ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Course Title: Engineering Mechanics Date: 11/05/2023 G.C
Target Group: 2ndyear SoCEA & SoMCME (Regular) Time Allowed: 3:00 hr
Course Code: CENG 2201 Max. Marks: 50%
Exam Type: Final-Exam (Sem-I) Instructor: Galata K., Gebi B., Kerima H.,
Kumar Sh., & Mahlet M.

Answer Key!

Good Luck!
 ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Course: Engineering Mechanics [CENG 2201] Final-Exam
Target Group: 2nd year SoCEA & SoMCME regular students Date: May 11, 2023 G.C
Total Mark: 50% Time Allowed: 3:00 Hrs
Part I: Give Short Answer (15%)
1. Write the main learning objectives of each chapter of the course (4 %)
Answer
Briefly each chapter is to make the students be able to understand the following ideas.
Chapter 1:
- Generally introduces about statics and vectors
- Define mechanics of science and explain technical terms that will be used throughout the
course
- Discusses vector types, representation of vectors and operations with vectors
Chapter 2:
- Generally, introduces about two-dimensional and three-dimensional force systems
- Discusses about rectangular components, moment, couple and resultants of forces
Chapter 3:
- Generally, introduces about 2D and 3D equilibrium of rigid bodies
- Discusses about how to make system isolation and how to draw free body diagrams
- Discusses about 2D and 3D equilibrium conditions (equations)
- Explains how to solve problems of the effects of forces on objects at equilibrium
Chapter 4:
- Generally deals with analysis of simple structures
- Introduces about trusses, frames, simple machines and its analysis methods
Chapter 5:
- Generally discusses about internal actions and its diagrammatic representations such as axial
loads, shear force, bending moment and torsion induced in beams due to external effects
- Explains different types of beams and diagrammatic conventions
- Explains different types of loads acting on beams & relations between loads, shears and
bending moments, and how to draw axial, shear & bending moment diagram
Chapter 6:
- Generally introduces about the concept of centroid & deals with centroid of geometrical
shapes
- Deals with how to compute centroid of lines, areas, volumes and composite shapes

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Chapter 7:
- Generally introduces about the concept of moment of inertia
- Deals with rectangular moment of inertia, polar moment of inertia, radius of gyration and
transfer of axes
- Deals with how to compute moment of inertia of different geometrical shapes and composite
shapes
- Deals about products of inertia, rotation of axes and Mohr’s circle of inertia
Chapter 8:
- Generally deals about friction and its related concepts

2. What are the necessary and sufficient conditions for equilibrium? (3 %)

Answer
 In three-dimensions
 In two-dimensions
𝐹𝑥 = 0, 𝐹𝑦 = 0, 𝐹𝑧 = 0
𝐹𝑥 = 0, 𝐹𝑦 = 0 & 𝑀=0
𝑀𝑥 = 0, 𝑀𝑦 = 0, 𝑀𝑧 = 0

3. Elaborate the difference between truss and frame (2 %)

Answer
Truss:
 Truss is an assembly of members joined at their ends to form a rigid structure
 Truss is structure that has joints that are frictionless pins
 Truss are two force member subjected to only axial forces
 Truss is loaded only at the joints
 The bending resistance of the truss member is neglected since it is small in
comparison with their axial force resistance
Frame:
 Frame is structural framework that at least one of its individual members is a
multi-force member
 Frame members are connected rigidly or by pins at their ends
 Frame members can support all load types
 Frame members support bending as well as axial loads
 Mostly frame joints are rigid

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 ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
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4. Discuss the internal actions in beam (4 %)

Answer
Internal actions in beam are forces induced in beam under the effects of external actions.
These are:
 Axial Force:
- Is internal force in the direction of the centroidal axis of the beam which is either
tensile or compressive
- Is the algebraic sum of all forces in the direction of the centroidal axis of the beam
 Shear Force:
- Is internal forces in the direction perpendicular to the centroidal axis of beam
- Is the force that acts parallel to the cross-section of a member element
- Pushes one part of the member in one direction & another part of the body in the
opposite direction
- Is the algebraic sum of all forces perpendicular to longitudinal axis of beam
 Bending moment:
- Is the algebraic sum of moments of all forces & momet of the internal couple
- Occurs due to the external force causing member element to bend

5. What is moment of inertia and its applications (2 %)

Answer
Definition
- Area Moment of inertia is a cross-sectional property that is defined as distance
squared times area
- 𝐼= 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 2 ∗ 𝑑𝐴
Applications of Area Moment of inertia
- Used to measure the stiffness (resistance) of a member to changes in its rotation about
some axis
- Used to predict the resistance of beams to bending and deflection
- Plays a great role to identify strong and weak axis and thus, in proportioning member
sizes in design

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Part II: Workout (35%)

1. Calculate the member forces for the truss shown using any method of analysis. The force
which develop in the supporting cable is 65.5 𝑘𝑁 (10 %)

Answer
External Reactions:

Applying Equilibrium Equations:

𝐹𝑥 = 0 → 𝐶𝑥 = 0
𝐹𝑦 = 0 → 𝐶𝑦 + 𝑇 sin 30° + 𝑇 sin 30° − 30 − 20 − 30 − 20 = 0
→ 𝐶𝑦 = 100 − 𝑇
Substituting the value of 𝑇 = 65.5 𝑘𝑁
→ 𝐶𝑦 = 100 − 65.5 = 34.5 𝑘𝑁 ↑
Since all truss member forces are intended, it is better to apply Joint Method.

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Joint A

𝐹𝑦 = 0: 𝐹𝐴𝐼 sin 60° − 30 = 0

→ 𝑭𝑨𝑰 = 𝟑𝟒. 𝟔𝟒𝟏 𝒌𝑵 𝑻
𝐹𝑥 = 0: 𝐹𝐴𝐼 cos 60° − 𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 0
→ 𝑭𝑨𝑩 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟑𝟐𝟏 𝒌𝑵 𝑪
Joint I

𝐹𝑦 = 0: 65.5 ∗ sin 30° − 34.641 ∗ sin 60° − 𝐹𝐼𝐵 ∗ sin 60° = 0

→ 𝑭𝑰𝑩 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟕𝟓 𝒌𝑵 𝑻
𝐹𝑥 = 0: − 65.5 ∗ cos 30° − 34.641 ∗ cos 60° + 𝐹𝐼𝐵 ∗ cos 60° + 𝐹𝐼𝐻 = 0
→ 𝑭𝑰𝑯 = 𝟕𝟐. 𝟒𝟔 𝒌𝑵 𝑪

Joint B

𝐹𝑦 = 0: 𝐹𝐵𝐻 sin 60° + 3.175 ∗ sin 60° − 20 = 0

→ 𝑭𝑩𝑯 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟗𝟐 𝒌𝑵 𝑻
𝐹𝑥 = 0: 𝐹𝐵𝐻 cos 60° − 3.175 ∗ cos 60° + 17.32 − 𝐹𝐵𝐶 = 0
→ 𝑭𝑩𝑪 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟔𝟗𝟒 𝒌𝑵 𝑪

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Joint H

𝐹𝑦 = 0: − 𝐹𝐵𝐻 sin 60° − 𝐹𝐻𝐶 sin 60° = 0

→ 𝑭𝑯𝑪 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟗𝟐 𝒌𝑵 𝑪
𝐹𝑥 = 0: 𝐹𝐻𝐼 + 𝐹𝐻𝐵 cos 60° +𝐹𝐻𝐶 cos 60° − 𝐹𝐻𝐺 = 0
→ 𝑭𝑯𝑮 = 𝟓𝟐. 𝟓𝟒 𝒌𝑵 𝑪
Joint C

𝐹𝑦 = 0: − 𝐹𝐻𝐶 sin 60° − 𝐹𝐶𝐺 sin 60° + 𝐶𝑦 = 0

−19.92 ∗ sin 60° − 𝐹𝐶𝐺 ∗ sin 60° + 34.5 = 0
→ 𝑭𝑪𝑮 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟗𝟐 𝒌𝑵 𝑪
𝐹𝑥 = 0: 𝐹𝐵𝐶 + 𝐹𝐻𝐶 cos 60° − 𝐹𝐶𝐺 cos 60° − 𝐹𝐶𝐷 = 0
→ 𝑭𝑪𝑫 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟔𝟗𝟒𝒌𝑵 𝑪
The required truss force members are: Due to Symmetry, the remaining
𝐹𝐴𝐼 = 34.64 𝑘𝑁 𝑻 force members are:
𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 17.32 𝑘𝑁 𝑪 𝐹𝐶𝐷 = 𝐹𝐵𝐶 = 25.694 𝑘𝑁 𝑪
𝐹𝐵𝐼 = 3.175 𝑘𝑁 𝑻 𝐹𝐻𝐶 = 𝐹𝐺𝐶 = 19.92 𝑘𝑁 𝑪
𝐹𝐻𝐼 = 72.46 𝑘𝑁 𝑪 𝐹𝐻𝐼 = 𝐹𝐺𝐹 = 72.46 𝑘𝑁 𝑪
𝐹𝐵𝐻 = 19.92 𝑘𝑁 𝑻 𝐹𝐵𝐻 = 𝐹𝐷𝐺 = 19.92 𝑘𝑁 𝑻
𝐹𝐵𝐶 = 25.694 𝑘𝑁 𝑪 𝐹𝐵𝐼 = 𝐹𝐷𝐹 = 3.175 𝑘𝑁 𝑻
𝐹𝐻𝐶 = 19.92 𝑘𝑁 𝑪 𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 𝐹𝐸𝐷 = 17.32 𝑘𝑁 𝑪
𝐹𝐻𝐺 = 52.54 𝑘𝑁 𝑪 𝐹𝐴𝐼 = 𝐹𝐸𝐹 = 34.64 𝑘𝑁 𝑻

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2. For the cantilever beam shown below;
A) Determine the support reactions (2%)
B) Draw shear force diagram (3%)
C) Draw bending moment diagram (3%)
D) Determine the locations & maximum value of shear and bending moment (3%)

Support A is fixed.
Answer
A) External Reactions

Applying equilibrium equations:

𝐹𝑦 = 0:
𝑘𝑁
𝐴𝑦 − 8 𝑘𝑁 − 8 𝑘𝑁 − 15 ∗ 2𝑚 = 0
𝑚

→ 𝑨𝒚 = 𝟒𝟔 𝒌𝑵 ↑ ..... Answer
𝐹𝑥 = 0:
→ 𝑨𝒙 = 𝟎 ..... Answer
+ 𝑀𝐴 = 0:
𝑘𝑁
𝑀𝐴 − 8 𝑘𝑁 ∗ 2𝑚 − 20𝑘𝑁𝑚 − 8 𝑘𝑁 ∗ 5𝑚 − 15 ∗ 2𝑚 ∗ 9𝑚 = 0
𝑚

→ 𝑴𝑨 = 𝟑𝟒𝟔 𝒌𝑵𝒎 𝑪𝑪𝑾 ..... Answer

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B & C) Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagram

D) The locations & maximum value of shear and bending moment

Maximum value of shear:
 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 46 𝑘𝑁 𝑳𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: 𝐴𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝐴 (𝑥 = 0𝑚) ................... Answer

Maximum value of bending moment:

 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 346 𝑘𝑁𝑚 𝑳𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: 𝐴𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝐴 (𝑥 = 0𝑚) ................... Answer

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 ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
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3. For the geometric shape shown below;
A) Determine the centroid for the shaded area (7%)
B) Determine moment of inertia and radius of gyration about centroidal axes (7%)

Answer
A) Centroid for the shaded area

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The geometric shape is divided into five parts as shown on figure. The areas of unshaded parts
are negative and added to the entire geometric area of shaded parts. Measuring the centroid from
the point at which x and y-axis intersect each other, the centroid is computed as in the following
table.
𝐴𝑖 𝑥𝑖
𝑥=
𝐴𝑖
𝐴𝑖 𝑦𝑖
𝑦=
𝐴𝑖

Part 𝐴 𝑚𝑚2 𝑥 (𝑚𝑚) 𝑦 (𝑚𝑚) 𝐴𝑥 𝑚𝑚3 𝐴𝑦 𝑚𝑚3

1 310 ∗ 300 = 93,000 310 300 14,415,000 13,950,000
= 155 = 150
2 2
2 ½(150 ∗ 300) = 22,500 150 2 8,100,000 4,500,000
+ 310 = 360 300 = 200
3 3
3 502 4𝑟 4 ∗ 50 50 + 100 = 150 -83,334.676 -589,048.650
−𝜋 = −3,926.991 = = 21.221
2 3𝜋 3𝜋
4 −𝜋502 = −7,853.982 150 150 -1,178,097.245 -1,178,097.245
4𝑟
310 −
502 3𝜋 4𝑟 4 ∗ 60
5 −𝜋 = −1,963.495 4 ∗ 60 =
4 = 310 − 3𝜋 3𝜋 -558,683.05 -50,000.4
3𝜋 = 25.465
= 284.535

Sum 101,755.532 20,694,885.02 16,632,853.70

𝐴𝑖 𝑥𝑖 20,694,885.02
𝑥= =
𝐴𝑖 101,755.532
𝑥 = 𝟐𝟎𝟑. 𝟑𝟖 𝒎𝒎 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟

𝐴𝑖 𝑦𝑖 16,632,853.70
𝑦= =
𝐴𝑖 101,755.532
𝑦 = 𝟏𝟔𝟑. 𝟒𝟔 𝒎𝒎 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟

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B) Moment of inertia and radius of gyration about centroidal axes

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Centroid of each part and centroidal axes are as shown on geometric shape. Then, by parallel axis theorem, the moments of inertia
about the two centroidal axes 𝑥 & 𝑦 are determined as:

𝐼𝑥 = 𝐼𝑥 + 𝐴𝑑𝑥 2 & 𝐼𝑦 = 𝐼𝑦 + 𝐴𝑑𝑦 2

𝐼𝑥 𝐼𝑦
𝑘𝑥 = & 𝑘𝑦 =
𝐴 𝐴

Part 𝐴 𝑚𝑚2 𝑑𝑥 (𝑚𝑚) 𝑑𝑦 (𝑚𝑚) 𝐴𝑑𝑥 2 𝑚𝑚3 𝐴𝑑𝑦 2 𝑚𝑚3 𝐼𝑥 𝑚𝑚4 𝐼𝑦 𝑚𝑚4
310 ∗ 3003 300 ∗ 3103
1 310 ∗ 300 = 93,000 150 − 163.46 = −13.46 155 − 203.38 = −48.38 16,848,958.8 217,678,069.2 12 12
= 6.975 ∗ 108 = 7.448 ∗ 108
150 ∗ 3003 300 ∗ 1503
2 ½(150 ∗ 300) = 22,500 200 − 163.46 = 36.54 360 − 203.38 = 156.62 30,0413,361 551,921,049 36 36
= 1.125 ∗ 108 = 2.8125 ∗ 107
4𝑟 4 ∗ 50 504 𝜋 8 4
50 2 = − 203.38 −𝜋 ∗ − − 𝑟
3 150 − 163.46 = −13.46 3𝜋 3𝜋 -711,459.243 -130,306,458.4 8 8 9𝜋
−𝜋 = −3,926.991
2 = −182.16 = −2,454,369.261 = −685,981
504 504
−𝜋 ∗ −𝜋 ∗
4 −𝜋502 = −7,853.982 150 − 163.46 = −13.46 150 − 203.38 = −53.38 -1,422,918.48 -22,379,327.95 4 4
= −4,908,738.521 = −4,908,738.521
4𝑟 4 ∗ 60 4 ∗ 60 𝜋 4 4 𝜋 4 4
2 = − 163.46 310 − − 203.38 − − 𝑟 − − 𝑟
5 50 3𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋 -2,835,286.78 -12,933,434.75 16 9𝜋 16 9𝜋
−𝜋 = −1,963.495
4 = −38 = 81.16 = −711,225.105 = −711,225.105
Sum 101,755.532 312,292,655.3 603,979,897.1 801,925,667.1 766,619,055.4

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𝐼𝑥 = 𝐼𝑥 + 𝐴𝑑𝑥 2 = 801,925,667.1 + 312,292,655.3 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟒 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝑚𝑚4 … 𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟

𝐼𝑦 = 𝐼𝑦 + 𝐴𝑑𝑦 2 = 766,619,055.4 + 603,979,897.1 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟕 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝑚𝑚4 … . . 𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟

𝐼𝑥 1.114 ∗ 109
𝑘𝑥 = = = 𝟏𝟎𝟒. 𝟔𝟑𝟐 𝑚𝑚 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝐴 101,755.532

𝐼𝑦 1.37 ∗ 109
𝑘𝑦 = = = 𝟏𝟏𝟔. 𝟎𝟑𝟑 𝑚𝑚 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝐴 101,755.532

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