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FIRST EXAM Eq

The document covers fundamental concepts in earthquake engineering, detailing the Earth's structure, types of earthquakes, and the principles of designing structures to withstand seismic forces. It explains various fault types, seismic wave characteristics, and methods for locating earthquake epicenters. Additionally, it discusses the tools and measurements used to assess earthquake intensity and magnitude.

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Maitri Gwyneth Zoe Petallo
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18 views8 pages

FIRST EXAM Eq

The document covers fundamental concepts in earthquake engineering, detailing the Earth's structure, types of earthquakes, and the principles of designing structures to withstand seismic forces. It explains various fault types, seismic wave characteristics, and methods for locating earthquake epicenters. Additionally, it discusses the tools and measurements used to assess earthquake intensity and magnitude.

Uploaded by

Maitri Gwyneth Zoe Petallo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FIRST EXAM – EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

• crust outermost shell of the earth


• lithosphere the solid, outer part of the earth, includes the brittle upper portion of
the mantle and the crust, the outermost layers of earth's structure.
• subduction sideways and downward movement of the edge of a plate of the earth's
crust into the mantle beneath another plate.
• faults fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of rock
• seismic quiescence relative increase in number of earthquakes or energy in any
area of a seismic active region
• tectonic pertaining to the structure of the earth's crust
• Earthquake engineering branch of civil engineering that provides the principles and
procedures for the planning, analysis and design of structures and facilities that are
capable of resisting the effects of earthquake

• selection of best location where earthquake occurrence is minimal.

• determination of earthquake forces to a considerable extent thus be


able to design structures that can withstand these effects.

• configuration, proportioning and detailing of structures to resist stresses


and deformations preventing structure collapse.

• improvement of the structural foundation and stabilization of natural


slope

• Earthquake manifested as ground shaking caused by the sudden release of energy


in the Earth’s crust
• different types of earthquakes exist: fault rupture‐induced, volcanic, mining‐
induced and large reservoir‐induced.
• Plates are large and stable rigid rock slabs with a thickness of about 100 km forming
the crust or lithosphere and part of the upper mantle of the Earth.
• crust is the outer rock layer with an internal complex geological structure and a
non‐uniform thickness of 25–60 km under continents and 4–6 km under oceans
• mantle portion of the Earth’s interior below the crust, extending from a depth of
about 30 km to about 2900 km; it consists of dense silicate rocks.
• Convergent Boundaries occur when two plates are moving towards one another
• Transform Boundaries occur when two plates are sliding past one another
• Divergent Boundaries occur when two plates are moving away from one another.
• Faulting two ground masses move with respect to one another, elastic strain energy
due to Tectonic processes is stored and then released through the rupture of the
interface zone.
• elastic rebound distorted blocks snap back towards equilibrium and an earthquake
ground motion is produced

• Dip‐slip faults one block moves vertically with respect to the other
• normal faults block underlying the fault plane or ‘foot wall’ moves up the dip and
away from the block overhanging the fault plane or ‘hanging wall’
• reversed faults hanging wall moves upward in relation to the foot wall
• Thrust faults reverse faults characterized by a very small dip.
• Strike‐slip faults (right‐lateral or left‐lateral) adjacent blocks move horizontally
past one another.
• oblique slip combinations of strike‐slip and dip‐slip movements
• “focus” or “hypocenter” point under the surface where the rupture is said to have
originated.
• Epicenter projection of the focus on the surface
• seismic gap region along a plate boundary where the seismicity has been
significantly less than that along adjacent segments of the boundary
• preshock sequence the quiescence is often broken by a buildup of activity, with
swarms of activity before the main shock
BODY WAVES
• P‐waves cause alternate push (or compression) and pull (or tension) in the rock;
longitudinal or primary waves, s travel faster, waves cause the ground to compress
and expand, first type of wave to arrive at seismic recording stations
• S‐wave (transverse or secondary waves) causes vertical and horizontal side‐to‐
side motion, always arrive after P waves at seismic recording stations. can travel
only through solid materials.
The focal distance Δx is linearly dependent on the time‐lag Δt between the P‐
and S‐waves

The procedure to locate an earthquake epicenter and origin time, that is time of
initiating of fault rupture, is as follows:
(a)Obtain seismogram records for a given observation site.
(b) Select the arrival time of the body waves on the record traces.
(c) Compute the time delay Δt in the arrival of P‐ and S‐waves.
(d) Subtract the travel time Δt from the arrival time at the observation site to obtain
the
origin time.
(e) Evaluate the distance Δx between the seismic station and the epicenter.
(f) Draw a circle on a map around the station location (or center) with a radius equal
to
Δx. The curve plotted shows a series of possible locations for the earthquake
epicenter.
(g) Repeat steps (a) to (f) for a second seismic station. A new circle is drawn; the
latter
Intersects the circle of the first station at two points.
(h) Repeat steps (a) to (f) for a third seismic station. It identifies which of the two
Previous possible points is acceptable and corresponds to the earthquake source

Surface waves reflected and refracted at interfaces between different layers of rock
• Love waves horizontal motion that moves the surface from side to side
perpendicular to the direction the wave is traveling, move faster.
• Rayleigh waves cause the ground to shake in an elliptical pattern, spread out the
most, giving them a long duration on seismograph recordings.
• Seismic waves the likelihood of rotatory vibrations, also referred to as ‘progressive
waves’, at ground surface
TYPES OF EARTHQUAKES

In general, earthquakes are usually caused by:

a. Tectonic forces

b. Volcanic activity

c. Nuclear explosions

d. Sliding or fall of a large soil or rock mass

e. Meteorite fall

f. Filling up of reservoirs and walls

• intensity of an earthquake severity of an earthquake in terms of its effects on the


earth's surface and on humans and their structures.
• Period time/duration
• seismographs instrument that makes a record of seismic waves caused by an
earthquake, explosion, or other earth-shaking phenomenon, limited use for
engineering applications ( cannot record the motion generated by strong
earthquakes, ETC)
-Filippo Cecchi in Italy in 1875 start a clock and a recording device at the first
sign of shaking
- In the late 1800s, John Milne and James Ewing record the motion of the
ground in all of the three directions
- 1898, when Emil Wiechert in Germany introduced a viscous damping
mechanism that restrained the seismograph
- Boris Galitzin, a Russian seismologist can now transmit the recordings from
remote seismographs to a central location, eliminating the need for travelling
periodically from site to site to monitor the instruments, pendulum and greatly
improved its accuracy.
• seismometers the sensor inside the seismograph, two seismometer models
became standard for global earthquake analyses, designed to record signals over a
specified range of frequencies
- world-wide network long-period
- short-period instruments.
- Seismometer Response Curves
• seismogram record written by a seismograph in response to ground motions
produced
-Digital Seismogram record of the ground movement stored as an array of
numbers which indicate the time and the movement of the ground for a range
of times

• accelerographs record the acceleration of the ground with respect to time


• accelerogram record written by accelerographs
• amplitude of a wave the maximum displacement or distance moved by a point on a
vibrating body or wave measured from its equilibrium position.
• magnitude of an earthquake is a number that characterizes the relative size of an
earthquake.
• soft storey refers to one level of a building that is significantly more flexible
• seismicity map a map that shows earthquake hazards
• spectral acceleration map shows the maximum acceleration in an earthquake on
an object
• peak ground acceleration map shows the maximum ground acceleration that
occurred during earthquake shaking at a location.

Measuring Earthquake

• Qualitative or non‐instrumental
• Quantitative or instrumental measurements
• Descriptive methods
• wavelength = speed x period wavelength is a measure of distance, such as
kilometers, speed is usually specified in terms of kilometers/second, and period is
measured in seconds.

CONTINUE PAGE 41 SIM TIL 105

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