TECHNOLOGY & BUSINESS

UNIT-1 LAQS
Q1. Define the role and importance of technology management in
developing economy?
Technology management is about planning, using, and improving technology
to help businesses, industries, and society grow. In a developing economy, it
plays a crucial/imp role in making life better, creating jobs, and boosting the
country's growth by following ways:
Improving Businesses: Businesses use modern/advance technology to
produce goods faster and at a lower cost. Better machines and digital tools
improves the quality of product & services.
Job opportunities: Technology creates new type of job opportunities in IT,
online businesses, etc. Training programs also help people learn new skills &
get jobs with better salaries.
Solves Everyday Problems: In healthcare, technology helps doctors
diagnose diseases faster and provide better treatment. In transportation,
digital apps (UBER) and GPS location make travel safer and more
convenient.
Supports Education: Online learning platforms and digital classrooms make
education accessible/available to more people. Schools and universities use
technology to provide better teaching and learning experiences.
Attracts Investments – Countries with good technology management attract
foreign investors who bring money, knowledge & job opportunities.
Economic Growth – Encourages industries to adopt better tools and
techniques/ methods which leads to high productivity and performance.
Q2. Explain the different stages of Technology Life Cycle (TLC)?
The Technology Life Cycle (TLC) is a model that describes the different
stages a technology goes through from its initial development to its
eventual/final decline. It has 4 main stages:
Innovation Stage: This is the initial/starting phase where a new technology
is created, tested, and developed. It requires high investment in research,
experimenting & testing. In this stage, the technology is not available for
public use yet and there is no profit.
Ex- Electric Cars (EVs) in the early 2000s – Expensive, limited battery life,
and few charging stations.
Growth Stage: The technology is introduced to the market and people start
using it. Demand increases as more companies & people/consumers
use/adopt it. Competition increases as businesses start copying the
technology.
Ex- Smartphones in the 2010s – More brands, better features, and lower
prices.
Maturity Stage: The technology is widely used and has reached its peak
usage. Sales slow down and companies focus on making small
improvements. Prices may drop as newer technologies start showing.
Laptops today – Common, with only minor upgrades like better battery life.
Decline Stage: Newer, better technologies replaces the old ones. Demand for
the technology decreases, leading to reduced sales. Companies stop
producing the technology.
Ex- CDs and DVD players – Replaced by Netflix and Spotify.
Q3. Briefly explain the technological transformation alternatives with
suitable examples.
Technological transformation refers to changes and advancements in the
technology that impact businesses and society. There are several/many
alternatives to achieve technological transformation. Some of them are:
1. Automation Transformation: Example- Robots in Factories
Factories use robots to build products like cars. This makes the process faster
and cheaper because robots can work without breaks.
2. Digital Transformation: Example- E commerce sites like Amazon,
Myntra
The usage of digital technology into all areas of a business. It changes how
businesses which used to operate physically (shopping stores) are now using
online platforms to sell their products globally.
3. Artificial Intelligence (AI) Transformation: Example- Chatbots for
Customer Service
Many businesses, like Amazon, use AI chatbots to answer customer questions
online. This helps customers get quick answers without needing a human
representative.
4. Collaboration Transformation: Example- Zoom for Meetings
Tools like Zoom help people work together from different locations. Teams
can have video meetings, share files, and communicate easily online,
especially when working from home.
5. Sustainability Transformation: Example- Renewable energy
Implementing technologies that promote environmental sustainability and
corporate social responsibility (CSR). Companies investing in solar panels is
renewable energy technology.
6. Social Media Transformation: Example- Instagram
Use of social media platforms to enhance communication, marketing,
customer reach and brand building. We can connect with customers/audience
through messages & gather feedback.
Q4. Explain about the critical factors of technology management?
Technology management refers to the process of planning, developing, and
using technology to meet the objectives & goals of organization. The critical
factors of technology management include:
Leadership and Support: Strong leadership is essential in guiding the
technology management process. Effective leaders adopt technology,
encourage innovation and ensure that employees are motivated.
Skilled Workforce: A skilled workforce refers to having employees with
skills and knowledge to manage and use technology effectively.
Innovation Culture: It encourages creativity, experimentation, and the study
of new ideas within the organization. It encourages employees to think
outside the box & adopt new technological advancements.
Risk Management: It involves identifying & minimizing risks related with
technology. Effective risk management protects the organization from
technology failure & security threats.
Change Management: It supports and helps individuals and teams in
making organizational changes, especially when new technologies are
introduced. It involves clear communication, training, etc.
Vendor Management: It is the process of building and maintaining good
relationships with technology suppliers and partners. Strong vendor
relationships can lead to better service, support, and access to the latest
technologies.
Sustainability: Organizations must use sustainable practices to improve its
reputation. They should adopt technologies that are environmentally friendly
and socially responsible.
UNIT-2 LAQS
Q1. Explain the process involved in technology development?
Technology development is the process of creating, improving, and
implementing new technologies or systems to meet specific needs or solve
problems. Steps involved in this process are:
1. Idea Generation: This is the first stage where ideas for new technologies
are generated. Ideas can come from various sources - employees, customers,
market research & surveys.
2. Research Analysis/study: Once ideas are generated, the next step is to
conduct research. This includes analyzing costs, technology needs and market
demand.
3. Design and Development: This stage involves creating the actual
technology. Engineers and developers build program & software of the
technology.
4. Pilot testing: The technology is tested to make sure it works correctly and
meets quality standards. Feedback is gathered to make changes if required.
5. Implementation: After testing, the technology is launched for everyone to
use. This includes setting it up and training users.
6. Monitoring and Evaluation: After implementation, regular monitoring is
essential to evaluate the technology's performance and effectiveness. This is
done by collecting user feedback & conducting reviews.
By following these steps, organizations can effectively bring new
technologies to market and ensure they meet the needs of users.
Q2. Discuss the role of technology forecasting approaches in technology
management.
Technology forecasting is the process to predict future technological
developments and trends. It plays a crucial/imp role in technology
management by helping organizations make informed decisions about
investments, innovation strategies, etc.
Following are key roles of technology forecasting approaches in technology
management:
Strategic Planning: Technology forecasting helps organizations predict
which technologies will become important in the future. By understanding
future trends, companies can create long-term plans accordingly.
Investment Decisions: Forecasting helps companies decide where to invest
their money. Organizations invest on technologies that show promise for
growth, reducing the risk of investing in technologies that may not succeed.
Innovation Management: Forecasting identifies areas where new
technologies can be developed. Companies can focus on creating innovations
that leads to new products or improvements.
Risk Management: It involves identifying & minimizing risks related with
new technology. Effective risk management protects the organization from
technology failure.
Understanding Market Trends: Technology forecasting provides
understanding about future market demands and consumer preferences.
Example- forecasting showing that consumers will highly prefer electric
vehicles in coming years.
Promoting Collaboration: Forecasting allows organizations to come up
with opportunities for collaboration with other businesses, research
institutions, etc. By collaborating with others they can share knowledge,
resources, and risks.
Q3. Explain the various steps in technology generations and
development?
(Refer answer 1 from this unit…same answer can be copied)
Q4. “Technology innovation is a continuous process.” Explain.
"Technology innovation is a continuous process” means that the development
and improvement of technology happen on continuous basis rather than a
sudden change.
Innovation begins with constant research and development (R&D), where
companies use resources to explore new ideas and enhance their existing
products. This is essential to keep up with technological advancements and
market demands. For example, a smartphone manufacturer may invest in
R&D to develop better cameras, faster processors, or long-lasting batteries to
improve user experience.
Another crucial aspect is user feedback. Companies actively take feedbacks
from their customers to understand how their products perform in real-world
scenarios. This feedback leads to regular updates and improvements.
Moreover, market conditions are always changing, and companies must
adapt their technologies to stay competitive. This adaptability is important in
industries like technology and consumer electronics, where trends shift faster.
Rising technologies also play a significant/imp role in continuous
innovation. As new technologies are developed, they can influence existing
ones, leading to further advancements. For example, the use of artificial
intelligence (AI) into various industries like healthcare and education has
transformed how businesses operate.
Global collaboration is essential & plays a vital role in continuous
innovation. Organizations often work together across borders, sharing
knowledge and expertise to improve technological development. This
collaborative approach allows companies to pool resources and faster the
innovation process.
Finally, each technology goes through a lifecycle that includes stages like
introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. Continuous innovation is vital
for increasing the life of existing technologies and developing new ones. For
example, smartphones like Apple, Samgsung introduces new models and
features in every few months or every year to keep consumers interested.
UNIT-3 LAQS
Q1. Explain the concept, significance, reasons of technology transfer?
Technology transfer refers to the process of sharing or transferring
knowledge, skills, technical expertise, patents, or equipment from one entity
to another. This transfer can happen between:
• Universities and businesses (academic to industry)
• Governments and private companies
• Between countries (international technology transfer)
• Between companies through licensing, joint ventures, or partnerships
Significance of Technology Transfer
Innovation and Development: It helps businesses and governments adopt
new technologies faster. Encourages new product development, boosting
global competitiveness.
Economic Growth: Technology transfer helps countries improve industries,
create jobs, and increase productivity.
Bridges the Technology Gap: Helps developing nations access advanced
technology to improve their infrastructure, healthcare, and education.
Encourages Collaboration: Companies, universities, and governments work
together to solve problems.
Improves Quality of Life: Advancement in medical technology improves
healthcare systems worldwide. Information technology transfer also improves
communication, education, and accessibility.
Reasons for Technology Transfer
Global Competitiveness: Companies and countries share technology to stay
competitive in the global market.
Cost Reduction: Instead of developing technology from scratch, businesses
adopt existing technologies to save time and money.
Faster Problem Solving: Helps industries and governments quickly adopt
solutions for challenges like climate change, energy, and medicine.
Research and Development (R&D) Utilization: Universities and research
centers transfer their innovations to industries to turn ideas into real-world
products.
Market Expansion: Companies expand to new countries by sharing their
technology with local businesses.
Q2. Discuss the role of government in technology transfer?
Meaning of technology transfer……….
➢ Governments play a vital role in technology transfer from research
institutions to businesses and society.
➢ They create policies, provide funding, encourage collaboration, and
ensure that innovations reach the people who need them.
➢ One of the key ways governments facilitate technology transfer is by
establishing supportive laws and policies. They create intellectual
property (IP) protections, such as patents, to ensure inventors and
businesses benefit from their innovations.
➢ Governments also offer tax incentives, grants, etc to encourage
businesses and researchers to invest in new technologies.
➢ Trade policies and international agreements also help countries
exchange and adopt technology from global partners.
➢ Governments also invest in research and development (R&D). They
fund universities, research institutes, and private companies working
on important areas like healthcare, artificial intelligence, and
education.
➢ Another important role of the government is encouraging
collaboration between businesses, universities, and research
organizations. They create technology hubs, incubators, and innovation
centers where startups can grow.
➢ Programs like Make in India promote partnerships between
international companies and local businesses.
➢ Foreign investment is another major aspect of technology transfer.
Governments play a key role in attracting multinational corporations
(MNCs). They offer business-friendly policies, tax benefits, etc.to
encourage companies to set up operations in their country.
➢ Finally, governments ensure that technology reaches and benefits the
wider population. They invest in infrastructure like high-speed
internet, better transportation & education systems to support the
adoption of new technologies.
Q3. Explain the features & routes of technology transfer?
Meaning & significance of technology transfer……. (copy from Ans 1)
Routes of Technology Transfer
1. Licensing:
It is a common route where technology owner grants/ gives permission to
another party to use, produce or sell technology. This involves a formal
agreement such as licensing fees or royalties. Licensing can be exclusive or
non-exclusive.
2. Joint ventures & Partnerships:
In this route, two or more companies collaborate & work together on a
technology project. Their main aim is to achieve common goals. Joint
ventures & partnerships are commonly used in large-scale industries and
R&D (Research & Development).
3. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI):
Foreign direct investment occurs when a company from one country sets up
operations in another country. Example: Toyota, Tesla, and Hyundai setting
up automobile plants in various countries.
4. Education & Training Programs:
Technology is often transferred through education and training programs
where universities, companies, and institutions teach students and
professionals about new tools and techniques.
5. Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs)
Governments collaborate with private companies to develop and transfer
technology. Example: COVID-19 vaccine development involved
governments research and pharmaceutical companies producing the vaccines.
Q4. Explain various modes of technology transfer?
Meaning of technology transfer….. (copy from Ans 1)
The main modes of technology transfer include vertical transfer, horizontal
transfer, formal transfer, informal transfer, and international transfer.
1.Vertical Technology Transfer
Vertical transfer happens when technology moves from one stage of
development to another within the same organization or industry. It involves
the transition from research to development and then to production.
2. Horizontal Technology Transfer
Horizontal transfer happens when an existing technology is shared between
different industries, sectors, or countries for use. This allows multiple
industries to benefit from an innovation.
3. Formal Technology Transfer
Formal transfer happens through legal agreements agreements such as
patents, licensing, joint ventures, and franchising between organizations. It
ensures the transfer of technology with proper rights and responsibilities.
4. Informal Technology Transfer
Informal transfer happens through casual knowledge-sharing, networking,
and open communication, without strict legal agreements. It often occurs in
academic, research, and social gatherings/conferences.
5. International Technology Transfer
International transfer occurs when technology moves across countries
through trade, investment, and foreign partnerships. It is often used to help
developing nations access advanced technologies.
UNIT-4 LAQS
Q1. Explain the benefits of technology absorption?
Technology absorption refers to the process by which organizations,
industries, or countries adopt and effectively use new technologies to
improve their operations, productivity, and competitiveness. The benefits of
technology absorption can be seen at the organizational, industrial, and
national levels.
Benefits of technology absorption
(Copy same points from significance & reasons of technology transfer)
Q2. Write in detail about the framework of technology assessment.
Technology assessment is a systematic evaluation of new or existing
technologies to understand their impact, risks, benefits, etc for businesses,
companies, organizations, etc. Technology assessment helps in making
informed business decisions regarding the technology.
Objectives of Technology Assessment
The main goals of technology assessment include:
• Understanding the Problem: Identify the specific issue/ problem
that the technology aims to solve.
• Identifying Risks: Identifying & minimizing risks related with new
technology protects businesses from technology failure.
• Decision making: Provide clear information to businesses to make
informed business decisions.
• Promoting Sustainable Use: Ensure that technology is used
responsibly and benefits society as a whole.
Key Elements of a Technology Assessment
1. Identifying problem
The first step in technology assessment is to clearly define:
• What problem does the technology address/have ?
• Who will be affected by its use?
• What are the assessment goals?
2. Data Collection and Analysis
Gathering relevant data on the technology from various sources, such as:
• Scientific research and technical reports
• Case studies of similar technologies
• Market trends and industry insights
• Expert opinions
3. Impact Assessment
Technology impact assessment evaluates the short-term and long-term
effects of the technology on different sectors:
• Economic Impact: Will it create new jobs or displace existing ones?
Does it improve productivity?
• Social Impact: How does it affect people’s daily lives, education, and
workforce skills?
• Environmental Impact: Does it promote sustainability?
4. Risk and Uncertainty Analysis
Technology assessment must identify risks & uncertainties consequences of
adopting a new technology. This includes:
• Health risks (e.g., radiation exposure from new communication
technologies).
• Security risks (e.g., cybersecurity threats in AI and cloud computing).
• Market instability (e.g., automation replacing human jobs).
5. Policy and Regulation
This can include:
• Creating laws and regulations to ensure ethical use of the technology.
• Encouraging funding for research and development.
• Promoting training programs to help workers develop new skills
related to the technology.
6. Scenario Planning
Scenario planning helps to analyze future developments related to the
technology. This involves:
• Creating different possible future scenarios (best-case, worst-case).
• Evaluating how the technology might evolve over time.
• Identifying possible challenges or benefits that could emerge.
Q3. What are the government initiatives for technology absorption & its
benefits?
Meaning of technology absorption…..( ans 1)
Governments play a vital role in promoting technology absorption, which is
the process of adopting and utilizing new technologies within various sectors
of the economy.
1. Research and Development (R&D) Funding
Governments often provide financial support for research and development
activities. This funding can come in the form of grants, tax credits, etc.
2. Technology Transfer Offices (TTOs)
Many universities and research organizations have technology transfer offices
that help move research from labs into the market. These offices facilitate the
production of inventions and technologies.
3. Training and Skill Development Programs
Governments invest in training programs to ensure that workers have the
necessary skills to use and adopt new technologies. These programs can
include workshops, online courses, and vocational training.
4. Innovation Hubs/centers
Innovation hubs are government-supported spaces where startups and
entrepreneurs can develop their ideas. These centers often provide resources
like office space and access to funding.
5. Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs)
Governments collaborate with private companies to develop and adopt
technology. Example: COVID-19 vaccine development involved
governments research and pharmaceutical companies producing the vaccines.
Benefits:
• Financial support helps companies develop new products or improve
existing ones.
• Encourages partnerships between universities and businesses which
leads to more effective technology transfer.
• Skill development prepares people for jobs in various fields instead of
no jobs.
 • Workers learn how to operate new technologies, making them more
valuable in the job market.
• Governments and businesses can share knowledge, expertise, and
financial resources.
• Collaboration can lead to new ideas and solutions that benefit both
sectors- Public & Private.

Q4. Explain the constraints of technology absorption?

Meaning of technology absorption….. (ans 1)
Constraints of technology absorption
High Costs: The initial investment required for new technologies can be too
high. This includes costs for purchasing equipment, software, infrastructure,
etc.
Skill Gaps: Adoption of new technologies often requires special skills that
current employees may lack.
Resistance to Change: Employees may resist adopting new technologies due
to fear of job loss or discomfort with learning new systems.
Inadequate/Improper Infrastructure: Some organizations may lack the
necessary infrastructure, such as reliable internet connectivity, hardware, or
software systems, to support the latest or new technologies.
Lack of Leadership Support: Successful technology absorption requires
strong leadership commitment. If leaders do not support technology
initiatives, employees may feel discouraged from engaging with new
technologies.
Rapid Technological Change: The fast pace of technological advancement
can make it difficult for organizations to keep up. Technologies may become
out dated quickly.
Insufficient Research: Limited access to research and data on successful
technology absorption can make it difficult for organizations to make
informed decisions.
Changing Consumer Preferences: Rapid changes in consumer
preferences/demands can make it difficult for organizations to determine
which technologies to adopt.
UNIT-5 LAQS
Q1. Explain venture capital in India?
Meaning of venture capital
Startup companies with a potential to grow need a certain amount of
investment. Wealthy investors invest their capital in such startups/ companies
with long-term growth viewpoint. This capital is known as “venture capital”.
• Venture capital is essential for helping startups in India grow and
innovate. With many new businesses emerging and supportive
government initiatives, venture capital is playing a significant role in
promoting the Indian economy.
• The growth of startups in India has been remarkable/great, especially
in major cities like Bangalore, Delhi, and Hyderabad. These cities have
become hubs for innovation and entrepreneurship, attracting a large
number of young and tech-savvy individuals looking to create their
own businesses.
• The rise of the digital economy and increased use of internet globally
have made it easier for startups to reach customers & operate their
businesses quickly.
• Venture capital investments in India are concentrated in many sectors.
Technology is the most significant/imp area, where we see rise in e-
commerce platforms, fintech companies, etc.
• The education technology (edtech) and health technology (health tech)
sectors have also gained popularity especially during the COVID-19
pandemic, as more people turned to online learning and digital
healthcare solutions.
• There are various types of venture capital firms in India. Domestic
firms, such as Accel Partners India focus on investing in Indian
startups. International VC firms & Corporate VC firms are another
type of VCs where large companies like Google and Amazon invest in
startups which leads to collaborations and partnerships.
• To support the venture capital system, the Indian government has
implemented several initiatives. The "Startup India" program aims to
promote entrepreneurship by providing financial support and
simplifying regulatory rules for new businesses.
Q2. “R&D leads to technology development”. Discuss.
Research and Development (R&D) is crucial for creating new technologies
and improving existing ones. It involves studying, experimenting, and
innovating to solve problems and develop new ideas.
Generating New Ideas
R&D helps create new knowledge and ideas. Researchers and scientists
research on various topics, which can lead to discovering new materials or
processes.
Solving Problems
R&D focuses on finding solutions to specific challenges. For example,
research into renewable energy leads to the development of better solar
panels and wind turbines.
Building Prototypes
Once new ideas are generated, R&D involves creating prototypes—early
versions of a product. These prototypes are tested to ensure they work
effectively. For example, car companies create prototype electric vehicles to
test their performance and features before mass production.
Bringing Products to Market
R&D is essential for turning new ideas into marketable products. Companies
invest in R&D to create innovative products that meet consumer needs.
Collaboration and Sharing Knowledge
R&D often involves teamwork among universities, research institutions, and
companies. Collaborating allows them to share knowledge and resources,
speeding up the development of new technologies.
Addressing Social Issues
R&D also focuses on improving society. For example, research into
healthcare can lead to new vaccines and medical devices that enhance public
health. Such advancements benefit everyone.
Q3. Explain process involved in R&D?
Meaning of R&D:
Research and Development (R&D) is a step-by-step process that helps create
new products or improve existing ones. It involves studying, experimenting,
and innovating to solve problems and develop new ideas.
Following are the steps involved in R&D process:
1. Identify a Problem or Idea – The first step is to identify a problem
and come up with solutions to solve the problem. For example, a
company might want to develop a smartphone with a longer battery
life or a new medicine to treat a disease.
2. Conduct Research – Before creating something new, researchers
study existing products, technologies, and customer needs. This helps
them understand what is missing and what improvements can be made.
They also check what competitors are offering.
3. Develop a Plan – Once the research is done, a clear plan is made to
test ideas. This includes deciding what materials to use, what methods
to follow, and how the experiments will be conducted.
4. Create and Test Prototypes – A prototype is an early version of the
product, made to test if the idea works. Scientists or engineers build
this model and conduct experiments to check its performance. If the
product doesn’t work well, changes are made.
5. Analyze and Improve – The results from testing are analyzed to see if
the product meets expectations. If there are any problems changes are
made. This process of testing and improving continues until a high-
quality product is ready.
6. Launch the Product – Once the product is finalized, it is
manufactured in large quantities, marketed, and introduced to
customers.
7. Monitor and Improve – Even after the product is released, companies
collect customer feedback and keep improving the product to stay
competitive in the market.
Q4. Explain the role of science and technology in economic and social
development of India?
Science and technology play an imp role in shaping India's economic growth
and improving the quality of life for its people. Advancements in various
sectors/industries such as healthcare, education, etc helped in the
development of country.
Economic Development
• Science and technology have boosted industries such as
manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, and information technology (IT).
Automation, robotics, and artificial intelligence (AI) has also increased
productivity.
• Digital platforms, e-commerce, and fintech (such as UPI and digital
payments) have boosted economic activities and created job
opportunities.
• Scientific research in agriculture has led to the development of high-
yielding seeds, improved irrigation systems, and modern farming
techniques.
• Advancement in technology have improved India's infrastructure,
including highways, railways, and metro systems.
Social Development
• Medical advancements, such as vaccines and modern hospital
facilities, have improved healthcare services in India and saved lifes of
many people.
• Technology played imp role in education by introducing digital
learning, online courses, and virtual classrooms. This helped students
access quality education regardless of their location.
• The widespread use of mobile phones and the internet has connected
people globally making information easily accessible.
• Technology provided new opportunities for women in education,
business, and employment. E-commerce platforms have enabled
women entrepreneurs to start and grow businesses which contributes to
social progress.
SAQs
Macro Effects of Technology Change
Technology changes impact the economy, industries, and society. It improves
productivity, creates jobs, changes business models, and influences global
trade and competition.
Technology Change
Technology change refers to improvements or new developments in
technology that replace old methods, making processes faster, cheaper, and
more efficient.
Business Strategies
Companies use technology to develop strategies that improve efficiency,
customer experience, and profits. Digital marketing, automation, and data
analytics are key examples.
Technology Innovation
Technology innovation is when new technologies or improvements are
introduced to create better products, services, or business processes.
Examples include electric cars and artificial intelligence.
Technology Agreement
A formal contract between companies or countries that allows the transfer of
technology, including patents, licenses, and technical knowledge.
Technology Diffusion
The spread of new technologies across industries, businesses, and society. For
example, the internet became widely used over time, changing how people
work and communicate.
Technology Policy and Planning
Governments and organizations create rules and plans to guide the
development, use, and regulation of technology for economic and social
benefits.
Technology Strategies
Companies and governments create long-term plans on how to develop,
adopt, or invest in new technologies to stay competitive and grow.
Technology Search Strategy
A systematic approach used by companies to find new technologies that can
improve their products, services, or operations.
Pricing of Technology
Determining the cost of selling or licensing technology, considering factors
like research costs, market demand, and competition.
Indian Trade Policy
Government policies that regulate imports, exports, and trade agreements to
promote economic growth and protect domestic industries.
Technology Gap
The difference in technological advancements between countries, industries,
or companies, where some have advanced technology while others lag
behind.
Technology evaluation
Technology evaluation is a systematic assessment of new or existing
technologies to understand their impact, risks, benefits, etc for businesses,
companies, organizations, etc. Technology evaluation helps in making
informed business decisions regarding the technology.
Technology assessment
Technology absorption
Technology Transfer Covered in
Technology development LAQs
Research & Development
Forecasting
Venture Capital financing