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35 views40 pagesPhysics Practical File-1
The document outlines various physics experiments involving the use of a multimeter to measure resistance, voltage, and current, as well as the assembly of household circuits and identification of electronic components. It includes detailed procedures, theoretical background, observations, results, precautions, and sources of error for each activity. Additionally, it discusses the nature and size of images formed by convex lenses and concave mirrors using a candle and screen.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
35 views40 pagesPhysics Practical File-1
The document outlines various physics experiments involving the use of a multimeter to measure resistance, voltage, and current, as well as the assembly of household circuits and identification of electronic components. It includes detailed procedures, theoretical background, observations, results, precautions, and sources of error for each activity. Additionally, it discusses the nature and size of images formed by convex lenses and concave mirrors using a candle and screen.
Uploaded by
pinkkose24Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 40
ACTIVITY-2
Aim
‘To measure the resistance, voltage (AC/DC), current (AC) and check continuity of a given circuit using multimeter,
Apparatus and Materials Required
Multimeter, Carbon resistors, cartridge fuse, Step-down transformer, Battery eliminator/Cell, One-way key.
Theory
‘An analog multimeter is a DC galvanometer which is used for measuring the current, voltage (AC/DC) and resistance (igh
ow). It is also known as AVO meter where A stands for current in amperes, V stands for voltage in volt and O stands for
resistance in ohm.
Carbon resistors are small in size and made of carbon. Their values are given using a colour code. To remember the colour
sequence in the increasing order of the number assigned to the colour BBROY GB VGW named after BB Roy of Great Britain
is Very Good Worker.
Circuit Diagram
E ® Lab Manual Physics - 12
Co Resistance
‘check and mark the given carbon resistors as X, Xpand Xy
the coloured bands marked on them in proper order
a find their resistance with the help of colour code table,
Got the multimeter to proper resistance range according to the
Jalue of resistance to be measured.
‘Touch the two leads of the multimeter directly and adjust the
pointer t zero reading by adjuster knob.
Touch the two leads of the multimeter to the terminals of the given resistance. Record the reading of the resistance
from the meter.
Repeat the above steps with other resistances X» and Xs
feasure AC Voltage
|. Set the multimeter knob to AC voltage range 100 V.
Connect the leads of the multimeter to the terminals of the secondary coil ofthe given step-down transformer.
4. Switch on the transformer circuit and record the AC voltage output of the transformer.
"4. Repeat the above steps with other values of tapping of battery eliminator.
Measure DC Voltage
1. Set the multimeter knob to DC voltage range 0 to 10 V.
2. Touch the (two) appropriate leads to the positive terminal and the negative terminal or the cell. Record the voltage.
Se
Multimeter setin OC.
P mamiae bie &
eee +o ne eC
Use of multimeter as DC ammeter Use of multimeter as DC voltmeter
To Measure AC/DC Current
Proceed as for AC/DC voltage but taking care that the leads of the multimeter are in series with appropriate circuit
Continuity Check
1. Set the multimeter to measure resistance.
2. Connect the two terminals (leads) of the multimeter directly. Adjust the reading to zero.
3, Touch the ends of the cartridge fuse with the leads of the multimeter, Ifthe value of resistance drops to very low, it
indicates continuity of the fuse. Ifthe resistance is infinite ie. the multimeter is not affected by the cartridge fuse, it
indicates discontinuity,
Observations
‘Table for Resistance Measurement Value of voltage between the
terminal of the source, V, (volt)
DC source as ‘
2 5 7
a is
4. z oie
‘AC source a ae
2 | Powis |
cE a he —aaet
3 ae |
“ L oe _
Result
1. Within the experimental error limits, the value of the carbon resistor calculated by colour coding and measured with
the help of multimeter is same.
2. Voltage (AC/DC) measured by the multimeter is same as the value of voltage marked on (AC/DC) source,
Precautions
1. Read the instructions before using multimeter to avoid it getting damaged
2, Pass the alternating current for minimum possible time
3. Inmeasuring DC voltage/current, polarity probe leads should be connected to the proper polarity in the circuit
4, Hold the probe's insulting cover while dealing with the high voltage
5, Always achieve zero ohm before using the multimeter.
6. Select appropriate function of switeh and range switch for the given measurements.
Sources of Error
When we measure resistance using analog multimeter, zero adjustment may not be accurate.
2. Selection of function switch may be inappropriate.
3. The scale/range used in reading of voltage/current may not be proper. ACTIVITY-3
Aim
To assemble a household circuit comprising three bulbs, three (ON/OFF) swite
Apparatus and Materials Required
Tester, Three electric bulbs of 40 W, 60 W and 100 W, Three bulb holders, Three switches (ON/OFF ), Red and black insulated
flexible wires, Fuse wire, Tools, Main plug, Insulating tape
Theory
In household circuits, all appliances are connected in parallel whi
re conn arallel while a switch is connecte 2s withe
phase wire ofthe supply ine Pi ‘© a switch is connected in series with each appliance o™
hes, a fuse and a power source.
2
@ Lab Manual Physics - 1
i
rr ge
- psa n1220 V at 60 Hz and current rating is 5A for domestic use for bulb
heavy load appliances like refrigerator, air-conditioner, geyser, hot plates, ete. =
powerconsumption Pat any time, P=P, 2+ Py sass é A
“here Py Peand Pyare powers crawn by various appliances ata potential Y, from the mains, .
I-Pv
Here, Pisin watt, V in volt and I in ampere, Electric fuse is a safety device which is used to limit the current. Iti a short
jece of wire made up of a material of high resistivity and of low melting point so that it may easily melt due to overheating,
“when excessive current passes through the circuit. Its always connected in series with a supply so on phase wire
Circuit Diagrams
Red wie
ahh
‘em ay ack =) Pua of wet
: Tomains
©, ©, — = nee
eel Black wire
Circuit with lin parallel
Procedure
1. Ue a red wire and connect one end of each of the three switches to one end of the bull holders. Connect the other
ends of the bulb holders to the black flexible wires
2. Connect the other ends of the switches to the red wires.
3. Connect the switch-bulb combinations in parallel keeping red wires at one common point and the black wires at
another common point
4. Take two long flexible wires (a red and a black) to serve as lead wires
5. Connect the end of red wires to the red lead wire and the black ends to the black lead wire.
6 Putthe fuse wire in the live-lead (red)
7. Connect the free ends of the lead wires to the two ends of a plug.
8. Testthe live terminals using the tester. Insert the plug taking care that the red lead becomes the live wire and the black
lead becomes the neutral wire
9. Test the circuit by switching On and Off each of the bulbs one-by-one.
Result
All the bulbs and switches in the circuit work properly with controlled power supply.
Precautions
1. The connections should be tight.
2. The red lead should always act as the live wire and the fuse should be introduced in this wire.
3. The switches should always be connected in the live wire.
4. Dont insert the plug to main.
5. All the oints should be properly insulated
6. For additional safety wear rubber gloves before making all the connections.
7. Selecta fuse of proper rating
Sources of Error
1. Personal error.
2. All the components must be tested before use.
ere. Lab Manual Physics »@
Baer’ >) ‘$ i ae To identify a
or from a mixed collection of such items,
ode, an LED, a transistor, an IC, a resistot and a capaci
Apparatus and Materials Required
Collection of a diode, Transistor, Resistor, Multimete
xr, LED, IC, Capacitor.
Theory
For identification of different items from a collection, we have
e
to consider both, their appearance and working.
Diode is a semiconducting device which has two terminals. It conducts only when itis toward biased and it does ny
conduct when reverse biased
A light emitting diode is a device with two terminal
diode and a LED both allow the flow of current in one direction only:
etsleesetdaliea iy Sfeeminale device. Itconducts direct curcent and alternating current both. A esisharcan oni
eT
equally even when the terminals of battery connected across it are reverse:
‘ent (DC) to flow through - its self. It stores some
Is which emits light when electric current passes through it 4
‘A capacitor is also a device with two terminal not allow direct curr
charge when DC voltage is applied. It conducts alternating current.
nd collector). It may be identified by appearance only,
{ANIC (integrated circuit is arnuliterminal device in form ofa chip. ICs are obtained by a comples Procedure involving
diffusion, oxidation, photolithography, metallisation, etc. It is a multiterminal component. Most of IC packages have
flat back. The tips of its legs are thinner than the tops
‘A transistor is a three terminals device (emitter, base
‘Component of IC component of has a flat back, a large number of legs/terminals, made of flat metal strips.
Circuit Diagram
Silver ring
p o
Junction Diode LeD Resistor
Chip"
Plastic case
a Black
note! gmk
Erecwoiyic elljc 5
itor fransistor* dol ed.
capacitor Mica capacitor qT ie Integrated circuit (IC)*
Some commonly available integrated circuits
Procedure
1. Separate all items from the given collection with four or more terminals. All these items are ICs (integrated circuits}
2
Separate the items having three terminals, These items are transistors.
3. Set the multimeter to measure resistance in the range of a few kilo-ohms, Take a two-terminals item and measute
Sam
its resistance in both the directions by connecting the +ve and the -ve lee i
e-+ve -ve leads to either ofits terminals. If vl
resistance in both directions it isa resistor. eae ermine
@ Lab Manual Physics - 12 step @) with other two terminal items repeat step (3). fit offers very high resistance in both the directions and.
4. Rep ot conduct, it is a capacitor.
spe ewo-ternal device with high resistance in one direction and low resistance inthe others a diode.
5 Miielight when it conducts
seatifytetwo-terminal device with high resistance in one direction reverse bias) and love resistance in the opposite
lation orward bias) If tems light ast conducts and offers low resistance, itis an LED.
6
pservations
il the items im
the mixed collection have been identified and the result may be summed up asin the table given below.
Identification of components with the help of terminals
More than 3 1c
2 Three ‘Transistor
3 Two Capacitor, Diode, LED or resistor
Identification of components with the help of current flow
4 Undirectional emit no light Diode
5. Undirectional with emit light LED
6 ‘Current in both direction (steady) Resistor
7. No flow of didrect current in any direction Capacitor
Precautions
Polarity should be reversed for identifying the items, e.g. diode, LED, etc
Clean the leads of components properly by using sand paper.
Students must handle the multimeter carefully since it is very sensitive.
Large current should not be passed through the components
Sources of Error
1. Multimeter shows zero resistance on directly connect;
the pointer to zero using, zero adjustment knob on the multimeter. If zero adjustment is not done, the resistance
‘measurement will not be correct.
its metal leads. If it does not show zero resistance, bring
2. While checking resistance, if metal ends of multimeter leads are touched by hands, body resistance in parallel with
the component resistance affects the value of the resistance. ACTIVITY-6(a)
‘fin
pstudy the nature and size of the image formed by a convex lens using a candle and a screen
Apparatus and Materials Required
anvex lens, Candle, Screen, Three uprights, Optical bench, Metre scale
Theory
The image formed by convex lens depends upon the position of the object with respect to convex lens. The image formed
Iyconvex lens may be real or virtual. For real image, the object should be placed at the focus or beyond the focus and for
sinual image the object should be placed between optical centre O and focus F.
The positions of the object and nature of images formed by convex lens is shown below in the table.
[Object | Position of Image | Nature and size of the Image |)
An infinity At focus F, | Highly diminished, real and
inverted
Bond 2, Between PF and 2Fs nw
Diminished, real and inverted
ANI,
ALF,
Same size, real and inverted
af
Lab Manual Physics - 12 @ ¥
na wd | «a. t
Betwen F, and 2h, | Beyond 2°, | Enlarged, real and inverted
pane,
AR Atinginity Highly enlarged, real and
inverted
Between F, and
ical centre O | lens
Same side of the | Enlarged, virtual and erect
(Convex Lens
Image formation by convex lens using cane and sereen
Procedure
1. Take the rough focal length () ofthe given convex lens by obtaining a sharp image of a distant object ona wallot@
screen. Set the convex lens on one end ofthe optical bench,
2. Fixa lighted candle and screen on uprights and adjust them on the optical bench so that the tip of the flame is tt
same level as the centre ofthe screen and the pole ofthe mirror.
3. Set the convex lens at one end of the optical bench and mark the approximate position ofthe centre of curva
which will be double ofthe rough focal length. Also mark the position ofthe principal focus ofthe lens onthe opt
bench.
4. Keep the candle at maximum possible distance from the mirror. The candle should essentially be beyond 2 lf
necessary, replace the lens with another of smaller focal length Its image will be very small and obtained at F
Move the candle closer to the lens but ata distance more than double the rough focal length, Obtain a clear image
the candle on the screen. The image will be formed between F; and 2F,. Iti diminished, real and inverted.
these observations in the table.
‘
© servers
-
y 7a ‘Table for the size of image
2. The change in size, nature and position of the image of burning candle are found as stated in theoretical table.
3. As the object moves from infinity towards the focus, the image moves away and its si
cal
1, Aclear and distinct image should be obtained
2. Handle burning candle with utmost care to prevent mishap,
_ 4. Mark F and 2F on the both sides of the lens on optical bench.
3. Rough focal length of the lens should be determined before performing, the activity.
5. The uprights and lens holder must be held vertical.
6. The flame of burning candle and optical centre of lens must be kept at same height. Experi earning
Conceotel Understonng
To study the nature and size of the med by a concave mirror using a candle and a screen.
Apparatus and Materials Required
Concave mirror with stand, Optical bench, Candle, Metre scale, Two stands.
Theory
The image formed by concave mirror depends on the position of IN
the object should be placed at or beyond the focus of concave mirror and
between the focus and pole of the mirror:
The position and nature of image formed by concave mirror for dif
Position of Image | Natw
| At focus F Inverted
| Virtual, erect; enlarged,
behind the mirror
Procedure
1. To get the rough fgf@flength () of the given concave mirror by obtaining a sharp image of a distant objet on a wall
‘or a screen. Place @P concave mirror on one end of the optical bench
2. Fixa lighted candle and screen on uprights and adjust them on the optical bench so that the tip ofthe lame lies att
same level a the centre ofthe screen and the pole ofthe mirror
3. Mark at the proper position of the centre of curvature, which will be double of the rough focal length. Also mark the
position of the principal focus ofthe mirror on the optical bench.
4. Keep the candie at” maximum possible distance from the mirror. The candle should essentially be beyond C-
necessary, replace the concave mirror with another of smaller focal length. Its image will be very small and obta
at. bs
5. Move the candle closer to the mirror but at a distance more than double the rough focal length. Obtain a clear image
of the candle on the screen. The image will be formed between F and 2F. It is diminished, real and inverted. Reco
these observations in the table.
7
Dal ac the same.
observations
L
2. Rough focal length of given concave mirror =
Table @
S.No.
‘size of the candle flame =
| eandle tame em
Precautions
fs
2
3
4
5
‘The uprights and the mirror holder must y
‘The flame of burning candle and the py
A clear and distinct image should
Mark F and C on the optical by
Determine the rough fog
‘6. Move the candle toa distance 2/i.e, at C and again record the nature and position of the image.
7, Repeat step 5 keeping the canclle between F and 2F andl also at F, Carefully note the changes in the image and record:
Position of the Natural and size of the
| imay
ve mirror (cm) Screen (cm)
fhe mirror should be kept at the same height.
fined on the screen,
front of the mirror
h of the cancave mirror before starting the activity.
lative to the object provided the physical state of the conductor remains unchanged.
the current flowing through the conductor and V the potential difference across its ends, then
fay
Val or V=RE
Tis the current flowing through a conductor and V be the potential difference actos its end and R is the constant
‘Proportionality. It is known as resistance of the conductor
¥
eo Gale
T
We know, R= p- where pis resistivity orp, resistance and is characteristic ofthe material o
xDR I aoe
ar [where A = r?= x
‘The potential difference Vis measured in volt and the current | in
1. To-establish the relationship between current and voltage. itis
ive resistance Therefore, a graph between the potential diference(V) and the current (h must be a straight lng
shown below.
e, the resistance R is measured in ohm,
to be shown that the ratio /
ins constant fora
05 Vet pwnd diterence
Graph betwen Potential Direc and Crrent
‘Note: Take your own readings, the graph is given for your reference. circuit Diagram
Unknown resistance
R wire
Circuit diagram
Procedure
1, Dothe same by looking at the given diagram and fix the equipments accordingly.
2. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sand paper to remove the insulations coating on them, if any.
3. Make neat, clean and tight connections according to the circuit diagram, While making connections ensure that +ve
marked terminals of voltmeter and ammeter are joined towards the +ve terminal of the battery
4, Note, whether pointers in milliammeter and voltmeter coincide with the zero mark on the measuring scale.
5. Insert the key K, slide the rheostat contact and see that ammeter and voltmeter are working properly.
6. To make it possible for a measured current to pass through the resistance coil or wire, adjust the rheostat’s slide
contact,
7. Note down the value of potential difference V from voltmeter and current | from ammeter.
8. In order to display fully divided readings and not in fraction, shift a rheostat contact so that both ammeters and
voltmeter’s measurements are displayed at the same time.
9. Record the readings of the voltmeter and ammeter.
10, Take at least five sets of independent observations.
11. Remove the key k and allow the wire to cool, if heated. Again insert the key, shift the rheostat contact slightly to
increase the applied voltage. Note the milliammeter and voltmeter reading.
12. Record your observations and repeat the above steps by taking other wires.
Kaa Observations
1. Length
Length of the resistance wire I
2. Range
Range of the given ammeter =
Rage of the given voltmeter = .
3. Least count
Least count of ammeter =.
Least count of voltmeter =
4. Zero error
Zero error in ammeter, ¢\=
Zero error in voltmeter, es
5. Zero correction
Zero correction for ammeter, ¢\ =~ e;
Zero correction for voltmeter, c, =~ e,
Table for Ammeter and Voltmeter Readings Wire 1
Serial No. of ‘Ammeter Reading 1 (A) Voltmeter Reading V (V)
ee) Observed ly Corrected | Observed Va Corrected
Teh+e V=Viter
a) (2a) ) ai (a) | (3b)
Mean value of resistance, R
Calculations
1, For each series of observations, determine the ratio between V and I
2, Plota graph between potential difference V (column 3b) and current | (column 26), taking V along X-axis and I along
Y-axis, It tums out that the graph’s a straight line.
The resistance can be calculated from the following graph:
In ABC, (1) Graph between Potential Difference and Current | =
Seale: sie
or (2) ¥ X-axis: 1.em=0.5 V of potential difference
Y-axis: 1em=0.25 mA ofcurrent |
But, Co) 15) te
4) 4
10 ie
3. Constant ratio "gives resistance of the wire.
7
4. Resistance of the wire =... Om,
°
&
(Current ])in amperes >
5. Finding the diameter of the wire 1
x i
: Note: Take your own readings, the graph is given for your 0 10 20 30 i
reference. Potential difference (V)
Seay pup ines peta eee F
f @ Lab Manual Physics-12 Table for diameter (D) of the wire 1
pee Cincular Scale Reading | Observed Corrected
fatal | Name of rears Value n« (LC) beNansLe ie
Tine (n) a
@ | os
@)
(b) iu
(@) 2
[o. | oe
@ a
o i
Area (A)=2 mt
6. Finding the lengths of the wire 1
Mean length, Het Le where Ly Ly Ls ate lengths of wire
i cere
‘Table for Unknown resistance
GalaiNolof | Resistance rom the | Length AB=1 | Length BC | (w= |
Obs. resistance box R (ohm) (cm) (100-) (cm) _ Unknown resistance X = R
| (ohm) fi
@ GS} ® oO
(Resistivity of the wire is am
(i) The graph between V and Lisa straight line
sated ifthe restivity or specific resistancein the tableisnoted. |
[Note: A percentage error can be cal
Always keep in mind that connections should be neat, clean and tight
Use oly thick wire forthe connections after removing the insulaions near their ends by rubbing with sand paper.)
Voltmeter and ammeter should be of proper range,
A low resistance rheostat should be used.
The Key should be inserted only while taking observations to avoid heating of resistance (otherwite sisianee will
increase),
of Error
Unavailabl
Rheostat may
Resistance. EXPERIMENT-1(d)
Aim
To verify the laws of combination (parallel) of resistances using a metre bridge.
Apparatus and Materials Required
'A metre bridge, a sensitive galvanometer, two different resistances (carbon or wire-wound resistors), a resistance box, a
jockey, a rheostat, a plug key, a cell or battery eliminator, thick connecting wires and a piece of sand paper.
Theory
(i The resistance (r) ofa resistance wire or coil is given by r
Where Ris the resistance from the resistance box in the left gap and lis the length of the metre bridge
end up to balance point.
(ii) When r, and r, are connected in parallel, then their combined resistance
(100-)
eer
re from zero
Circuit Diagrams
1. Inparallel
Parallel combination of resistances.
ak Resistances in Parallel combination
Procedure
1. Set up apparatus as given in the circuit diagram.
2. Mark the two resistance coils as r; and r,
3. Determine the value of individual resistances by following the same steps as given in experiment 1(b)
4. Lookat the figure and connect the two coils r; and r: in parallel in the right gap of meter bridge and find
of this combination. Repeat these steps and take at least three sets of observations, os “a9
’
3
5. Record your observations.
Observations
Table for length (1) and unknown resistance (X)
Resistance coil | Serial No. of | Resistance from | Length AD=| Length AD=
@ Observation | the resistance Tem) 100-1 (cm) |
@ box R (ohm) @ 6)
@
nonly elie 1 a r
z
3.
only 1
ae
ee |
rand rin 1 | a
parallel | 2
a8 a
Calculations
1. Calculation for verification for Laws
Experimental value of R,
‘Theoretical value of R, ~
Difference (if any!
Result
Within limits of experimental error, experimental and theoretical values of R, are same. Hence, law of resistances in pal
is verified.
Precautions 2. Themetre bridge wire
3. Large current should not
4. Galvanometer pointer
5, The error in resistang
Fon cause an additional error in the result. EXPERIMENT-3 Experonl Learning
8 Concaptol Understanding
Aim EA
To find the frequency of the AC mains with a sonometer.
Apparatus and Materials Required oruurecaais
A sonometer (with soft iron wire), a set of eight tuning forks,
| kg hanger, seven | kg slotted weight, clamp,stand rubber
pad, papper rider, metre scale 2
Theory
Let the alternating current have frequency v so that the frequency of magnetisation of the electromagnet (v,) becomes 2°.
Let a loaded stretched soft iron wire have resonant length |, with the electromagnet. Let a tuning fork frequency v; have
resonant length ls
Then from law of length,
4 which can be calculated Circuit Diagram
Pulley
Wire
B Hanger
°
°
Sonometer Slotted
weight
Experimental set-up showing sonometer
Procedure
Arrange the st up and place the sonometer onthe table as shovsnin igure.
2. Test the pulley and make it frictionless by oiling (if necessary).
Sass thestring over the pulley and suspend a1 kg weight from the pan
© Move wooden bridges PP outward to include maximum length of wire (AB) between them
B+ Dectease the length ofthe wire by moving both the bridges equally inwardly
& Govan decreasing the length ill sonometer wire starts vibrating (a sound is heard)
7 Adjust the length for maximum amplitude of vibration, (maximum sound)
8. Measure the length of the wire AB between the edges of the two bridges and record it in “length decreasing’ columa.
2 sng the two bridges closer and then adjust the length for maximum amplitude by increasing it
10. Measure the length and record it in length increasing’ column
Tg take a tuning fork of minimum known frequency Gay 256) and adjust wire Jength with the vibrating tuning
fon
121 Repeat step 11 above with tuning forks of other known frequencies 28... 512
13. Record your observations
Observations
Weight suspended to produce on the wire, T=... kg
Length of sonometer wire, L= anu m
Mass of wie, = su kg
Linear density, fd kgm?
‘
to ‘Table for frequency and length
Calculations
1. calculate: with observations? to7,
Record these values in column 4 of the table.
Find mean of above six values of &:.
Using formula, &¢ =
Then fequency of alternating current, ©
Use nm af foreach set of observation and then take the mean, Compare it with standard frequency (50 Hz).
Result
The frequency of the alternating current
Percentage Error
The actual frequency = 50 Hz
Difference page
Pranngccroe = PUES 10 sii.
ealraed :
Lae
The eror is within limits of the experiment error. EXPERIMENT-1(a)
\d the focal length.
Aim
To find the value of v for different values of u in case of a concave mirror and to fin
oroeracaste
Apparatus and Materials Required
‘An optical bench with three uprights (zero and upright fixed, two outer uprights with lateral movement), concave mirror,
‘a mirror holder, two optical needles (one thin, one thick), a knitting needle and a half meter scale.
Theory
‘Concave mirror is a spherical mirror in which the reflection of ight takes place at the bent-in surface. A beam of light generally
converges after reflection from its surface. So it is known as converging mirror.
\
Principal \
/ <<} porte
I
+ P pote)
F
Centre of E
canvature f
uA
ie
<— rR —>
Components of concave mirror
When an object is placed in front of a concave mirror an image is formed. The image is formed at that point where at least
two reflected says intersect or appear to intersect. ‘At focus or in the focal
plane
Between focusand the
centre of curvature
Real, inverted,
diminished ini
Real, inverted
3. Atthe centre of
curvature
centre of curvature
‘At principal focus
Feira te ic.
and focus
| atthe cente of curvature
Beyond the centre of
curvature
Rea, inverted and
tothe object ae
Real, inverted and ig
than object a
Real, inverted and lage
‘magnified
Tria, ec
magnified
| ethod of locating the position of an image on the optical bench by a pin is called thod. The paralla a
eed betwen he ip feline mae ofc nee and ipa erect age ele re
« Ray Diagram for concave mirror oe
rs
Ray diagram showing Focal length of concave mirror
Procedure
steps: To determine the rough focal length of the concave mirror
1. Mount the concave mirror in mirror holder
2. Goout in the open and face the mirror towards distant tree or building
3, Obtain the image of the tree or the building on a white painted wall (screen) and move the mirror forward and
backward to get a sharp image on the wall
44. Measure the distance between the mirror and the wall (screen). This will be equal tothe rough focal length of the mirror.
[Note Similar procedure is adopted for determining rough focal length of a convex lens}
Steps: To set the mirror
5, Place fixed upright near zero end of the optical bench and the two other uprights (with lateral movement) near the
other end.
{6 Clamp the holder with mirror inthe fixed upright keeping mirror face towards other end of the bench and surface
perpendicular to its length
7. Make mirror surface vertical using levelling screws ofthe optical bench. (In final adjustment, the principal axis ofthe
mirror must be horizontal and parallel to the optical bench
8 Note the position ofthe index mark on the base of mirror upright.
Steps To set the object needle
9. Take the thin optical needle
1D Move the object needle upright and clamp it ata distance (n ful cm) nearly 1.5 times the obtained rough focal length
ofthe miror |
1 Adjust height ofthe abject needle to make its tip ie on horizontal ine through the pole of the mirror.
12. With left eye closed, see with the right open eye from the other end of the optical bench. An inverted and enlarged
image ofthe needle will be sen. Tip ofthe image must lien the middle ofthe mirror (If image isnot seen, move
abject needie upright away from the mirror).
13. Note the position ofthe index mark on the base of the object needle upright
Steps: To set the image needle
1 Mouth thick optical nee image eee) dpi anc move he upright earth oter end fhe opi
ench
Adjust the height of the image needle so that its tip is seen inline with the tip ofthe image when seen with right open
oe.
Move the eve towards right. The tips wil get separated. The image tip and the image needle tip have parallax
‘Remove the parallax. The parallax gets removed tip-to-tip. ?
bject needle (0). Mount it in second upy the index mark on the base of the image needle upright
irks in the table against observation 2.
18. Note the position of Q
‘Record all the positions ofthe index ma
: To determine index correction 7
a hes verreeton for distance between pote of mirror and tip ofthe object needle and also for distance
le
feof mirror and tip ofthe image need!
a. ceca ‘needle upright towards mirror in steps of 1cm to get observation 2 and 1. Repeat the '
22 Move object needle upright away from mirror (from position of observation 2) in steps of 1m to get
5 and 6, Repeat the experiment, meni,
23, Record all the observations as given ahead.
Observations
‘Rough focal length of the given concave mirror
“Actual length of the knitting needle, te
‘Observed distance between the mirror and object needle when
knitting needle is placed in between them,
‘Observed distance between the mirror and image needle when
. knitting needle is placed in between them,
Index correction for the object distance u,
Index correction for the image distance v, x-
Table for calculation of focal length
Observed distance | Corrected distance
PO=u | Pl=v | u(em) | v(cm)
(om) | (em)
Ga | Gb) | Ga) | ab)
3 { 4 - | hope
F - “0
oe | vi ah
6. = ie 7} 23 |
Calculations ei =the
Calculations of focal ength using the graph:
1, From u-v Graph. Select a suitable but th
table but the same scale to represent u along X’
From sv Graph. Sect a : along X'-axis and v along Y-axis. Aeconding?
‘comes out fo be a rectangular hyperbola as shown in f
Draw a line OA making an angle of 45° wi ee
Draw aie OA maki an angle of 45° with ether ans (Le, bisecting ZY OX’) and meeting the curve at pit
Drow AB and oe pan a pres Yor respectively. The values of u and v will be same for point A. Sole
Sareea pont f "ause for a concave mitror 1 and v are equal only when the object is Pi
Therefore,
Ra 2p
é © Lab Manual Physics - 12
_m, a {
f
Graph betwen «and tsa rectangular hyperbola
[Note Take your own readings, the graph is given for your reference.
Result
From mirror formula applied to point A,
1
f
uso, £=2 or = andf=% or 5
+ coordinate of A (ie, distance OD or OB) gives the focal length of the concave mirror,
op
Therefore half the values of eit
Also
Mean value of
1
2 From and Graph, Selecta suitable but the same scale to represent + along X-axis and + along Y-axis. By sign
conventions | and ! both are negative. Plot the various points for different sets of values of | and + from the
my wy
observation table in quadrant third. The graph comes out to be a straight line as shown. raph ec! and ta tag in
Note: Take your own readings, the graph is given for your reference.
The straight line cus the two axes-X’ and Yat an angle of 45° at points A and B respectively and making equal inereps
‘of the axes. Measure the distance OA and OB.
Then focal length, f
From Mirror formula, +
(@) f+ =0,then
Thus, intercept OB
© if} =0,then
Thus, intercept
3. Another u-v Graph: Select a suitable but the same scale to represent u along X'-axis and » along Y-axis. Mark
points at distances ity, ty... ete. along the OX’-axis and the corresponding points at distances By ty tu ~~~
along the OYaxis for different sets of observations from the table.
Draw straight ines joining v, with yu, with vusete: These lines will intersect ata point K as shown in figurebeo"
raw KL and KM perpendicularson X'-and Y axes respectively.
y Then -f=OL=OM
5 or fe
‘ © Lab Manual Physics - 12
a. a
cm Ae
Graph between w and v
Note: Take your own readings, the graph is given for your reference
extreme sets (f, ©)
1, 1 ig satisfied by certain sets of (u, ) values. This formula is also satisfied by
Temi formula, +
ts, The straight ines corresponding to extreme sets intersect at a point (K) having co-ordinates
and (»,) of wand v valus
ror formula then straight lines corresponding to these sets will also pass through
(fi. Ufset (uy 0), (ta 03) ne Satisfy the mi
the point K(f).
Hence co-ordinates of the point K obtained from the observed sets of « and p values give value of f
ForlineLK, u=f,0==
Forline MK, v=f,u= 2,
Caution: It will be better to choose any four suitable sets of (u, v) value
‘observations may complicate the graph.
Result
The focal length of the given concave mirror as determined from
.s from the observation table. All the six sets of
1. focal length calculated from f= = ene €™
veu
| 2 (u-v) graph
|
) graph
__Lab Manual Physics - 12 © | line of the optical bench.
Feentral
2
3. Pr jcast 30 cm away from the needle.
4. Tips of the object and image needle Pr ne same height as that of pole of the concave mirror
5, Index correction for u and v should
6 g | and image of the needle O. ok
~“@
EXPERIMENT-2(a)
‘Aim
“To determine angle of minimum deviation for 2 given prism Py plotting a graph between angle of » Ry
incidence and the angle of deviation.
Apparatus and Materials Required
Drawing board, a white sheet of paper, prism,
orn
