Lab assignment 01 Name- Vishal Jadhav

0801IT231150
Btech IT 2year

1)What is operating system?

Ans-operating system lies in the category of system software. It basically manages
all the resources of the computer. An operating system acts as an interface between
the software and different parts of the computer or the computer hardware. The
operating system is designed in such a way that it can manage the overall resources
and operations of the computer.

Operating System is a fully integrated set of specialized programs that handle all the
operations of the computer. It controls and monitors the execution of all other
programs that reside in the computer, which also includes application programs and
other system software of the computer. Examples of Operating Systems are
Windows, Linux, Mac OS, etc.

An Operating System (OS) is a collection of software that manages computer

hardware resources and provides common services for computer programs. The
operating system is the most important type of system software in a computer
system.

2)Explain block diagram of operating system?

ans-

Step 1: Input devices allow the users to provide data and commands to the
computer. The data inserted manually is collected by input devices like keyboard,
mouse, scanners, and others. These devices generate electrical signals or data
packets representing the input.
Step 2: The data generated by input devices is sent to the computer’s input
interface/Memory Unit which processes and formats the data for further use by the
computer.

Step 3: The processed input data is then sent to the computer’s Central Processing
Unit (CPU) which temporarily stores this data in memory (RAM) for immediate
processing. The CPU executes instructions related to the input data.

For example, if you’re typing a document, the Central Processing Unit (CPU)
processes the keystrokes and stores them in memory. The control unit schedules all
the activities for the smooth working of the computer.

Step 4: After processing, the CPU sends the results or instructions to the computer’s
output interface where the data is formatted for transmission to the output devices.

Step 5: Then the output unit receives the final processed output. Output devices
such as monitors, printers, speakers, and others receive the formatted data.
Monitors display visual information, printers produce hard copies, and speakers play
audio, based on the data they receive.

3)Explain need ans working of operating system?

ans-The Need for Operating System: Operating System is a program that acts as an
Interface between the system hardware and the user making the tasks easier. It
is important software which runs on a computer and controls the set of instructions
and wisely utilizes each part of the Computer.

The operating system (OS) manages all of the software and hardware on the
computer. It performs basic tasks such as file, memory and process management,
handling input and output, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and
printers.

4)Explain different types of operating system?

ans-1. Batch Operating System

This type of operating system does not interact with the computer directly. There is
an operator which takes similar jobs having the same requirement and groups them
into batches. It is the responsibility of the operator to sort jobs with similar needs.

Batch Operating System

Advantages of Batch Operating System

● Multiple users can share the batch systems.

 ● The idle time for the batch system is very less.
● It is easy to manage large work repeatedly in batch systems.

Disadvantages of Batch Operating System

● The computer operators should be well known with batch systems.

● Batch systems are hard to debug.
● It is sometimes costly.
● The other jobs will have to wait for an unknown time if any job fails.
● In batch operating system the processing time for jobs is commonly difficult to
accurately predict while they are in the queue.
● It is difficult to accurately predict the exact time required for a job to complete
while it is in the queue.

Examples of Batch Operating Systems: Payroll Systems, Bank Statements,

etc.

2. Multi-Programming Operating System

Multiprogramming Operating Systems can be simply illustrated as more than one

program is present in the main memory and any one of them can be kept in
execution. This is basically used for better execution of resources.

MultiProgramming

Advantages of Multi-Programming Operating System

● Multi Programming increases the Throughput of the System.

● It helps in reducing the response time.

Disadvantages of Multi-Programming Operating System

● There is not any facility for user interaction of system resources with the
system.

3. Multi-Processing Operating System

Multi-Processing Operating System is a type of Operating System in which more

than one CPU is used for the execution of resources. It betters the throughput of the
System.

Multiprocessing
Advantages of Multi-Processing Operating System

● It increases the throughput of the system.

● As it has several processors, so, if one processor fails, we can proceed with
another processor.

Disadvantages of Multi-Processing Operating System

● Due to the multiple CPU, it can be more complex and somehow difficult to
understand.

4. Multi-Tasking Operating System

Multitasking Operating System is simply a multiprogramming Operating System with

having facility of a Round-Robin Scheduling Algorithm. It can run multiple programs
simultaneously.

There are two types of Multi-Tasking Systems which are listed below.

● Preemptive Multi-Tasking
● Cooperative Multi-Tasking
● Multitasking

Advantages of Multi-Tasking Operating System

● Multiple Programs can be executed simultaneously in Multi-Tasking Operating

System.
● It comes with proper memory management.

Disadvantages of Multi-Tasking Operating System

● The system gets heated in case of heavy programs multiple times.

5. Time-Sharing Operating Systems

Each task is given some time to execute so that all the tasks work smoothly. Each
user gets the time of the CPU as they use a single system. These systems are also
known as Multitasking Systems. The task can be from a single user or different users
also. The time that each task gets to execute is called quantum. After this time
interval is over OS switches over to the next task.
Time-Sharing OS

Advantages of Time-Sharing OS

● Each task gets an equal opportunity.

● Fewer chances of duplication of software.
● CPU idle time can be reduced.
● Resource Sharing: Time-sharing systems allow multiple users to share
hardware resources such as the CPU, memory, and peripherals, reducing the
cost of hardware and increasing efficiency.
● Improved Productivity: Time-sharing allows users to work concurrently,
thereby reducing the waiting time for their turn to use the computer. This
increased productivity translates to more work getting done in less time.
● Improved User Experience: Time-sharing provides an interactive environment
that allows users to communicate with the computer in real time, providing a
better user experience than batch processing.

Disadvantages of Time-Sharing OS

● Reliability problem.
● One must have to take care of the security and integrity of user programs and
data.
● Data communication problem.
● High Overhead: Time-sharing systems have a higher overhead than other
operating systems due to the need for scheduling, context switching, and
other overheads that come with supporting multiple users.
 ● Complexity: Time-sharing systems are complex and require advanced
software to manage multiple users simultaneously. This complexity increases
the chance of bugs and errors.
● Security Risks: With multiple users sharing resources, the risk of security
breaches increases. Time-sharing systems require careful management of
user access, authentication, and authorization to ensure the security of data
and software.

Examples of Time-Sharing OS with explanation

● IBM VM/CMS: IBM VM/CMS is a time-sharing operating system that was first
introduced in 1972. It is still in use today, providing a virtual machine
environment that allows multiple users to run their own instances of operating
systems and applications.
● TSO (Time Sharing Option): TSO is a time-sharing operating system that
was first introduced in the 1960s by IBM for the IBM System/360 mainframe
computer. It allowed multiple users to access the same computer
simultaneously, running their own applications.
● Windows Terminal Services: Windows Terminal Services is a time-sharing
operating system that allows multiple users to access a Windows server
remotely. Users can run their own applications and access shared resources,
such as printers and network storage, in real-time.

6. Distributed Operating System

These types of operating system is a recent advancement in the world of computer

technology and are being widely accepted all over the world and, that too, at a great
pace. Various autonomous interconnected computers communicate with each other
using a shared communication network. Independent systems possess their own
memory unit and CPU. These are referred to as loosely coupled systems or
distributed systems. These systems’ processors differ in size and function. The
major benefit of working with these types of the operating system is that it is always
possible that one user can access the files or software which are not actually present
on his system but some other system connected within this network i.e., remote
access is enabled within the devices connected in that network.

Distributed OS

Advantages of Distributed Operating System

● Failure of one will not affect the other network communication, as all systems
are independent of each other.
● Electronic mail increases the data exchange speed.
 ● Since resources are being shared, computation is highly fast and durable.
● Load on host computer reduces.
● These systems are easily scalable as many systems can be easily added to
the network.
● Delay in data processing reduces.

Disadvantages of Distributed Operating System

● Failure of the main network will stop the entire communication.

● To establish distributed systems the language is used not well-defined yet.
● These types of systems are not readily available as they are very expensive.
Not only that the underlying software is highly complex and not understood
well yet.

Examples of Distributed Operating Systems are LOCUS, etc.

The distributed os must tackle the following issues:

● Networking causes delays in the transfer of data between nodes of a

distributed system. Such delays may lead to an inconsistent view of data
located in different nodes, and make it difficult to know the chronological order
in which events occurred in the system.
● Control functions like scheduling, resource allocation, and deadlock detection
have to be performed in several nodes to achieve computation speedup and
provide reliable operation when computers or networking components fail.
● Messages exchanged by processes present in different nodes may travel over
public networks and pass through computer systems that are not controlled by
the distributed operating system. An intruder may exploit this feature to
tamper with messages, or create fake messages to fool the authentication
procedure and masquerade as a user of the system.

7. Network Operating System

These systems run on a server and provide the capability to manage data, users,
groups, security, applications, and other networking functions. These types of
operating systems allow shared access to files, printers, security, applications, and
other networking functions over a small private network. One more important aspect
of Network Operating Systems is that all the users are well aware of the underlying
configuration, of all other users within the network, their individual connections, etc.
and that’s why these computers are popularly known as tightly coupled systems.

Network Operating System

Advantages of Network Operating System

 ● Highly stable centralized servers.
● Security concerns are handled through servers.
● New technologies and hardware up-gradation are easily integrated into the
system.
● Server access is possible remotely from different locations and types of
systems.

Disadvantages of Network Operating System

● Servers are costly.

● User has to depend on a central location for most operations.
● Maintenance and updates are required regularly.

Examples of Network Operating Systems are Microsoft Windows Server 2003,

Microsoft Windows Server 2008, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, Novell NetWare, BSD, etc.

8. Real-Time Operating System

These types of OSs serve real-time systems. The time interval required to process
and respond to inputs is very small. This time interval is called response time.
Real-time systems are used when there are time requirements that are very strict
like missile systems, air traffic control systems, robots, etc.

Types of Real-Time Operating Systems

● Hard Real-Time Systems:

Hard Real-Time OSs are meant for applications where time constraints are
very strict and even the shortest possible delay is not acceptable. These
systems are built for saving life like automatic parachutes or airbags which are
required to be readily available in case of an accident. Virtual memory is
rarely found in these systems.
● Soft Real-Time Systems:
These OSs are for applications where time-constraint is less strict.

For more, refer to the Difference Between Hard Real-Time OS and Soft Real-Time
OS.

Real-Time Operating System

Advantages of RTOS

● Maximum Consumption: Maximum utilization of devices and systems, thus

more output from all the resources.
 ● Task Shifting: The time assigned for shifting tasks in these systems is very
less. For example, in older systems, it takes about 10 microseconds in shifting
from one task to another, and in the latest systems, it takes 3 microseconds.
● Focus on Application: Focus on running applications and less importance
on applications that are in the queue.
● Real-time operating system in the embedded system: Since the size of
programs is small, RTOS can also be used in embedded systems like in
transport and others.
● Error Free: These types of systems are error-free.
● Memory Allocation: Memory allocation is best managed in these types of
systems.

Disadvantages of RTOS

● Limited Tasks: Very few tasks run at the same time and their concentration is
very less on a few applications to avoid errors.
● Use heavy system resources: Sometimes the system resources are not so
good and they are expensive as well.
● Complex Algorithms: The algorithms are very complex and difficult for the
designer to write on.

c.Device driver and interrupt signals: It needs specific device drivers and
interrupts signal to respond earliest to interrupts.

● Thread Priority: It is not good to set thread priority as these systems are very
less prone to switching tasks.

Examples of Real-Time Operating Systems are Scientific experiments, medical

imaging systems, industrial control systems, weapon systems, robots, air traffic
control systems, et

5)Explain file system of all operating system?

ans-A File System is an integral part of an OS. A File System is a data structure
that stores data and information on storage devices (hard drives, floppy disc,
etc.), making them easily retrievable. Different OS's use different file systems, but
all have similar features.

6) How all operating system are different?

ans-here are different types of operating systems based on different system
architectures. , each with its own features and uses. Windows is popular for
personal computers and offers a user-friendly interface. macOS, used on Apple
computers, is known for its sleek design and strong performance.12 Jun 2024
7) Which operating system has better fille system?
ans- For use cases where large files must be stored and retrieved, the XFS file
system is the most beneficial. XFS is built for large file reads and writes, so as an
example, it would be beneficial for businesses that need a server that can store and
retrieve media files.

8)List the name of latest OSand corresponding hardware specification recquired for
all OS?
ans-Windows 11 is the latest major release of Microsoft's Windows NT operating
system, released on October 5, 2021. It succeeded Windows 10 (2015) and is
available for free for any Windows 10 devices that meet the new Windows 11 system
requirements.

9)Booting sequenceof computer system with respect to operating system?

ans-Steps in the Booting Process:- Booting. is a process of switching on the
computer and starting the operating system.
Steps of Booting

1. The Startup. It is the first step that involves switching the power ON. ...
2. BIOS: Power On Self Test. It is an initial test performed by the BIOS. ...
3. Loading of OS. In this step, the operating system is loaded into the main
memory. ...
4. System Configuration. ...
5. Loading System Utilities. ...
6. User Authentication.

10)Write the installation sequence for windows and linux operating system?
ans-Insert a bootable Linux USB drive.
1. Click the start menu. ...
2. Then hold down the SHIFT key while clicking Restart. ...
3. Then select Use a Device.
4. Find your device in the list. ...
5. Your computer will now boot Linux. ...
6. Select Install Linux. ...
7. Go through the installation process.

11)How bootable pendrive created?

ans-bootable USB drive is a device that has been formatted and configured with
software anto allow your computer to start up from any external storage
device, such as a USB drive. This can be useful in situations where you cannot
access the operating system installed on your machine due to technical issues or
otherwise.