Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

 ASK is implemented by changing the amplitude of a

carrier signal to reflect amplitude levels in the digital
signal.
 For example: a digital “1” could not affect the signal,
whereas a digital “0” would, by making it zero.
 The line encoding will determine the values of the
analog waveform to reflect the digital data being
carried.
1

Prof. J.F. Huang, Fiber-Optic Communication Lab.

National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

 Mathematically, ASK is
vask(t) = [1 vm(t)][A/2 cos(c t)]
 For logic 1 , vm(t)=+1V
vask(t) = [1  1][A/2 cos(c t)] = Acos(c t)
 For logic 0 , vm(t)=-1V
vask(t) = [1 - 1][A/2 cos(c t)] = 0

Prof. J.F. Huang, Fiber-Optic Communication Lab.

National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
 Binary Amplitude Shift Keying (BASK)

Prof. J.F. Huang, Fiber-Optic Communication Lab.

National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
 Bandwidth of ASK

 The bandwidth B of ASK is equal to the signal rate fb .

B = fb
 Baud = fb

Prof. J.F. Huang, Fiber-Optic Communication Lab.

National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
 Implementation of binary ASK

Prof. J.F. Huang, Fiber-Optic Communication Lab.

National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
 Frequency Shift Keying

 The general expression for a binary FSK signal is

v(t) = Vccos{2π[fc vm(t)Df)]t} (13-3)
 where
v(t)= binary FSK waveform
Vc = peak unmodulated carrier amplitude
fc = carrier frequency
vm(t) = binary input modulating signal (volts)
Df = difference in output frequency

Prof. J.F. Huang, Fiber-Optic Communication Lab.

National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
 Frequency Shift Keying
 From Equ. (13-3) it is seen that with binary FSK the
carrier amplitude Vc remains constant with modulation.
However, the output carrier frequency (fc) shifts by an
amount equal to +Df.
 The frequency shift Df is proportional to the amplitude
and polarity of the binary input signal. For example, a
binary „1‟ could be +1 volt and a binary „0‟ could be –1
volt producing frequency shifts of + Df and - Df,
respectively.

Prof. J.F. Huang, Fiber-Optic Communication Lab.

National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
 FSK Transmitter

 With binary FSK, the center carrier frequency is shifted

(deviated) by the binary input data. As the binary input
signal changes from a logic „0‟ to a logic „1‟, and vice versa,
the FSK output shifts between mark (or logic „1‟)
frequency and space (or logic „0‟) frequency.
 The rate of change at the modulator input is called the bit
rate and has the units of bits per second (bps). The rate of
change at the modulator output is called the baud rate
and is equal to the reciprocal of the time of one output
signaling element.
 In binary FSK, the input and output rates of change are
equal; therefore, the bit rate and baud rate are equal. A
simple binary FSK transmitter is shown in Figure 13-3.
8

Prof. J.F. Huang, Fiber-Optic Communication Lab.

National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
 FSK Transmitter

9
Fig. 13-3. Binary FSK transmitter.
Prof. J.F. Huang, Fiber-Optic Communication Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
 Bandwidth Considerations of FSK

 Figure 13-4 shows a binary FSK modulator. The fastest

input rate of change occurs when the binary input is a
series of alternating 1‟s and 0‟s.
 Consequently, if only the fundamental frequency of the
input is considered, the highest modulating frequency is
equal to one-half of the input bit rate.
 A logic „1‟ input shifts the VCO from its rest frequency
to the mark frequency, and a logic „0‟ input shifts the
VCO from its rest frequency to the space frequency.

10

Prof. J.F. Huang, Fiber-Optic Communication Lab.

National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
 Bandwidth Considerations of FSK

11
Fig. 13-4. FSK modulator.
Prof. J.F. Huang, Fiber-Optic Communication Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
 Bandwidth Considerations of FSK

 Consequently, as the input binary signal changes from

a logic „1‟ to a logic „0‟, and vice versa, the VCO output
frequency shifts or deviates back and forth between
the mark and space frequencies.
 For binary FSK, modulation index is given as
mf = Df / fa
= |(fm-fs)/2|/(fb/2)
= |fm - fs|/fb (13-4)
where mf = modulation index
Df = frequency deviation (Hz)
fa = modulating frequency (Hz)
12

Prof. J.F. Huang, Fiber-Optic Communication Lab.

National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
 Bandwidth Considerations of FSK

 Example 13-1:
For a binary FSK modulator with space, rest, and mark
frequencies of 60, 70, and 80 MHz, respectively and an
input bit rate of 20 Mbps, determine the output baud
and the minimum required bandwidth.
Solution:
Substituting into Equ. (13-4), we have
mf = |(fm – fs)/fb|
= |80MHz–60MHz|/20Mbps
= 20MHz/20Mbps
= 1.0
13

Prof. J.F. Huang, Fiber-Optic Communication Lab.

National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
 Bandwidth Considerations of FSK

 From the Bessel chart (Table 13-1), a modulation index

of 1.0 yields three sets of significant side frequencies.
Each side frequency is separated from the center
frequency or adjacent side frequency by the modulating
frequency, which is 10 MHz (fb/2) in this example.
 The output spectrum for this modulator is shown in
Figure 13-5. It can be seen that the minimum double-
sided Nyquist bandwidth is 60 MHz and the baud rate
is 20 megabaud, the same as the bit rate.

14

Prof. J.F. Huang, Fiber-Optic Communication Lab.

National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
 Bandwidth Considerations of FSK

15

Prof. J.F. Huang, Fiber-Optic Communication Lab.

National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
 FSK Receiver

 The most common circuit used for demodulating binary

FSK signals is the phase-locked loop (PLL), which is
shown in block diagram form in Figure 13-6.
 As the input to the PLL shifts between the mark and
space frequencies, the dc error voltage at the output of
the phase comparator follows the frequency shift.
 The natural frequency of the PLL is generally made
equal to the center frequency of the FSK modulator.
The changes in the dc error voltage will then follow
the changes in the analog input frequency and are
symmetrical around 0 Vdc.
16

Prof. J.F. Huang, Fiber-Optic Communication Lab.

National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
 FSK Receiver

17

Prof. J.F. Huang, Fiber-Optic Communication Lab.

National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
 FSK Receiver

 Binary FSK has a poorer error performance than PSK

or QAM and, consequently, is seldom used for high-
performance digital radio systems.
 Its use is restricted to low-performance, low-cost,
asynchronous data modems that are used for data
communications over analog, voice band telephone lines.

18

Prof. J.F. Huang, Fiber-Optic Communication Lab.

National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
 Minimum Shift-Keying

 Minimum shift-keying (MSK) is a form of continuous-

phase FSK (CPFSK). Essentially, MSK is a binary
FSK except that the mark and space frequencies are
synchronized with the input binary bit rate.
 With MSK, the mark and space frequencies are selected
such that they are separated from the center frequency
by an exact odd multiple of one-half of the bit rate.
 This ensures that there is a smooth phase transition in
the analog output signal when it changes from a mark
to a space frequency, or vice versa.

19

Prof. J.F. Huang, Fiber-Optic Communication Lab.

National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
 Minimum Shift-Keying

20

Prof. J.F. Huang, Fiber-Optic Communication Lab.

National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
 Minimum Shift-Keying

 Figure 13-7 shows a noncontinuous FSK waveform. When

the input changes from a logic „1‟ to a logic „0‟, and vice
versa, there is an abrupt phase discontinuity in the analog
output signal.
 When this occurs, the demodulator has trouble following
the frequency shift; consequently, an error may occur.
Figure 13-8 shows a continuous phase MSK waveform.
 MSK has a better bit-error performance than conventional
binary FSK for a given SNR. The disadvantage of MSK is
that it requires synchronizing circuits and it therefore
more expensive to implement.
21

Prof. J.F. Huang, Fiber-Optic Communication Lab.

National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
 Minimum Shift-Keying

22

Prof. J.F. Huang, Fiber-Optic Communication Lab.

National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
 Binary Phase Shift Keying

 With binary phase shift keying (BPSK), two output

phases are possible for a single carrier frequency.
One output phase represents a logic „1‟ and the other
a logic „0‟.
 As the input digital signal changes state, the phase of
the output carrier shifts between two angles that are
180° out of phase. BPSK is a form of suppressed carrier,
square-wave modulation of a continuous wave (CW)
signal.

23

Prof. J.F. Huang, Fiber-Optic Communication Lab.

National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
 Binary Phase Shift Keying

 BPSK Transmitter
Figure 13-9 shows a simplified block diagram of a BPSK
modulator. The balanced modulator acts like a phase
reversing switch.

Fig. 13-9. BPSK modulator. 24

Prof. J.F. Huang, Fiber-Optic Communication Lab.

National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
 Binary Phase Shift Keying
 In BPSK, depending on the logic condition of the digital
input, the carrier is transferred to the output either in
phase or 180° out of phase with the reference carrier
oscillator.
 Figure 13-10a shows the schematic diagram of a
balanced ring modulator.
 If the binary input is a logic „1‟ (positive voltage), diodes
D1 and D2 are forward biased and “on”, while diodes
D3 and D4 are reverse biased and “off” (Figure 13-10b).
 The carrier voltage developed across transformer T2
is in phase with the carrier voltage across T1.
Consequently, the output signal is in phase with the
reference oscillator. 25

Prof. J.F. Huang, Fiber-Optic Communication Lab.

National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
 Binary Phase Shift Keying

Fig. 13-10. (a) Balanced ring modulator; (b) Logic ‘1’ input; (c) Logic ‘0’ input. 26

Prof. J.F. Huang, Fiber-Optic Communication Lab.

National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
 Binary Phase Shift Keying
 If the binary input is a logic „0‟ (negative voltage), diodes
D1 and D2 are reverse biased and “off,” while diodes D3
and D4 are forward biased and “on” (Figure 13-10c).
 The carrier voltage developed across transformer T2
is 180°out of phase with the carrier voltage across T1.
Consequently, the output signal is 180° out of phase with
the reference oscillator.
 Figure 13-11 shows the truth table, phasor diagram, and
constellation diagram for a BPSK modulator.
 A constellation diagram, or signal state-space diagram, is
similar to a phasor diagram except that the entire phasor
is not drawn. In a constellation diagram, only the relative
positions of the peaks of the phasors are shown. 27

Prof. J.F. Huang, Fiber-Optic Communication Lab.

National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
 Binary Phase Shift Keying

Fig. 13-11. BPSK modulator: (a) truth table;

(b) phasor diagram; (c) constellation diagram. 28

Prof. J.F. Huang, Fiber-Optic Communication Lab.

National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
 Bandwidth Considerations of BPSK

 For BPSK, the output rate of change (baud) is equal to

the input rate of change (bps), and the widest output
bandwidth occurs when the input binary data are an
alternating 1/0 sequence.
 The fundamental frequency (fa) of an alternating 1/0 bit
sequence is equal to one-half of the bit rate (fb/2).
 Mathematically, the output phase a BPSK modulator is
output = (sinat) x (sinct)
= (1/2)cos(c-a)t – (1/2)cos(c+a)t (13-6)
 Consequently, the minimum double-sided Nyquist
bandwidth (fN) is fN = 2 x (fb/2) = fb .
29

Prof. J.F. Huang, Fiber-Optic Communication Lab.

National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
 Bandwidth Considerations of BPSK

 Figure 13-12 shows the output phase versus time

relationship for a BPSK waveform.
 The output spectrum from a BPSK modulator is simply
a double-sideband suppressed carrier signal where the
upper and lower side frequencies are separated from the
carrier frequency by one-half of the bit rate.
 Consequently, the minimum bandwidth (fN) required to
pass the worst-case BPSK output signal is equal to input
bit rate.

30

Prof. J.F. Huang, Fiber-Optic Communication Lab.

National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
 Bandwidth Considerations of BPSK

31
Fig. 13-12. Output phase vs. time for a BPSK modulator.
Prof. J.F. Huang, Fiber-Optic Communication Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
 Bandwidth Considerations of BPSK

 Example 13-2: For a BPSK modulator with a carrier

frequency of 70 MHz and an input bit rate on 10 Mbps,
determine the maximum and minimum upper and lower
side frequencies, draw the output spectrum, determine the
minimum Nyquist bandwidth, and calculated the baud.
 Solution:
Substituting into Equ. (13-6) yields
Output = (sinat)(sinct)
 sin 2 (5MHz)t sin 2 (70 MHz)t 
1 1
 cos 2 (70 MHz - 5MHz)t - cos 2 (70 MHz  5MHz)t
2 2
32

Prof. J.F. Huang, Fiber-Optic Communication Lab.

National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
 Bandwidth Considerations of BPSK

 Minimum lower side frequency (LSF):

LSF = 70 MHz-5 MHz = 65 MHz
Maximum upper side frequency (USF):
USF = 70 MHz+5 MHz = 75 MHz
 The minimum Nyquist bandwidth (fN) for
the worst-case binary input conditions is
fN = 75 MHz – 65 MHz = 10 MHz
and the baud rate is fb = 10 megabaud.

33

Prof. J.F. Huang, Fiber-Optic Communication Lab.

National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
 BPSK Receiver

Fig. 13-13. BPSK receiver.

34

Prof. J.F. Huang, Fiber-Optic Communication Lab.

National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
 BPSK Receiver

For BPSK input signal of +sinct (logic ‘1’), the output

of the balanced modulator is (sinct)(sinct) = sin2ct ,
or sin2ct = ½(1-cos2ct) = ½ - ½ cos2ct.
After LPF, the term of cos2ct will be filtered out, leaving
Output = +1/2 Vdc = logic ‘1’
For BPSK input signal of -sinct (logic ‘0’), the output
of the balanced modulator is -(sinct)(sinct) = -sin2ct ,
or -sin2ct = -½(1-cos2ct) = -½ + ½ cos2ct.
After LPF, the term of cos2ct will be filtered out, leaving
Output = -1/2 Vdc = logic ‘0’

35

Prof. J.F. Huang, Fiber-Optic Communication Lab.

National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
 Quaternary Phase Shift Keying

 Essentially, a QPSK modulator is two BPSK

modulators combined in parallel.
 For a logic „1‟ = +1V and a logic „0‟ = -1V, two phases
are possible at the output of the I balanced modulator
(+sinct and -sinct), and two phases are possible at
the output of the Q balanced modulator (+cosct and
-cosct).
 When the linear summer combines the two quadrature
(90° out of phase) signals, there are four possible
resultant phases: +sinct + cosct, +sinct - cosct,
-sinct + cosct, and -sinct - cosct.
36

Prof. J.F. Huang, Fiber-Optic Communication Lab.

National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
 Quaternary Phase Shift Keying

Fig. 13-14. QPSK modulator. 37

Prof. J.F. Huang, Fiber-Optic Communication Lab.

National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
 Quaternary Phase Shift Keying

 Example 13-3:
For the QPSK modulator shown in Figure 13-14, construct the truth
table, phasor diagram, and constellation diagram.
Solution:
For a binary data input of Q=0 and I=0, the two inputs to the
I balanced modulator are –1 and sinct, and the two inputs to
the Q balanced modulator are –1 and cosct.
Consequently, the outputs are
I balanced modulator = (-1)(sinct) = -1.sinct
Q balanced modulator = (-1)(cosct) = -1.cosct
And the output of the linear summer is
-1.cosct – 1.sinct = 1.414sin(ct - 135o)
For the remaining digit codes („01‟, „10‟, and „11‟), the
procedure is the same. 38

Prof. J.F. Huang, Fiber-Optic Communication Lab.

National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
 Quaternary Phase Shift Keying

Fig. 13-15. QPSK modulator. (a) truth table;

39
(b) phasor diagram; (c) constellation.
Prof. J.F. Huang, Fiber-Optic Communication Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
 Quaternary Phase Shift Keying

 In Figure 13-15b it can be seen that with QPSK each of the four
possible output phasors has exactly the same amplitude.
Therefore, the binary information must be encoded entirely in
the phase of the output signal.
 From Figure 13-15b it can be seen that the angular separation
between any two adjacent phasors in QPSK is 90°. Therefore, a
QPSK signal can undergo almost a +45° or -45° shift in phase
during transmission and still retain the correct encoded
information when demodulated at the receiver.
 Figure 13-16 shows the output phase versus time relationship for
a QPSK modulator.
40

Prof. J.F. Huang, Fiber-Optic Communication Lab.

National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
 Quaternary Phase Shift Keying

Fig. 13-16. Output phase vs. time for a QPSK modulator. 41

Prof. J.F. Huang, Fiber-Optic Communication Lab.

National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
 Bandwidth Considerations of QPSK

 The output of the balanced modulators can be

expressed mathematically as q = (sinat)(sinct)
where at = 2fbt/4 and at = 2fct .
Thus
q = (sin2fbt/4)(sin2fct)
= ½ cos2(fc - fb/4)t – ½ cos2(fc + fb/4)t
 The output frequency spectrum extends from fc - fb/4
to fc + fb/4 and the minimum bandwidth (fN) is
fN = ( fc - fb/4) – (fc + fb/4)
= 2fb/4 = fb/2.
42

Prof. J.F. Huang, Fiber-Optic Communication Lab.

National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
 Bandwidth Considerations of QPSK

Fig. 13-17. Bandwidth considerations of a QPSK modulator. 43

Prof. J.F. Huang, Fiber-Optic Communication Lab.

National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
 Bandwidth Considerations of QPSK

Example 13-4:
For a QPSK modulator with an input data rate (fb)
equal to 10 Mbps and a carrier frequency of 70 MHz,
determine the minimum Nyquist bandwidth (fN) and
the baud. Compare the results with those achieved
with the BPSK modulator in Example 13-2.
Solution:
 The bit rate in both the I and Q channels is equal to
one-half of the transmission bit rate or
fbQ = fbI = fb/2 = 10Mbps/2 = 5Mbps
 The highest fundamental frequency presented to either
balanced modulator is
fa = fbQ/2 = fbI/2 = 5Mbps/2 = 2.5Mbps.
44

Prof. J.F. Huang, Fiber-Optic Communication Lab.

National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
 Bandwidth Considerations of QPSK

 The output wave from each balanced modulator is

(sin2fat).(sin2fct)
= ½ cos2(67.5MHz)t - ½ cos2(72.5MHz)t
 The minimum Nyquist bandwidth is
fN = (72.5MHz - 67.5MHz) = 5MHz.
 The baud equals the bandwidth; thus baud rate is
5 megabaud.

45

Prof. J.F. Huang, Fiber-Optic Communication Lab.

National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
 Bandwidth Considerations of QPSK

 The output spectrum is as follows:

 For the same input bit rate the minimum bandwidth require to
pass the output of the QPSK modulator is equal to one-half of
that required for the BPSK modulator.
 Also, the baud rate for the QPSK modulator is one-half that of
the BPSK modulator.
46

Prof. J.F. Huang, Fiber-Optic Communication Lab.

National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
 QPSK Receiver

 Figure 13-18 shows the schematic of a QPSK receiver.

 The received QPSK signal (-sinct + cosct) is one of
the inputs to the I product detector. The other input is
the recovered carrier (i.e., sinct).
 The output of the I product detector is
qI = (-sinct + cosct).(sinct)
= -½ + ½ cos2ct + ½ cos2ct + ½ sin0 .
 After LPF, the terms of cos2ct will be filtered out,
leaving Output = -1/2 Vdc = logic „0‟.

47

Prof. J.F. Huang, Fiber-Optic Communication Lab.

National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
 QPSK Receiver

48
Fig. 13-18. QPSK receiver.
Prof. J.F. Huang, Fiber-Optic Communication Lab.
National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
 QPSK Receiver

 Again, the received QPSK signal (-sinct + cosct) is one

of inputs to the Q product detector. The other input is
the recovered carrier shifted 90° in phase (i.e., cosct).
 The output of the Q product detector is
qQ = (-sinct + cosct).(cosct)
= ½ + ½ cos2ct - ½ cos2ct - ½ sin0 .
 After LPF, the terms of cos2ct will be filtered out,
leaving Output = 1/2 Vdc = logic „1‟.
 The demodulated I and Q bits („1‟ and „0‟, respectively)
correspond to the constellation diagram and truth table
for the QPSK modulator shown in Figure 13-15.
49

Prof. J.F. Huang, Fiber-Optic Communication Lab.

National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
 Bandwidth Efficiency

 Bandwidth efficiency is the ratio of the transmission

bit rate to the minimum bandwidth required for a
particular modulation scheme.
 Bandwidth efficiency generally indicates the number
of bits that can be propagated through a medium for
each hertz of bandwidth:
transmission rate (bps)
BW effeciency  (13-12)
minimum bandwidth (Hz)
bits/second bits
 
hertz cycle

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Prof. J.F. Huang, Fiber-Optic Communication Lab.

National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan