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schematic_arduino

The document provides a detailed schematic diagram divided into four sections: Power Supply, Main Microcontroller, USB bridge, and Input/Output. It explains the components and functions of each section, including voltage regulation, microcontroller operations, USB communication, and digital/analog pin functionalities. Key components like the NCP1117 voltage regulator, ATmega328P microcontroller, and various capacitors and resistors are discussed in terms of their roles in the circuit design.

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nhanlethanh04
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3 views

schematic_arduino

The document provides a detailed schematic diagram divided into four sections: Power Supply, Main Microcontroller, USB bridge, and Input/Output. It explains the components and functions of each section, including voltage regulation, microcontroller operations, USB communication, and digital/analog pin functionalities. Key components like the NCP1117 voltage regulator, ATmega328P microcontroller, and various capacitors and resistors are discussed in terms of their roles in the circuit design.

Uploaded by

nhanlethanh04
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 11

The schematic diagram into four major sections: Power Supply, Main

Microcontroller, USB bridge and lastly the Input and Output.

I. POWER SUPPLY

This section of the schematic diagram powers our Arduinos. For this, we can
use either DC power supply or USB connection as a source.
To trace how the circuit works, let’s start with the 5V linear voltage regulator
NCP1117ST50T3G.
 Pin 3: V_in
 Pin 2: Ground
 Pin 4: V_out

The function of this regulator is reduce voltage and stabilize input source to 5V
(there must be a voltage difference)

- Voltage reference: create internal reference voltage ≈ 1.25V


- Error amplifier circuit: compare output voltage with internal reference voltage
→ Stabilize output voltage thanks to **PASS TRANSISTOR** (NPN or PNP
power transistor)

→ If the output voltage is lower than desired, it will increase the current
through the Transistor to compensate and vice versa.

- Protection circuit: against overcurrent (current limit) and overheating.


- The Vin of this regulator is connected to the DC power supply via the M7
diode.
- M7 provides reverse polarity protection ( currents can only flow from the
power supply to the regulator and not the other way arround). There are two
kinds of capacitors:

 1st: The polarized capacitors PC1 and PC2. [ To filter supply noise at
low frequencies]

When the power supply passes through the rectifier diode, the current is not
completely flat (may contain ripples or high frequency noise pulses)

→ PC1 and PC2 (47 µF) act as “energy reservoirs”, it stores charge when
the voltage is high and discharges when the voltage is low, avoiding the
case of sudden increase in load current leading to voltage drop.

 2nd: The 100nF capacitor (acting as a decoupling capacitor) [ To filter


supply noise at high frequencies ]

The 100nF capacitor has the ability to react quickly to high frequency
oscillation signals (interference from NCP1117 voltage regulator IC,
switching)

→ It absorbs and eliminates noise signals → disconnects circuit elements to


reduce its effect on the rest of the circuit.

- The +5V terminals circled in blue is basically a connection. Designers often


use these terminals so that they can fit their design in the least amount of pages.
Labels like Vin and GND also works the same.

CHOOSING POWER SOURCE


- Using USB source, power will enter through the USBVCC into P channel of
MOSFET FDN340P.
- MOSFET FDN340P is a normally closed transistor (connected) when a
certain voltage activates the gate G.

- The output of the Op-amp is connected to the gate terminal of the MOSFET:
it acts as a switching mechanism. If using USB power, it only supplies 3.3V to
the regulator.

When plugging a DC supply, op-amp LMV358IDGKR will produce a high


output triggering the gate of the MOSFET, disconnecting the USB source from
the 3.3V regulator.

→ Plugging both, the board will be use DC power supply.


LP2985-33DBRV (Similar to NCP1117)

Others:

- Output voltage: 3.3V

- Dropout voltage (≈0.16V)

- IN pin (1): Connect to input voltage. ( It is recommended to use an input filter


capacitor (minimum 1µF) to reduce noise from the power source.0

- OUT pin (5): Provides 3.3V output voltage. (Output filter capacitor (1µF or
larger) helps reduce noise and stabilize voltage.)

- GND pin (2): Ground pin, reference for the entire circuit.

- ON/OFF pin (3): Control pin to turn on/off the IC.

- When this pin is connected to ground (GND), the IC will operate normally.

- When this pin is pulled to a high level (>2V), the IC will turn off.

- ON/OFF pin (3): Control pin to turn on/off the IC.

When this pin is connected to ground (GND), the IC will operate normally.

When this pin is pulled to a high level (>2V), the IC will turn off.
The LED indicator circuit.
→It lights the green LED up when it detects power from the 5V terminal.

II. MICROCONTROLLER

ATmega328P is an 8-bit device which can handle 8 data line.


CSTCE16M0V53-R0 : Ceramic Resonator (CERALOCK)

Electromechanical oscillation principle: Generate oscillation at a certain


frequency, when the piezoelectric alternating current is applied, the ceramic
will have mechanical deformation → generate mechanical oscillation →
voltage signal at a certain frequency.

III. USB
The USB to UART bridge. Since the main microcontroller, ATmega328, does
not have a USB transceiver.
Using the ATmega16U2 microcontroller as a bridge to translate the USB
signals from your computer to UART, the communication protocol the
ATmega328 uses.

This MCU has capacitors, an ICSP header and a crystal as well.


When ATmega16U2-MU(R) transmits or receives signals from ATmega328P,
LED (TX yellow and RX yellow) will light up.

MF-MSMF050-2 (PPTC): Self-resetting fuse (polymer + carbon black)

Avoiding Overcurrent: When a short circuit or overload occurs, the current becomes
excessively large, causing the heat generated to exceed the heat dissipated. This heat
causes the polymer material within the fuse to melt, leading to an increase in its
volume. As a result, the resistance increases, which reduces the current flow.

Once the fault is cleared, the fuse cools down, allowing the polymer to recrystallize.
During this process, the conductive particles within the polymer re-establish the
conductive path, restoring low resistance and enabling normal operation.

IV. INPUT/ OUTPUT PINS


14 Digital pins and 6 Analog pins to communicate and control peripheral
devices.

1. Structure and characteristics of GPI/O


a. Digital Pins (D0 - D13):
- Number: 14 pins (D0 - D13), of which:
- Some pins have special functions (PWM, UART, SPI, I2C).

- Main functions:
+ Input: Read signals from peripheral devices such as buttons, sensors.
+ Output: Control devices such as LEDs, relays, motors.
+ Operating voltage: 5V (HIGH logic level: 5V, LOW logic level: 0V).
+ Maximum current: 20 mA (recommended); 40 mA (maximum) for each pin.

- Special pins:
PWM (Pulse Width Modulation): D3, D5, D6, D9, D10, D11.
UART: D0 (RX), D1 (TX) – Serial communication.
SPI: D10 (SS), D11 (MOSI), D12 (MISO), D13 (SCK).
I2C: D18 (SDA), D19 (SCL) (same as A4, A5 on ATmega328P).

b. Analog Pins (A0 - A5):


- Number: 6 pins (A0 - A5).

- Main function:
- Measure analog signal (0V - 5V) and convert to digital form (10-bit ADC).
- These pins can also function as Digital I/O pins if needed.
- Input voltage: 0V - 5V.
- ADC resolution: 10 bits (value from 0 to 1023).

c. Voltage and current:


- Logic voltage: 5V.
- Maximum current through each GPI/O pin: 40 mA (however, the total current
through the pins should not exceed 200 mA).

2. Special features
a. Built-in Pull-up Resistor:
Digital pins can enable pull-up resistors (about 20-50 kΩ) through the
command pinMode(pin, INPUT_PULLUP).

b. PWM (Pulse Width Modulation):


PWM pins (D3, D5, D6, D9, D10, D11) are used to simulate analog signals.
Use a frequency of about 490 Hz (default).
analogWrite(pin, value) command to adjust the pulse width (value from 0-255).

c. Pin D13 (Built-in LED):


Pin D13 connects to the built-in LED on the board, convenient for testing and
debugging.

d. Serial Communication:
D0 (RX) and D1 (TX) are used for UART communication with computers or
other devices via the USB-to-Serial port.

e. Analog Input Reference (AREF):


The AREF pin allows setting a custom reference level for analog inputs.

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