θ
-180 -90 90 180 270 360 -180 -90 90 180 270 360

2. Using the graph at the top of the page, write down the value of:

a) tan(0°) 0 b) tan(90°) undefined c) tan(180°) 0

3. If the graph of y = tan(θ) is continued beyond θ = 360, at which of the following values
will there be asymptotes?
θ = 630 θ = 720 θ = 820

Page 15 Answers www.MathsPad.co.uk

 general triangle trigonometry : the sine rule

learn by heart

The sin, cos and tan ratios we have looked at so far apply to right angled triangles.
A
To find missing lengths and angles in any triangle, b
including those without a right angle, the sine rule
c
C
can be used: a = b = c
sinA sinB sinC a
B

The capital letters refers to the angles. Angle A is opposite side a.

sinA sinB sinC
If we wish to find an angle, the reciprocal formula can be used: = =
a b c

exercise 1g Diagrams not drawn to scale

1. Work out the missing sides and angles marked x or θ.
Round lengths to 1 decimal place and angles to the nearest degree.
a) B b) A c) A
A
44° θ B
57° 53°
73° 6.4cm
x 4.3cm
5.2cm 4.9cm
66° B
C x
x = 7.2cm C θ = 73° C x = 5.6cm

d) B e) A f)
P
x
33°
A θ 80°
2.7cm
100° 8.6cm
3.9cm 73°
C Q
47° x
6.1cm B R
x = 2.9cm x = 3.5cm
C θ = 43°
g) h) i)
A 4.9cm G
B 68° F
θ 70°
x 3.6m
4.5cm
2.8m θ
5.4cm 49°
56°
H
C θ = 58° x = 4.3cm θ = 63°

Page 16 Answers www.MathsPad.co.uk

 2. For which of these triangles can the sine rule be used to work out the value of x ?
a) b) x c) d) All of them.
15
7cm 40° 57°
x 31° 74° 18 89°
x

3. Triangle ABC is such that AB = 4.5cm, ABC = 37° and BCA = 78°
Work out the length AC, correct to the nearest millimetre.
AC = 2.8cm = 28mm
4. Work out the length marked x.
Give your answer correct to the nearest 0.1cm. 32°

45° 2.9356... x
2.3cm
51° (1d.p.)
2.2cm

5. In the diagram, ABC is a straight line. A 4.8cm B C

Work out the acute angle marked θ.
53° 53° 27° θ
Give your answer correct to the nearest degree.
3.9879...
7.1cm

D
6. Hardeep is trying to work out the height of a building.

He measures the angle of elevation to the top of the

building to be 42°. He walks 15m towards the building
and the angle of elevation increases to 65°.
25.687...
Work out the height of the building correct to the 65° 42°
nearest metre.
height = 23m (nearest m) 15m
7. Triangles ABC and DEF each have side lengths of 4cm and 7cm, and an angle of 33°,
but they are not congruent. Angle x is acute and angle y is obtuse.

Work out the values of x and y, correct to the nearest degree.

A
D
x
4cm 4cm
y
33° 33°
B F E
C 7cm 7cm
x = 72° (nearest degree) y = 108° (nearest degree)

Page 17 Answers www.MathsPad.co.uk

 general triangle trigonometry : the cosine rule

learn by heart
C
The sine rule is useful when we have two pairs of connected
sides and angles, with one unknown.
The cosine rule is useful when we are working with a single b
angle and all three sides, with one unknown. a

The cosine rule is: a 2 = b 2 + c 2 - 2bc(cosA)

A
b2 + c2 - a2 c
or to find an angle: cosA = B
2bc

example

Work out the length of the side marked x:

x2 = 152 + 82 - 2 × 8 × 15 × cos(71°)
x2 = 225 + 64 - 240cos(71°)
71° 15
8 x2 = 210.86
x= 210.86
x x = 14.5 (to 1 d.p.)

exercise 1h

1. Work out the missing side lengths marked x and angles marked θ in each triangle.
Round lengths to 1 decimal place and angles to the nearest degree.
a) c) Y e)
B
11mm 2.9cm
10cm x
X 75° 3.7cm
A 81° 9cm θ
θ 48°
9mm
6cm Z 3.4cm
C
b) d) F f)
8.2cm A 5.1cm B
C A
37° 0.5m 70°
1.3m
x θ 2.4cm x
6.8cm 90° 4.8cm
4.9cm H
B C
1.2m
G

2. Triangle ABC is such that AB = 6.1cm, AC = 7cm and BAC = 65°

Work out the length BC to the nearest 0.1cm. 7.1cm

Page 18 Answers www.MathsPad.co.uk

 3. a) Work out the length QS, correct to the Q
nearest 0.1cm 3.4cm 4.6cm
3.8cm
P 53° R
b) Work out the angle QRS, correct to the
nearest degree. 4.7cm 5.3cm
44°
S
4. The diagram shows a kite.
Work out the angle marked θ,
correct to the nearest degree. 74° θ

38° 6cm 11cm

5. Two ships are being tracked from a lighthouse. Ship A

Ship A is 2.3km from the lighthouse on a bearing Ship B
of 029°.
N
Ship B is 2.5km from the lighthouse on a bearing
of 306°.
Work out the straight - line distance between the
ships, correct to the nearest 0.1km 3.2km Lighthouse

6. Two aircraft, flying at the same height, are being tracked from a control centre.
Aircraft A is 4.1km from the control centre on a bearing of 078°.
Aircraft B is 1.6km from the control centre on a bearing of 163°.
4.3km
Work out the straight - line distance between the aircraft, correct to the nearest 0.1km

7. Justin is going to buy lots of identical tiles in the figure 1 figure 2

shape of an isosceles triangle, as shown in figure 1.

He wants to arrange them in a pattern around a point,

10.6cm
as shown in figure 2.

Work out how many of the tiles are needed to fit

completely around a point. 15 4.4cm

8. In the diagram, ADC is a straight line. B

Work out the length BC, correct to the
nearest 0.1m. 8.6m
3.0m 3.5m

A C
5.9m D 3.7m

Page 19 Answers www.MathsPad.co.uk

 mixed Sine & cosine rule practice

exercise 1i

1. Decide whether to use the sine rule or the cosine rule to work out the value of x in each
diagram. Round lengths to 1 decimal place and angles to the nearest degree.

a) b) x c)
A
8cm
67°
x 6cm 5.8cm
10cm x 88°
53°
41° 5.7cm
C B
6.4cm 8.0cm
x = 4.6cm

d) e) f) B
A 9cm
A
8cm B
54°
A x 36° 5.5cm
5cm 35° B 7.9cm
x 64° x
8.6cm 8.5cm
C θ = 67° C

g) h) i) B
3cm 83° 12cm 52°
38° 4cm
2m
x 1.3m
A
x C
3.8cm x
10.0cm
θ = 57°

j) C k) A l) R
3.4cm
59mm
46°
5.9cm Q 49°
66mm 39° x B
4.5cm x
10cm P
B x A
C
4.6cm

2. Triangle ABC is such that AB = 6m, BC = 5m and AC = 8m.

Work out the size of BAC to the nearest degree. 39°

Page 20 Answers www.MathsPad.co.uk

 general triangle trigonometry: area of any triangle

recall A
1
Area of a triangle = 2
absinC b
B
a
C
exercise 1j

1. Work out the area of each triangle, correct to 1 decimal place:

a) c) e)
20cm
45° 67°
40° 92° 9cm 8cm
8cm 5cm
15cm 96.4cm2 36.0cm2 18.4cm2

b) d) 8cm f)
49° 64° 7cm
2
6cm 70°
20.1cm
2
17.8cm 7cm 21.2cm2

2. The area of the triangle is 12.6cm2 . 3. The area of the triangle is 47.7cm2 .
Work out the value of x, correct to 1 Work out the value of x, correct to the
decimal place. nearest degree.

111°
x 12
4.5 x 84°
6 8

4. Work out the area of the rhombus, 5. The area of the rhombus is 60cm2
correct to 1 decimal place. Work out the value of x, correct to 1
decimal place.
7cm

129° 43°
x cm

38.1cm2
9.4cm

Page 21 Answers www.MathsPad.co.uk

 6. Work out the area of the quadrilateral, 7. Work out the area of the pentagon,
correct to 2 decimal places. correct to 2 decimal places.

8cm 10cm
4cm
133°
67° 6cm 49°

12cm 3cm
5cm

12cm
79.23cm2 64.62cm2

8. Points A, B, C and D lie on the circumference of the circle. B

4cm
Area of ABC = 0.5 × 4 × 8 × sin(103°) 8cm
AB = 4cm 103°
= 15.5899 A
BC = 8cm C
Area of ACD = 0.5 × 7.5 × 12 × sin(77°)
CD = 12cm
= 43.8466
AD = 7.5cm 7.5cm
Angle ABC = 103° 12cm
2
Total = 59.44cm
Work out the area of quadrilateral ABCD, D
correct to 2 decimal places.

9. Work out the area of the pentagon, 10. The diagram shows a regular pentagon.
correct to 1 decimal place. Work out the area of triangle ABC,
correct to 2 decimal places.
B
60°
10cm

A C

6cm 51.6cm2 47.55cm2

11. Point D is the centre of a circle. B

Points A, B and C lie on the circumference of the circle.
8cm
Area of ABC = 0.5 × 8 × 10 × sin(61°)
AB = 10cm
= 34.9847... D C
BC = 8cm 10cm
Area of ADC = 0.5 × 4 × 4 × sin(122°) 4cm
CD = 4cm
= 6.7843... 122°
Angle ADC = 122°
Area of ABCD = ABC - ADC = 28.2cm2
Work out the area of quadrilateral ABCD,
A
correct to 1 decimal place.

Page 22 Answers www.MathsPad.co.uk

 Investigation : Approximating the Area of a Circle extra
challenge

All of the circles on this page have a radius of 1cm.

1. A square is inscribed inside the circle with

radius 1cm. Work out the area of the square.
1cm

2cm2

2. A regular pentagon is inscribed inside the

same circle with radius 1cm. Work out the area
of the pentagon, correct to 2 decimal places.
2
2.38cm

3. A regular hexagon is inscribed inside the

same circle with radius 1cm. Work out the area
of the hexagon, correct to 2 decimal places.
2.60cm2

4. A regular octagon is inscribed inside the

same circle with radius 1cm. Work out the area
of the octagon, correct to 2 decimal places.
2.82cm2

5. What if it was 14 sides? or 20? or 100?

Can you work out the area if the shape had
1000 sides? 1 million?
14 sides = 3.04cm2
20 sides = 3.09cm2
100 sides = 3.139...
1000 sides = 3.14157...
1 million sides ≈ π

Page 23 Answers www.MathsPad.co.uk

 combined trigonometry problems
extra
challenge

example

Work out the size of angle BCD, correct to 1 decimal place:

First use the sine rule to find length BD

C
10cm BD 20
=
? 7cm sin(54°) sin(100°)
B
BD = 16.42994...
100° D
Then use the cosine rule to find the angle:
54°
20cm 102 + 72 - 16.429942
cos(BCD) =
A 2 × 10 × 7
cos(BCD) = -0.86389...

BCD = 149.8° (1 decimal place)

exercise 1k

1. Work out the length CD. Round 2. Work out ABD. Round your answer
your answer to the nearest 0.1cm. to the nearest degree.

B C
B 8cm
7cm
66° 96°
3cm
C
39°
A 64° D
5cm D
9cm
6.5cm A 66°

3. Work out the area of triangle BCD, 4. Work out BAC. Round your answer
correct to 1 decimal place. to the nearest degree.

B B 12
8cm D
7cm
A 93° 8
44°
D
78° A
13

C 19.9cm2 8 36°
C

Page 24 Answers www.MathsPad.co.uk

 5. The area of triangle ABC is 22cm2 6. The area of triangle ABC is 40cm2
Work out the value of x, correct to Work out the value of x, correct to the
1 decimal place. nearest degree.
C
9cm B
A 10cm
40°
A
x D
x = 5.7
x cm 50°
12cm
C 43° 52°

D 5cm
B

7. Calculate the area of the triangle, 8. The area of triangle ABC is 38cm2
correct to the nearest 0.1cm2 DAB is a straight line.
Work out the value of x, correct to
38.2cm2 1 decimal place.
18cm C x = 16.3
x cm
8cm
D 51°
14cm
12cm

6cm B
9. Work out angle x, correct
to the nearest degree.
6cm 63°
51° 79°
x 7.2cm
5cm

10. Work out the length of RS. Round your 11. Work out BCD, correct to the
answer to the nearest 0.1cm. nearest degree.
Q B

8cm
3cm 50°
59° R
A 67°
P C

54°
4cm
4cm
D
5.6cm 37°
S

Page 25 Answers www.MathsPad.co.uk

 chapter review

exercise 1l

1. Work out the value of x in each triangle. Give your answers correct to 2 significant
figures.
a) b) c)
43°
74° x 9cm 7cm
8cm
3cm x
x
52°
4.2cm 6.3cm 8cm 73°

d) e) x f)
5cm
41°
80°
98° 4cm
x
103°
10cm x
4cm
3.6cm 7.8cm 6.8cm

2. Work out the diagonal lengths in each cuboid shown.

Give your answers as exact numbers (as a surd)

a) b)

4cm
7cm

5cm
3cm 12cm
4cm 74 185

3. Work out the size of FDG, correct 4. Work out the size of DGA, correct
to the nearest degree. to the nearest degree.
E F E F
A B A B
6cm
H 4cm
G H G
5cm 5cm 25°
32°
D 8cm C D 7cm C

Page 26 Answers www.MathsPad.co.uk

 5. Work out the value of x in each triangle.
Give your answers correct to 2 significant figures.
a) B b) c)
B
7cm
6cm 58°
11cm
A 39° x
60°
x C 4cm
C x
7cm 3.5cm
A
30° 3.0cm
d) e) f)
B Q 7cm V
U x
x 3cm
2cm
5cm 76°
56° P R
8cm
A x C W 60°
2.2cm 7.4cm
y
6. Sketch the graph 1.5
of y = sin(x) 1
for -90 ≤ x ≤ 360
0.5
x
-90 90 180 270 360
-0.5
-1
-1.5
y
7. Sketch the graph 1.5
of y = cos(x) 1
for -90 ≤ x ≤ 360
0.5
x
-90 90 180 270 360
-0.5
-1
-1.5
extra
extension challenge

8. a) Use the sine rule to work out the value of sinθ. B

32°
sinθ = 0.9163... θ
4.8cm
b) Given that θ is obtuse, work out the value of θ,
correct to the nearest degree. 8.3cm
θ = 114° (nearest degree)
C

Page 27 Answers www.MathsPad.co.uk