1.

Basics of C Programming:

What are the basic data types in C?

The basic data types in C are:
o int (integer)
o float (floating point)
o char (character)
o double (double precision floating point)

2. What is C programming language?

o C is a general-purpose, procedural programming language developed by
Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs in 1972.
3. What is a variable in C?
o A variable is a memory location where data is stored. Each variable has a
specific data type that determines its size and layout in memory.
4. What are the different data types in C?
o Basic data types include int, char, float, and double. C also supports derived
types like arrays, pointers, structures, and unions.
5. What is a constant in C?
o Constants are fixed values that do not change during the execution of a
program. They can be of any basic data type.
6. What is the use of the main() function in C?
o The main() function is the entry point of a C program. Execution of code starts
from the main() function.
7. 2. Operators and Expressions:
8. What are the different types of operators in C?
o Arithmetic operators, Relational operators, Logical operators, Bitwise
operators, Assignment operators, and Unary operators.
9. What is the difference between =, ==, and ===?
o = is the assignment operator, == checks for equality, and === is not used in C
(it exists in other languages like JavaScript for strict comparison).
10. What is operator precedence?
o Operator precedence determines the order in which operators are evaluated in
expressions.
11. What are relational operators?
 o Relational operators are used to compare two values. Examples are <, >, <=,
>=, ==, and !=.
12. What is the difference between ++i and i++?
o ++i is pre-increment (increments the value and then uses it), while i++ is post-
increment (uses the value first and then increments it).
13. 3. Control Statements:
14. What is an if statement?
o The if statement checks a condition and executes a block of code if the
condition is true.
15. What is an else if ladder?
o The else if ladder is used to check multiple conditions in sequence.
16. What is the difference between if and switch?
o The if statement can check conditions based on any expression, while the
switch statement checks conditions based only on equality of integers or
characters.
17. What are loops in C?
o Loops are used to execute a block of code repeatedly. Types include for, while,
and do-while.
18. What is the difference between while and do-while loops?
o A while loop checks the condition before executing the code block, whereas a
do-while loop checks the condition after executing the block at least once.
19. What is a break statement?
o The break statement is used to exit from a loop or a switch statement
prematurely.
20. What is a continue statement?
o The continue statement skips the current iteration of a loop and moves to the
next iteration.
21. What is the syntax of a for loop?
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24. for (initialization; condition; increment/decrement) {
25. // code block
26. }
27. What is the purpose of the return statement?
 o The return statement terminates the function and optionally returns a value to
the calling function.
28. 4. Functions:
29. What is a function in C?
o A function is a block of code that performs a specific task. Functions help in
organizing code, reusing it, and improving readability.
30. What is function prototyping?
o Function prototyping declares the function name, return type, and parameters
before its actual definition.
31. What is the difference between a function declaration and a definition?
o A function declaration provides the function signature to the compiler, while
the definition provides the actual code.
32. What is a recursive function?
o A recursive function is a function that calls itself to solve a smaller instance of
the same problem.
33. What is the difference between call by value and call by reference?
o In call by value, a copy of the argument is passed to the function, whereas in
call by reference, the address of the argument is passed.
34. 5. Arrays and Strings:
35. What is an array in C?
o An array is a collection of elements of the same data type stored at contiguous
memory locations.
36. What is the difference between one-dimensional and two-dimensional arrays?
o A one-dimensional array stores elements in a single row, whereas a two-
dimensional array stores elements in rows and columns (like a matrix).
37. How do you initialize an array in C?
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40. int arr[] = {1, 2, 3, 4};
41. What is a string in C?
o A string is a one-dimensional array of characters, terminated by a null
character (\0).
42. How do you declare and initialize a string in C?
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45. char str[] = "Hello";
46. How do you find the length of a string in C?
o You can use the strlen() function from the string.h library to find the length of
a string.
47. What is the difference between gets() and scanf() for inputting strings?
o gets() reads a line of text including spaces until a newline, while scanf() stops
reading when it encounters a space.
48. 6. Pointers:
49. What is a pointer?
o A pointer is a variable that stores the address of another variable.
50. How do you declare a pointer in C?
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53. int *ptr;
54. What is pointer arithmetic?
o Pointer arithmetic involves operations like incrementing or decrementing a
pointer to move to the next or previous memory location.
55. What is the difference between & and * in pointers?
o & is the address-of operator (used to get the address of a variable), while * is
the dereference operator (used to access the value at the address stored in a
pointer).
56. What is a null pointer?
o A null pointer is a pointer that does not point to any memory location.
57. 7. Structures and Unions:
58. What is a structure in C?
o A structure is a user-defined data type that groups different data types together
under a single name.
59. How do you declare a structure in C?
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62. struct Student {
63. char name[50];
64. int roll;
65. float marks;
66. };
67. What is a union in C?
o A union is similar to a structure, but all members of a union share the same
memory location.
68. What is the difference between structures and unions?
o In a structure, each member has its own memory, while in a union, all
members share the same memory, and only one can be used at a time.
69. 8. File Handling:
70. What is file handling in C?
o File handling refers to reading and writing data to files. The stdio.h library
provides functions like fopen(), fclose(), fread(), and fwrite() for file handling.
71. How do you open a file in C?
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74. FILE *fp = fopen("filename.txt", "r");
75. What is the difference between text and binary files?
o Text files store data in human-readable form, whereas binary files store data in
a format that is readable by a machine.
76. What is the use of fseek() function in file handling?
o fseek() is used to move the file pointer to a specific location within the file.
77. 9. Preprocessors and Macros:
78. What is a preprocessor directive in C?
o A preprocessor directive begins with a # symbol and instructs the compiler to
perform specific actions before compilation, like including libraries or
defining macros.
79. What is the #define directive?
o The #define directive is used to define constants or macros that are substituted
throughout the code before compilation.
80. What is the difference between #include <file.h> and #include "file.h"?
o #include <file.h> is used for standard library headers, while #include "file.h"
is used for user-defined header files.
81. 10. Miscellaneous:
82. What is typecasting in C?
 o Typecasting is the process of converting a variable from one data type to
another.
83. What is a segmentation fault?
o A segmentation fault occurs when a program tries to access memory that it is
not allowed to.
84. What is dynamic memory allocation?
o Dynamic memory allocation allows programs to allocate memory during
runtime
1. What is the basic structure of a C program?
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#include <stdio.h> // Preprocessor directive

int main() { // Main function

// Code block
return 0; // Return statement
}
 The basic structure of a C program includes the header files, main() function,
statements inside the function, and a return statement.
2. What is the use of the #include directive?
 The #include directive is used to include standard or user-defined header files in a C
program, allowing the use of functions like printf() and scanf().
3. What is a comment in C and how is it written?
 Comments are non-executable parts of the code used for explanation. They can be
written as:
o Single-line comment: // This is a single-line comment
o Multi-line comment:
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/* This is
a multi-line
comment */
4. What is a header file?
 A header file contains function declarations and macros. Example: #include <stdio.h>
includes the Standard Input Output library.
5. What is the syntax of a variable declaration?
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int a; // Declares an integer variable
float b; // Declares a floating-point variable
char c; // Declares a character variable
6. What is the syntax for assigning a value to a variable?
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int x = 10; // Assigns 10 to the variable x
7. What is the syntax for an if statement?
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if (condition) {
// Code block if condition is true
}
8. What is the syntax for an if-else statement?
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if (condition) {
// Code block if condition is true
} else {
// Code block if condition is false
}
9. What is the syntax for a for loop?
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for (initialization; condition; increment/decrement) {
 // Code block
}
10. What is the syntax for a while loop?
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while (condition) {
// Code block
}
11. What is the syntax for a do-while loop?
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do {
// Code block
} while (condition);
12. What is the syntax for declaring an array?
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int arr[5]; // Declares an integer array with 5 elements
13. What is the syntax for a function declaration?
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return_type function_name(parameter_list);
14. What is the syntax for a function definition?
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return_type function_name(parameter_list) {
// Code block
}
15. What is the syntax for calling a function?
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function_name(arguments);
16. What is the syntax for declaring a pointer?
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int *ptr; // Declares a pointer to an integer
17. What is the syntax for accessing array elements?
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arr[index]; // Accesses the element at position 'index'
18. What is the syntax for switch-case?
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switch (expression) {
case constant1:
// Code block
break;
case constant2:
// Code block
break;
default:
// Default code block
}
19. What is the syntax for reading input using scanf()?
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scanf("%d", &variable); // Reads an integer input and stores it in 'variable'
20. What is the syntax for printing output using printf()?
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printf("The value is: %d", variable); // Prints the value of 'variable'