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DC 5th

Convolutional codes are utilized in communication systems for error correction, relying on current and past input bits, with the Viterbi algorithm as the primary decoding strategy. They are characterized by code rate and constraint length, and their operation can be represented through state, tree, and trellis diagrams. The document also discusses Hamming codes and provides examples of generator matrices and error correction methods.

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6 views8 pages

DC 5th

Convolutional codes are utilized in communication systems for error correction, relying on current and past input bits, with the Viterbi algorithm as the primary decoding strategy. They are characterized by code rate and constraint length, and their operation can be represented through state, tree, and trellis diagrams. The document also discusses Hamming codes and provides examples of generator matrices and error correction methods.

Uploaded by

bhagya
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ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Convolutional codes

The operation of a convolutional encoder can be explained in several but equivalent ways
such as, by a) state diagram representation. b) Tree diagram representation. c) trellis
diagram representation.

Convolutional codes:

*Convolutional codes are widely used as channel codes in practical communication


systems for error correction. *The encoded bits depend on the current k input bits and a
few past input bits. * The main decoding strategy for convolutional codes is based on the
widely used Viterbi algorithm.
*Convolutional codes are commonly described using two parameters: the code rate and the
constraint length. The code rate, k/n, is expressed as a ratio of the number of bits into the
convolutional encoder (k) to the number of channel symbols output by the convolutional
encoder (n) in a given encoder cycle. *The constraint length parameter, K, denotes the
"length" of the convolutional encoder, i.e. how many k-bit stages are available to feed the
combinatorial logic that produces the output symbols. Closely related to K is the parameter
m, which can be thought of as the memory length of the encoder. A simple convolutional
encoder is shown below(fig.). The information bits are fed in small groups of k-bits at a
time to a shift register. The output encoded bits are obtained by modulo-2 addition
(EXCLUSIVE-OR operation) of the input information bits and the contents of the shift
registers which are a few previous information bits.

The operation of a convolutional encoder can be explained in several but equivalent ways
such as, by

a) state diagram representation.

b) Tree diagram representation.

c) trellis diagram representation.


EC8501- DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Representing convolutional codes compactly: code trellis and state


diagram:
STATE DIAGRAM:

Fig
5.1 code trellis and state diagram (Source:Brainkart)

Inspecting state diagram: Structural properties of convolutional codes:

• Each new block of k input bits causes a transition into new state.

• Hence there are 2k branches leaving each state.

• Assuming encoder zero initial state, encoded word for any input of k bits
can thus be obtained. For instance, below for u=(1 1 1 0 1), encoded word
v=(1 1, 1 0, 0 1, 0 1, 1 1, 1 0, 1 1, 1 1) is produced:

(Source:Brainkart)
EC8501- DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

- Encoder state diagram for (n,k,L)=(2,1,2) code


- Note that the number of states is 2L+1 = 8.
Distance for some convolutional codes:

Trellis Diagram Representation:

The trellis diagram of a convolutional code is obtained from its state diagram.
All state transitions at each time step are explicitly shown in the diagram to
retain the time dimension, as is present in the corresponding tree diagram.
Usually, supporting descriptions on state transitions, corresponding input and
output bits etc. are labelled in the trellis diagram. It is interesting to note that the
trellis diagram, which describes the operation of the encoder, is very convenient
for describing the behaviour of the corresponding decoder, especially when the
famous Viterbi Algorithm (VA) is followed.

EC8501- DIGITAL COMMUNICATION


ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Hamming Code Example:

H (7,4) - Generator matrix G: first 4-by-4 identical matrix

• Message information vector p

• Transmission vector x

• Received vector r and error vector e

• Parity check matrix H

Error Correction:

If there is no error, syndrome vector z=zeros


If there is one error at location 2 New syndrome vector z is

EC8501- DIGITAL COMMUNICATION


ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

1. Consider a single error correction (7,4) linear code and the corresponding
decoding table.
2. Find the (7,4) linear systematic block code word corresponding
to 1101.
Assume a suitable generator matrix.

n=7 k=4 q = n-k= 3 code vector G=[Ik: P]

Check matrix C=MP C1 = m1+m2+m3 C2= m2+m3+m4 C3= m1+m2+m4 C=[010]


Complete code word can be calculated X={M:C}={1 1 0 0 0 1 0}
The parity matrix H=[pT :I] =[I: pT] =

EC8501- DIGITAL COMMUNICATION


ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Minimum weight W(X)=3


3. Determine the generator polynomial g(X) FOR A (7,4) cyclic code and fine
the code vector for the following data vector 1010, 1111 and 1000
n7
k=4
q=n- =3
To obtain the generator polynomial (p7+1) =(p+1)(p3+p2+1)(p3+p+1) Let
G(p)= (p3+p+1) .
To obtain the generator matrix in systematic form determine the code
vector

1. code vector for


M=1010 X=MG

2. code vector for M=1111

EC8501- DIGITAL COMMUNICATION


ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

(Fig Source: J.G Proakis, ―Digital Communication‖, 4th Edition, Tata


Mc Graw Hill Company, 2001)

Fig 5.2 Convolutional codes(Source: J.G Proakis, ―Digital


Communication‖, 4th Edition, Tata Mc Graw Hill Company, 2001)

k = number of bits shifted into the encoder at one time


k=1 is usually used!!

EC8501- DIGITAL COMMUNICATION


ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

n = number of encoder output bits corresponding to the k0020information bits

r = k/n = code rate

K = constraint length, encoder memory

Each encoded bit is a function of the present input bits and their past ones.

An Example – (rate=1/2 with K=2

Trellis Diagram Representation

EC8501- DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

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