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Int Transformation

The document discusses intensity level slicing and bit-plane slicing techniques for image enhancement and feature extraction, particularly in satellite imagery. It emphasizes the importance of histograms in detecting image acquisition issues, determining optimal illumination, and facilitating image enhancement through various transformations. Additionally, it covers applications of histograms in thresholding and the characteristics of color histograms in analyzing image contrast and distribution.

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Hritik Anand
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8 views20 pages

Int Transformation

The document discusses intensity level slicing and bit-plane slicing techniques for image enhancement and feature extraction, particularly in satellite imagery. It emphasizes the importance of histograms in detecting image acquisition issues, determining optimal illumination, and facilitating image enhancement through various transformations. Additionally, it covers applications of histograms in thresholding and the characteristics of color histograms in analyzing image contrast and distribution.

Uploaded by

Hritik Anand
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Intensity level slicing and Bit slicing

• Highlights a specific range of grey level: it simply maps all gray levels
in that chosen range to a higher value , others are mapped to lower
values or unchanged.
• Used for enhancing or extracting features ( water masses in satellite
imagery)
• Bit Plane slicing is used for creating binary images, achieves
compression, helps in getting focused images
• Sketching of MSB …LSB planes ( most changes can be captured by the
MSB
Can you derive the bit-plane sliced images for this
( 3-bit – note the range)

67667
00012
11123
45542
66677
What linear transformation will change an image f(x,y) with gray levels ranging from
5 through 20 to an image g(x,y) with gray levels ranging from 10 through 40?

Window levels
What are these ppo doing?

U = max(0,min(L, T(r)))
4
Contrast Stretching/ Contrast compression
• Have a steep transfer function where there are many pixel values
• Stretching produces an image contrast higher than the original

Locations of the points (r1,s1) and (r2,s2) controls the shape of transformation function.
HISTOGRAM PROCESSING

rk can be normalized 0 to 1

Prob assigned to each GL


The importance of Histogram
• Histograms help detect image acquisition issues: Problems with
image can be identified on histogram (Over and under exposure )
• The histogram is usually the only available global information about
the image. It is used when finding optimal illumination conditions for
capturing an image, gray-scale transformations, and image
segmentation, also : analyzing Brightness/Contrast /Dynamic Range
• Point operations can be used to alter histogram. E.g Addition,
Multiplication, Exp and Log , Intensity Windowing (Contrast
Modification) : go through the effect of these ( ref Gonzalez book)
Applications of histogram
• Thresholding : A grayscale image can be converted into a black-and-
white image by choosing a threshold and converting all values above
the threshold to the maximum intensity and all values below the
threshold to the minimum intensity. A histogram is a convenient
means of identifying an appropriate threshold.
• Image Enhancement Image enhancement refers to the process of
transforming an image so as to make it more visually appealing or to
facilitate further analysis. An image histogram can help us to quickly
identify processing operations that are appropriate for a particular
image.
Half of pixels are gray, half are white Same histogram =
same statistics : Distribution of intensities could be different
Color Histograms
the shape of histogram provide us with information about nature of the image or sub image if
we considering an object within the image.
1. Very narrow histogram implies a low-contrast image.
2. Histogram skewed toward the high end implies a bright image
3. Histogram with two major peaks, called bimodal, implies an object that is in contrast with
the background.
Realistic image regions usually have normal dist

Histograms : sum of several such distributions of different


mean and variances : see the plot below
The histogram can be modified by mapping functions, which will 1. Stretch, 2. Shrink (compress), 3. Slide the histogram
Histogram equalization is a technique where the histogram of the
resultant image is as flat as possible
(with histogram stretching the overall shape of the histogram
remains the same

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