Softech Consultants- Training Division Introduction to Computers

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS
MICROCOMPUTER BASICS

What is a computer?
The word computer is derived from the term “compute” which means-: to calculate, or to account.

Definition:
A computer is an automatic, electronic device that is capable of accepting data and process that data into
sensible information. It can also store and retrieve information.

Automatic:
 This means that a computer can carry out tasks on its own once it has been fed with the required
data and instructions.

Electronic:
 A computer utilises electrical signals or currents flowing through circuits to perform its operations.
It is made up of parts that require power (electricity) in order to operate e.g. ICs (integrated
circuits), capacitors, etc. A computer cannot operate without power.

Data:
 Data is a general term used to describe the general facts, or the basic facts or the raw facts about an
item or a function e.g. for a person-: name, age, sex, height etc.

Process:
 This is the conversion of an item from one form to another.

Information:
 This is the product or result of data processing or the results of processed data.

Store:
 This means writing, recording, saving or transferring information onto a storage medium e.g. hard
disks, diskettes, flash disks etc. for future use or reference.

Retrieve:
 To read/obtain or get back the information from the storage device e.g. flash disk, diskettes, etc.

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TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS
1. Analogue computers
2. Digital computers
3. Hybrid computers
4. Super computers
5. Embedded computers

Analogue Computer
These are computers mainly used in industries. They control manufacturing processes in industries e.g.
working temperatures. They can also detect looming dangers and hence avert disasters in the
manufacturing processes.

Digital Computers
These are computers that perform arithmetic and logic functions and are used for commercial
applications.

Hybrid Computers
This is a combination of both analogue and digital computer systems. It can perform both arithmetic and
logic functions. It can also control manufacturing processes in industries.

Super Computers
- These are the gigantic computers that perform complex tasks. They work in conjunction with
satellites.
- They are mainly used in the following areas.
 Weather forecasting
 Scientific research
 Space exploration
 Defence and weaponry (wars)
 Complex arithmetic calculations.

Embedded Computer
This is a computer that is within some other device or equipment but it is not accessible directly. For
example, there are embedded computers in mobile phones, videocassette recorders (VCRs), video
cameras, digital watches, petrol pumps, modern cars and several other domestic and industrial equipment.

TYPES OF DIGITAL COMPUTERS

a) Mainframe
b) Mini-frame (Mini – Computer)
c) Microcomputer

Mainframe Computer
- It fits in a large room
- It is very fast.
- It stores a lot of information
- It is made up of several units e.g. screens, keyboards, mice, printers and backing storage devices.
- Mode of operation - it requires a large attendant staff.
- It gives each user a slice of the processor time.

Mini-frame Computer
- It fits in a large room but smaller than a mainframe.
- It is fast
- It stores a lot of information but lesser than a mainframe.
- It is made up of several units.
- Mode of operation. It requires a large attendant staff but lesser than a mainframe.

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Application (Mainframe and Mini-frame)

These computers are used in areas where voluminous data is received and processed. Such areas include:
i) Banking Headquarters
ii) Airline Headquarters.
iii) Military Headquarters.
iv) Stock markets
v) Telcos (Telecommunication Companies) e.g. Safaricom, Airtel, Telkom, etc.

Micro-Computer
- Also known as Personal Computer (PC).
- It smaller in size
- It is powerful.
- Consists of a keyboard, mouse, screen, a printer (optional).
- Mode of operation - requires only one attendant staff at a time.

TYPES OF PERSONAL COMPUTERS (PCs)

- Desktop
- Laptop

Desktop computer
This refers to any computer designed for use on a desk in an office environment.

Laptop computer
- This is a PC sufficiently small and light for its user comfort-ability to use it on his or her laps.
- A laptop uses mains supply (electricity) or rechargeable batteries and is small enough to fit in a
briefcase (portable).

Types of Laptops
a) Notebooks
b) Handbooks/Mini-notebooks/Netpads/Semi-notebooks
c) Palmtops/Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs)

USES OF PDAs
1. Internet surfing
2. Note taking
3. Appointment scheduling
4. Calendaring
5. Maintaining address book

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ADVANTAGES OF A COMPUTER
Question: Why would you prefer to use a computer instead of a manual system of data processing?
1. It is fast
2. Allows electronic storage of information.
3. Allows retrieval of information.
4. Reliability - not prone to malfunction i.e. can operate for a long period of time without developing
any problem. Computers can work continuously without getting tired or bored from the beginning to
the end at the same speed.
5. Flexibility - can be used for a variety of purposes i.e. can process any data whatsoever. This is due to
various programs installed in it.
6. A computer can operate in risky environments e.g. volcanic sites, earthquake sites, space exploration,
defence & weaponry (wars).
7. Data processing - converts raw facts into sensible information.
8. Accuracy – A computer takes and processes the data given and gives accurate results. Inputting bad
or wrong data leads to erroneous results hence GIGO (Garbage in – Garbage out). Therefore operator
errors should not be blamed on the computer.
9. Automatic. A computer requires very little human intervention since it carries out-processing on its
own once it has been fed with required instructions. However the operator is required to give the
instructions and monitor the processing activity.
10. Saves costs - one computer can take the role(s) of many people. That is, it saves the cost of salaries,
stationery, etc.
11. Portability - some computers can be carried along, e.g. laptops.
12. Choice of configuration - a computer sets up the working environment by offering peripheral devices
that aid in data processing. In other words, a computer enables the user to operate it using various
optional (peripheral) devices.
- Peripheral devices are devices that are outside the System Unit but are linked or connected to it e.g.
Mouse, Keyboard, Monitor, Printer, Scanners, Joysticks etc.
13. Updating of information - information stored can be retrieved and updated e.g. amended, deleted or
appended. Saves the retyping time.
14. Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) - This is a device that stores power when the line supply is on
and supplies the same to a computer in an event of a blackout.
- It also ensures constant supply of power to a computer devoid of fluctuations e.g. sags and
surges.
- The duration/period that the UPS take while supplying power to the computer without the line
supply support is called AUTONOMY. This (autonomy) can be 15mins, 30mins, 1hr or more
depending on the capacity of the UPS.
Blackout - This is total loss of voltage (Line) supply.
Sag - This is a temporary decrease in voltage supply.
Surge - This is a temporary increase in voltage supply.
15. Automated Teller Machine (ATM)
- This is a banking facility that enables bank customers to access and withdraw funds from remote
accounts.
- It also enables the customers to obtain accounts balances.
- This is facilitated by use computers linked in a network.
16. Computers create job opportunities (employment) for the computer literate people.

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DISADVANTAGES OF COMPUTERS
1. Job displacement – this is a situation where a computer illiterate employee is taken to another less
status job where computer literacy is not required.
2. Job replacement/loss – introduction of computers has made large number of employees to lose their
jobs (i.e. unemployment or redundant) since computer illiterate people are replaced as their work is
taken over or done by computers.
3. Computer software - Computer programs keep on changing and are expensive. A computer cannot
operate without software.
4. Computers cannot work or be used where there is no electrical power or in case of power failure.
5. Maintenance cost - Service and repairs are expensive.
6. Feasibility study - if a proper feasibility study is not correctly done then the organization is likely to
acquire computers, which does not meet its requirements.
7. Stand-by facilities are required e.g. UPS, printers, scanners, etc.
8. Computers are costly or expensive to buy thus not everybody can afford new ones.
9. Computer crimes
a) Hacking – this refers to the act of accessing and obtaining information from other users’
computers on the Internet without the users’ knowledge or authority. This is done by hackers for
pleasure or criminal mischief.
b) Piracy - This is illegal reproduction and sales of computer software and related media e.g. music
(audio) and videos (audio visual) information.
c) Fraud - This is the transfer of funds from one bank account to another without the owner’s
knowledge or authority (consent).
d) Forgery – illegal reproduction of documents e.g. certificates, results slips, bank statements.
e) Computer Viruses – a virus is a piece of software intentionally created/designed to cause
annoyance, to corrupt or destroy programs and data on the computer,
They are written or designed by programmers for malicious or commercial reasons.
.
10. Users healthcare
 Use of laptops - research reports indicate that prolonged use of laptops by male users can impair or
damage the user’s reproductive health system.
Remedy - male users are advised to avoid prolonged use of laptop on the laps.

 RSI - repetitive strain injury

This is the pain or strain felt on the wrists, elbows or entire arm as a result of too much typing
without a break.

Remedial measures
1. Take short breaks. It is not advisable to work on the computer for more than two hours without a
break.
2. Take a moment to stretch or move unused or unmoved muscles.
3. Use hard-back chairs.

 CRT effects
The screen is made of Cathode Ray Tubes (CRT), which contain radioactive rays.

Effects of rays
1. Detrimental the eyes. Can cause eye defects.
2. Detrimental to the foetus in the womb.

Remedial measures
1. Use computer goggles
2. Use anti-glare screen
3. Take short breaks. It is not advisable to work on the computer for more than 2hours without a break.
4. Adjust the bright and contrast modes to suit your viewing
5. Avoid too much color when running your programs.
6. Ensure the room is well lit but not harshly bright. This is to avoid room light reflections, which may
cause eyes fatigue, hence eyes strain.
7. Look at the screen directly not at an angle.

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8. Do not look at the screen from a distance.
9. Take foods rich in vitamin a e.g. carrots.
10. Visit an optician at least once in 6 months.

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COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
(USES OF A COMPUTER)

1. Office automation. Clerical duties. E.g. handling of mails, preparation & printing of documents such
as memos, reports, proposals manuscripts etc.
2. Money Transfer Services i.e. Electronic Money/Fund Transfer (EMT/EFT) e.g. Posta Pay, M-Pesa,
Airtel Money, etc.
3. Reservation System – Booking system. E.g. airline systems, hotels, hotels etc.
4. Production of financial reports e.g. pay slips, bank statements, balance sheets, profit & loss accounts
and other related documents.
5. Communication - e.g. electronic - mails (e - mails) information browsing or Internet surfing.
6. Medical use - A computer is used to store medical records and also in medical diagnosis via imaging
devices e.g. CT-Scan i.e. Computerised Tomographic Scan, Ultra Sound, Magnetic Resonance
Imaging (MRI), etc.
7. Design Work - A computer can be exploited as a design tool in engineering i.e. it can be used to
design roads, houses, bridges etc. This is achieved through CAD (Computer Aided Design), which
exploits computer graphics.
8. Manufacturing (industrial use) it controls manufacturing processes in industries through Computer
Aided Manufacturing (CAM).
9. Science and Engineering - A computer can be used to out complex arithmetic functions as well as
traffic control i.e. Control of traffic in airports and roads (roundabouts)
10. Military/Defence – a computer is used to design military weapons, store military intelligence,
train/equip the military with the latest war skill/ tactics and can also be used in wars.
11. Retailing services - A computer is used to capture data at the Point Of Sale (POS) during retailing
services. This is achieved through the use of bar codes or Universal Product Codes (UPC) that are
read to a computer as evidence of purchase.
12. Education
i. A computer can guide a user through a course of instructions on the screen. That is it can provide
the user with instructions answers or general instructions on various subjects on the screen. This
kind of activity is known as Computer Aided Learning (CAL) or Computer Aided Instructions
(CAI).
ii. A computer is used to mark shaded multiple choice exam papers e.g. K.C.P.E. This is achieved
through the use of Optical Mark Reader (OMR) that reads the shaded marks into the computer.
iii. A computer is also used to compile examination results for many examination boards e.g.
KASNEB, KNEC etc.
13. Favourite side - A computer provides the user with entertainment.
Examples:
i) Listening to audio music via audio CD or music down loaded from the Internet.
ii) Watching movies/films via VCD/DVD or from the Internet.
iii) Watching TV or listening to FM stations via TV/FM card.
iv) Playing computer games e.g. cycles, chess

Importance of games
a) Provides a relaxing environment to the user.
b) Games provided the user with mouse and keyboard operation skills.
c) Some games are educative e.g. scrabble.

Effects of games
1. Addictive.
2. Some games are noisy. This (noise) may interfere with the concentration of other user and hence lead
to operator errors (GIGO).
3. Games are programs with simple structures. Viruses attack such programs very easily. Therefore
favourite games may spread viruses faster to computers.

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COMPUTER HARDWARE
THE SYSTEM UNIT
This is part of computer system that decodes or confirms instructions and controls the hardware used to
execute those instructions. It consists of three main units namely:
- Control unit
- Memory unit
- Arithmetic & Logic Unit (ALU)

CONTROL UNIT
Also known as Processor or Central Processing Unit (CPU).
Processor is a chip that carries out instructions it receives from your software.

Functions of the control unit

a) Issues commands to other elements of the computer system.
b) Co-ordinates and controls all hardware operations.
c) It interprets the stored instructions in a language or sequence that the computer will understand and
execute.
d) It executes the fetch-execute cycle.

Fetch-Execute Cycle
This is the process by which information is fetched from the main memory and taken to accumulator for
confirmation after which it is executed to the other elements of the computer by the control unit.

COMPUTER MEMORY
Memory is an electronic circuitry that holds the data and program instruction. It is made up of silicon
chips containing circuit holding data represented by on or off electrical states, or bits.

Types of Memory
i) Read Only Memory (ROM)
ii) Random Access Memory (RAM)
iii) Virtual Memory
iv) CMOS Memory

Read Only Memory (ROM)

This is a set of chips containing instructions that help a computer prepare for processing tasks. These
instructions also called firmware or microde are permanent, and the only way to change them is to
remove the ROM chips from the main board (motherboard) and replace them with another set.

When you turn on your computer, the CPU receives electrical power and is ready to begin executing
instructions. But because the computer was turned on, RAM is empty with no instructions for CPU to
process. This is when ROM finds its use.

When you turn on your computer, the CPU performs a series of steps by following instructions stored in
the ROM. This series of steps is called the boot process.

TYPES OF ROM
i) Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM)
ii) Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM)

Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM)

This memory acts the same as ROM when it is part of the computer i.e. it can only be read but its
contents cannot be altered. However the data or programs are not stored in the memory when they are
manufactured. Instead it can be loaded with special programs during installation.

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Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM)
Their data can be erased using special ultraviolet light device that destroys the bit settings within the
memory.

Random Access Memory (RAM)

Also known as: - main storage, main memory, primary storage, internal storage, or core store.

This is an area in the computer system unit that holds programs and data currently in use. Its contents can
be read and can be changed and is the working area for the user. It is volatile i.e. RAM chips loose their
contents when power is disrupted (or removed). (If the computer is turned off or the power goes out, all
the data stored in RAM instantly and permanently disappears.

Functions
i) Stores instructions/commands awaiting to be executed.
ii) Stores instructions currently being obeyed/executed.
iii) Stores data awaiting processing.
iv) Stores data currently being processed.
v) Stores information awaiting output.

Memory Speed
Memory speed is measured in cycle time. Cycle time is the minimum time needed to obtain a piece of
data stored in the memory.

Memory size
Memory size is measured in bytes. Memory size increases in steps of 1024 bytes. This (1024) however is
rounded off to the nearest 1000 and expressed as K i.e. (1 kilobyte) therefore:
1000Bytes = 1Kb (Kilobyte)
1000Kb = 1Mb (Megabyte)
1000Mb = 1Gb (Gigabyte)
1000 Gb = 1Tb (Terabyte)

This can be broken down as follows:

1Kb = 1000 Bytes
1Mb = 1,000,000 Bytes
1Gb = 1,000,000,000 Bytes
1Tb = 1,000,000,000,000 Bytes

Byte
- A group of 8 bits.
- The storage capacity of computers (ROM & RAM) and associated media e.g. hard disks, diskettes,
flash disks, CD-ROM, etc. is generally given in bytes.
- Approximately one byte is required to store one character.

Bit
- This is the smallest unit of information.
- Computers usually store information as a series of bits.

Character
This is the smallest element in a computer file which refers to a letter, number, or symbol that can be
entered, stored, or output by a computer (or Anything that is keyed (entered) into the computer via an
input device e.g. a keyboard).

Examples
1. Text/letters/ alphabets – A to Z.
2. Numbers (numeric characters) 0 to 9
3. Alphanumeric characters (Alphabets and numbers) e.g. KAF 788 Q

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4. Symbols e.g. %, *, &, #,!. (Special characters)
5. Space (inserted by the space bar on the keyboard)

1Byte = 8 bits
1Byte = 1 character
1 character = 8 bits

Virtual Memory
This is the space on your hard disk that holds software instructions for a program currently in use. If your
RAM is not large enough to hold all the instructions for all four applications along with everything else
that has to be there, the most used instructions will be in RAM and the less used will be in virtual
memory. Then, your CPU will swap out instructions between RAM and virtual memory as it needs them.
This swapping back and forth slows down processing. It takes much longer to move instructions from the
hard disk to RAM and then to the CPU (processor) than it does to move them directly from RAM, which
is where they have to be before the CPU can access them to carry them out.

CMOS Memory
Metal Oxide Semi-Conductor Memory. This is a type of memory which is more permanent than RAM
but less permanent than ROM which is used to store boot data such as the number of hard disk tracks and
sections. CMOS require very little power to retain its contents and as such can be powered by battery. To
change CMOS data, you usually run a CMOS configuration, or set up program.

CACHE memory
This is a special high-speed memory that gives the CPU (read processor) more rapid access to data. As
you begin a task, the computer anticipates what data the CPU is likely to need and loads or caches this
data into the cache area. The CPU then takes the data from cache instead of fetching it from RAM, which
takes longer. Therefore more cache means faster processing.

ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC UNIT (ALU)

This is the part of the computer that performs arithmetic and logic functions. It uses registers to hold the
data being processed. In ALU, the results of an arithmetic or logical operation are held temporarily in the
accumulator.

How it works
- It receives data from the main memory and carries out the processing required.
- The results are then taken back and stored in the main memory.
- Its operations are governed by the control unit.

Functions
a) Arithmetic.
b) Logic

Arithmetic functions
These are functions involving operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. The
following operators are used:

Operator Symbol Operator Name Application

+ Plus Addition
- Minus Subtraction
* Asterisk Multiplication
/ Front slash or Forward Slash Division

Other operators used in ALU

1. = Equal to
2. > Greater than

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3. < Less than
4. >= Greater than or equal to
5. <= Less than or equal to
6. <> Not equal to
7. ( ) Parenthesis

Example
12 * 2 = 24
Operation = 12 * 2
Operator = * (Asterisk)
Operands =12, 2
Results/output/product =24

Operand – A data item to be processed or operated on.

LOGIC FUNCTIONS
These are functions involving comparing and matching data items as well as copying and moving
numbers from one location to another.

PASSWORD
- A password is a secret code used to access files/information on the computer.
- It protects/prevents information from display/disclosure to unauthorised persons.
- In some applications e.g. MS-Word or MS-Excel, passwords are case-sensitive i.e. if you enter the
password in lowercase (small letters), you will have to enter it in lowercase.
- Password can be text (alphabetic), number (numeric) or alphanumeric characters.

Setting up a password in MS-Word

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INPUT DEVICES
(Question: A computer can operate without a printer but not without a keyboard. Give at least two
reasons to justify this statement).
These are devices that link us (liveware) to the computer system. They capture data and translates it into
a form that can be processed and used by other parts of your computer.

Tasks performed by input devices

a) They enter or code data into the computer in a suitable format.
b) They issue/send/transmit instructions into the computer for it to obey and execute.

Examples of input devices

- Keyboard - Optical Mark Reader
- Mouse - Bar Code reader
- Joystick - Light pen

Keyboard
- An input device that consists of a series of keys similar to a typewriter layout. It is used to enter data
and commands into the computer.
- Keyboard is a Direct Data Entry machine.
- DDE is a method whereby a keyboard machine is directly connected to the CPU therefore data
entered via the keyboard goes direct to the CPU for processing.

Mouse
This is a hand-held input device that is moved a cross the desktop. It gives commands to a computer as
well as accessing other features on the computer more directly than the keyboard.
Optical Mark Reader (OMR)
An input device that reads marks made in pen or pencil in predetermined positions on special forms or
cards.
Application (use of OMR)
- Used to mark shaded multiple choice exam papers e.g. K.C.P.E.

Bar Code Reader

Also known as Bar Code Scanner
- An input device that reads or scans bar codes into the computer through optical or magnetic sensing
methods.
- Bar codes consist of stripes that represent values/numbers. The number on the left represents the
country of origin; the numbers at the centre represent the manufacturer while the numbers on the
right represent the product itself.
- When these codes are read to a computer, the program identifies the product and computes its price.

Application
- Used to capture data at the point of sale (POS) during retailing services especially in the busy
supermarkets.
- Bar codes are also known as Price Tags or Universal Products Codes (UPC).

Scanner
It is an input device, which reads pictures (graphics) and text into the computer. It converts analogue data
into digital data.
Light Pen
This is a hand held input device that detects light from most visual display units. It enables computer
operators to enter data into the computer by moving or pointing the light pen closer to the screen.

Joystick
This is an input device used for playing computer games.

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OUTPUT DEVICES
These are devices that link us from the computer systems.

Task
They provide us with the results of data processing.

Examples of Output devices

1. Screen
2. Plotter
3. Robot
4. Voice output
5. Printers

Screen
- Used to display information
- Provides an environment for designing. This is achieved through the use of a Light Pen.
Also known as monitor or VDU.

Types of Monitors
i) CRT
ii) Flat Panel Display

CRT
Cathode Ray Tube
These monitors look like TV sets. They are the most common type of monitors. A cathode ray tube (CRT)
monitor is an analog computer display or television set with a large, deep casing. This type of monitor uses streams
of electrons that activate dots or pixels on the screen to create a full image.

CRT Monitors

Flat-Panel Displays
- Thin, light weight monitors and take up much less space than CRTS.
- Flat-Panel displays are usually either gas plasma or LCD screen. Gas plasma displays shine light
through gas to make an image.
- LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) – displays same light through a layer of crystalline liquid to make an
image.
- LCDs are the most usual type of flat-panel screens for computers and come in two types: passive
matrix and active matrix screens.

TFT (Thin Film Transistor) displays are flat-panel displays with active matrix screens. Active matrix
screens have a separate transistor for every pixel, or dot, on the screen and update faster providing a
higher quality crisper image.

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Flat-Panel Displays

Plotter
- Output device used to produce high quality output. E.g. maps and charts.

Robot
- Is a Czech (Czechoslovakia) word which means “forced labor” or “to labour”.
- A robot is a device that can be programmed to carry out one task and then be programmed again to
carry out another.

Application
Used mostly in motor vehicle assembly plants.
NB. There are domestic and industrial robots.

Printers
This is an output device that produces hard copies of processed data.

Types of printers
- Impact printers
- Non-impact printers

Impact Printers
These are printers that print through forced mechanism. i.e. they operate by striking or hitting the paper
through a ribbon thereby creating an impact.

Examples
i) Line printers
ii) Character printers

Line printer
i) These are printers that print whole lines at ago. Speeds are measured in Lines Per Minute (LPM) and
vary as follows.
- Low speed line printers- 200-300lpm
- Normal/common line printers- 600-1000lpm
- High-speed line printers- in excess of 2000lpm (i.e btw 2000 – 3000lpm).
ii) They transfer text onto the paper through a carbon ribbon.

Examples of line printers

i) Band
ii) Chain. Obsolete
iii) Drum (barrel)

Character printers
- Printers that print whole characters at a go.
- Speeds are measured in Characters Per Second (CPS)

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Examples
 Dot matrix
 Daisy wheel

Dot Matrix
i) A printer that prints characters individually formed from a matrix or a pattern of dots.
- It strikes the paper through an inked ribbon.
- Speeds vary between 30-200cps.
- Noisy

Printing stationery
- Continuous stationery.
- Plain papers
- Pre-printed stationery e.g. letter heads, receipts and invoice lists.

Daisy Wheel Printer

- This is a printer that is made up of exchangeable print heads called Daisy wheel.
- When instructed to print the daisy wheel rotates and the appropriate spoke strike the paper through a
carbon ribbon.
- Speeds typically at 45 cps.

DOT matrix DAISY wheel

1. Fast (prints 30-200cps) Slow (prints 45cps)
2. Good quality because it uses inked ribbon. Poor quality coz uses carbon ribbon

Disadvantage Advantage
Has fixed print heads, not replaceable Has exchangeable print heads i.e. Can be replaced

NON-IMPACT PRINTERS
These are printers that operate by firing very tiny droplets of ink or toner directly onto the paper, thereby
creating no impact.

Examples
Page/image printer
 These are printers that print whole pages at ago.
 They have replaced line and character printers.
 Speeds are measured in Pages Per Minute (PPM) and vary as follows:
1. Black - 4-6 ppm (minimum)
2. Colour - 2 ppm (minimum) because of colour mixing
 They produce high quality output.
 Less noisy (quiet)
 Cheaper to maintain
Types of Non-Impact Printers
Inkjets - use liquid ink cartridges e.g.
i) HP DeskJet
ii) Epson colour stylus
iii) Canon
iv) Lexmark.

LaserJets - Use toner cartridges e.g.

i) HP LaserJet
ii) Epson LaserJet
iii) Canon LaserJet
iv) Kyocera

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BACKING STORAGE DEVICES

Also known as:-
 Auxiliary storage devices
 Secondary storage devices
 External storage devices.
- These are devices used to store programs and data in a permanent form acceptable to the computers.
They support/supplement the main storage.

Examples
a) Hard disk
b) Optical Storage Media
c) Solid State Storage Media
d) Diskette
e) Magnetic tape unit No longer in use.
f) Magnetic Disk unit

Hard Disk
Also known as hard drive or Drive C
 It is the largest of all backing storage devices (in terms of storage)
 Its surface is coated with a magnetisable substance (Iron II Oxide) on
which storage is done.
 Its surface is divided into tracks and sectors for ease of access.

NB:
1. The process of creating tracks and sectors on the disk surface is known as
FORMATTING.
2. Data is lost in an event a disk is formatted.

 It is usually fixed inside the System Unit for faster access.

 It is a WARM device i.e. Write And Read Many.
Write Many - this means information can be written/recorded and read as many times as possible.
Read Many - The information recorded can also be accessed as many times as possible and can be
altered or removed (deleted).

Optical Storage Media

These are devices that are accessed by way of light i.e. laser beam.
They are circular plastic disks used for storage.

Examples
CD-ROM/DVD-ROM
 Acquired with information already recorded.
 It is a WORM device (i.e. Write Once Read Many).
Write Once - This means information is recorded on it only once.
Read Many - This information can be accessed as many times but cannot be altered or removed.

CD-R (Recordable)/DVD-R
Acquired when completely blank/empty.
They assume WORM status once information is recorded.

CD-RW (Rewritable)/DVD-RW
Acquired when completely blank/empty.
They are re-usable i.e. they allow the user to record new information, to
delete the existing information and also to rewrite new information.
being recorded overwrites the existing one.

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USES OF OPTICAL STORAGE MEDIA (CD/DVD)
1. Stores computer software
2. Stores users data
3. Stores audio information. e.g. MP3 Audio etc
4. Stores audio – visual information e.g. VCD, DVD.

Solid State Storage Media

 These are devices that employ Integrated Circuits (ICs) technology instead of magnetic or optical
technology.
 Their main advantage is that they have no mechanical parts hence allow data storage to take place at
very high speeds. They too have a longer life span than magnetic and optical storage media.
 They are WARM devices.
 They are plugged into the computer via an interface (connection port) known as Universal Serial Bus
(USB).

Examples
i) Flash disks
ii) Memory cards

DISKETTE
- This is a magnetic device used for online storage on PCs.
- Its surface is coated with a magnetisable substance (Iron II Oxide) on
which storage is done.
- The surface is divided into tracks and sectors for ease of access.
- It is a WARM device.

Types of Diskettes
1. Floppy disk – has a diameter of 8 inches. Stores 720Kb
2. Mini-floppy disk – has a diameter of 5¼ inches. Stores 1.22Mb
3. Micro-floppy disk – has a diameter of 3½ inches. Stores 1.44Mb

Questions:
1. Distinguish between internal and external storage
Internal storage (main or primary storage) External storage (backing storage)
Storage is within the CPU. Storage is outside the CPU on disks
Expensive (memory chips are used) Cheap
Temporary - contents are lost when power is removed. Permanent
Information is not portable Information is portable
Low packing density High packing density
2. Why is it possible that the inner smaller tracks of disk will store the same amount of data as the
larger outer tracks?
The packing density increases proportionally as we move towards the centre of a disk i.e. a lot of
information can be squeezed to fit in a small area (sector).

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COMPUTER SOFTWARE
Software refers to all programs used in a computer. A computer program is a sequence of instructions
that tell the computer hardware what to do. Programs are written in programming languages, which
consist of a set of symbols combined according to a given syntax.

Aim of Software
To put hardware into life or to put life into hardware.

Types of software
i) System software
ii) Applications software

Systems Software
This refers to programs used to run or operate other programs or packages

Examples
4. Operating software
5. Utility programs

OPERATING SYSTEM
This is a set of computer programs/ instructions that enable the user to manage or work with his/her own
Personal Computer (PC).

FUNCTIONS OF AN OPERATING SYSTEM

i) An operating system controls input/output peripheral devices and supervises the transfer of data to
and from these devices to the main store.
ii) An operating system schedules work in multi-processing and multi-user systems (i.e. organizes
work).
iii) An operating system communicates with the computer user. Data is fed in and if there is anything
wrong, the computer will tell.
iv) It enables installation and access of programs in a computer (loading programs)
v) Manages the resources of a computer as efficiently as possible.

Examples of an operating system

1. DOS - Disk Operating System
2. Windows
3. Linux
4. OS/2
5. Fedora
6. Solaris
7. Cent OS
8. Ubuntu
9. Novell Netware
10. Palm OS (For Palmtops)
11. MacOS – Macintosh Operating System

Types of DOS
MS-DOS - Microsoft Disk Operating System
TOP-DOS - TOP Disk Operating System
PC-DOS - Personal Computer Operating System
UNIX
XENIX

Types/Versions of Windows
a) Windows 3.0
b) Windows 3.1
c) Windows 3.11
d) Windows 95

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e) Windows 98
f) Windows Millennium Edition (Me)
g) Windows 2000
h) Windows NT,
i) Windows XP
j) Windows Vista
k) Windows 7
l) Windows 8
m) Windows 10
n) Windows 11 (Latest version)

Utility Programs
Also known as Service programs.
These are programs used to maintain and service computer software (programs) and files (data).

Types/examples of utility programs

a) File copying
b) Sort programs
c) File processing
d) House keeping
e) Debugging aids

File Copying
Reading information from one backing storage medium and writing it onto another e.g. from hard disk to
floppy disk.

Sort Programs
These are programs used to arrange information (records) in an organized manner (ascending or
descending) and present it in a good format.

File Processing
This means updating information (records) so as to reflect the current position. It entails:
1. Amending records
2. Deleting or zapping (removing all) records
3. Appending new records.

House Keeping Routines

This is getting rid of (or removing) information that is not required so as to create space.

Debugging aids
Bug - error or problem.
- Debugging is the process of locating and solving software problems.
- Anti-virus programs are a good example of debugging aids because they can detect and remove
viruses from computer software and data.

NB: Troubleshooting is the process of locating and solving hardware problems.

Applications Software
These are programs used to carry out specific tasks as tabulated below:

Activity Application (Program used)

Word processing Microsoft Word/WordPerfect/WordStar/Wang-Writer
Spreadsheets (Arithmetic) Microsoft Excel/Lotus 1-2-3, Visicalc/Symphony
Database management systems (DMS) Microsoft Access/FoxPro/Oracle
Graphics and presentations Microsoft PowerPoint/Harvard Graphics
Desktop publishing (DTP) MS-Publisher/Adobe PageMaker/Adobe
InDesign/Ventura/CorelDraw
Accountancy Sage/ QuickBooks/Pastel/Systematics

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Engineering & Design (CAD) ArchiCAD/AutoCAD/Artlantis
Music Production Fruity Loops
Video Editing/Production Pinnacle Studio/Nero Express

Programming Languages
(Software Development)
- Java
- Html – Hyper Text Markup Language
- COBOL – Common Business Oriented Language
- Visual Basic
- Php
- C
- C ++
- Python

Communication software
a) Internet Browsers (programs used to b) Email access software
access the Internet) - Yahoo!
- Internet Explorer - Microsoft Outlook
- Mozilla Firefox - Outlook Express
- Microsoft Network (MSN) - Hotmail
- Netscape Navigator - Gmail (Google mail)
- Opera - Eudora Pro
- Google (search engine)

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DATA PROCESSING
This is the conversion of raw/ basic facts (data) into sensible information. There are basically three ways
by which data processing may be achieved.

Manual Data Processing (MDP)

The use of human resources e.g. clerks, accountants, etc.

Automated Data Processing (ADP)

This the use of machines (Mechanical means) e.g. adding or calculating machines.

Electronic Data Processing (EDP)

This is the use of electronic devices e.g. computers.

Data Processing System

Hardware
Software

System Unit Peripherals

Input Output Backing

Control Memory ALU Devices Devices Storage
Unit Unit

Data Processing Stages

 Input of data
 Processing of data
 Storage of results
 Output of results

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DATA TRANSMISSION/COMMUNICATION
This is the collection and distribution of electronic data from and to remote facilities.
Remote facilities - Terminals at a distance or computers at a distant locations but are linked in a network.
Data can be transmitted from computers in the air, over land and under the sea.

Overland /air transmission:

Telephone lines, satellites and facsimile (fax) machines are used.
Under the sea - coaxial cables are used. They are placed on the seabed.
Teleprocessing (TP) – This is a combination of data processing and telecommunication.

DATA TRANSMISSION AND THE USE OF THE MODEMS

The simplest form of data transmission involves the connection of terminals and computers to the
telephone line. In order to use the telephone link, the digitals of the terminal /computer must be converted
into analog or wavy form in order to be transmitted along the telephone line. A device known as a
modem does this.

MODEM
This is an acronym for MOdulator - DEModulator.
Modulate – to convert digital data into analog/wavy form and transmit it via tel. lines.
Demodulate – to receive data in analog/wavy form and convert it back to digital.

- A modem is a device that converts digital data into analogue/wavy form and vice versa in order for
data to be transmitted along the telephone line.
- It aids in data transmission.

Below is an illustration of a communication link involving a modem

T
Analog/Wavy
Data

MODEM MODEM
Computer T = Tel. Line Terminal

Digital Data
Digital Data

NETWORK
A network is a connection of several computers (e.g. by cables) to facilitate communication between
them.

Types of Networks
i) Local Area Network (LAN)
ii) Wide Area Network (WAN)
iii) Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Local Area Network (LAN)
This is the connection of several computers within a limited geographical area e.g. within an office or
within a town.
It is facilitated by use Network Interface Cards (NIC) and RJ-45 connectors/cables.

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Wide Area Network (WAN)
This is the connection of computers within a wide geographical area e.g. between towns or across the
borders. Also known as Long Haul Network (LHN).

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

This is a network which is larger than LAN but smaller than WAN and incorporates elements of both. It
spans/covers a city or town and is owned by an individual or a large company.

REASONS WHY COMPUTER ORGANISATIONS FAIL

1. Lack of capital.
2. Insufficient feasibility study or poor planning.
3. Recruitment of unqualified staff.
4. Mismanagement e.g. lack of proper staff supervision or motivation.
5. Tribalism/ nepotism/racialism/cronyism
6. Political reasons e.g. political differences, political instability and tribal crashes.
7. Corruption.
8. Embezzlement of funds/Misappropriation of funds.
9. Environmental factors e.g. floods, earthquakes, storms e.g. Tsunami, Diseases e.g. HIV/AIDS, etc.
10. Other factors e.g. theft (burglary), fire accidents, terrorist acts, etc.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Diskette - a device used for online storage for small business computer systems.
1. Command - it’s an instruction that is transmitted to a computer for it to obey and execute. We
“communicate” with computers by way of commands.
2. Format – initialize /prepare a disk for use. It entails creating new tracks and sectors on the disk
surface to facilitate access. NB. If you format a disk with data all the data or programs will be
completely lost.
3. Live ware (or people ware) - computer users.
4. Hardware - physical components of a computer system. What makes up a computer system e.g.
CPU, mouse, monitor, keyboard etc.
5. Software- programs used in a particular computer installation, or all programs used in a computer.
6. Shareware – programs that can be used freely without a license.
7. Malware – these are programs that cause or make other programs (or data) on the computer to
malfunction. Examples of include: Viruses, Worms, Trojans, etc.
9. Program - a set of instructions laid down into the computer’s memory that allows the system to
accomplish a given task.
10. ROM – Read Only Memory – This is a computer memory that can be read many times but cannot
be altered or removed. It contains information that takes effect when a computer is switched on i.e.
firmware.
11. Firmware – Programs held in the ROM i.e. information that takes effect when a computer is
switched on.
12. RAM – Random Access Memory – this is a read and write computer memory that stores temporary
data. It is volatile i.e. its contents are lost when power is removed.
13. Mouse – a hand-held input device that is moved across the desktop.
14. Desktop – This is a rectangular area on the screen where we view our programs, data, icons and
other features.
15. Input (verb) – to enter data into the computer via use of input device e.g. keyboard.
Input (noun) – data already entered into the computer.
16. Output (verb) – to obtain results from a computer via an output device e.g. monitor,
printer.
Output (noun) – i) Softcopy – information displayed on screen.
ii) Hardcopy – information printed on paper via a printer. Also known
as printout.

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17. Computer System – This is the collection of hardware, software and firmware that is interconnected
to operate as a unit.

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