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WEEK 2 – 3

Chapter 1 Introduction of Athletics

Introduction

Athletics, also called track-and-field sports or track and field, a variety of competitions
in running, walking, jumping, and throwing events. Although these contests are called track
and field (or simply track) in the United States, they are generally designated as athletics
elsewhere. This article covers the history, the organization, and the administration of
the sports, the conduct of competitions, the rules and techniques of the individual events, and
some of the sports’ most prominent athletes.

Track-and-field athletics are the oldest forms of organized sport, having developed out of the
most basic human activities—running, walking, jumping, and throwing. Athletics have
become the most truly international of sports, with nearly every country in the world
engaging in some form of competition. Most nations send teams of men and women to the
quadrennial Olympic Games and to the official World Championships of track and field.
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There also are several continental and intercontinental championship meets held, including
the European, Commonwealth, African, Pan-American, and Asian.

Within the broad title of athletics come as many as two dozen distinct events. These events,
generally held outdoors, make up a meet. The outdoor running events are held on a 400-metre
or 440-yard oval track, and field events (jumping and throwing) are held either inside the
track’s perimeter or in adjacent areas.
Origin
The word athletics is derived from the Greek word "athlos", meaning "contest" or "task."
Initially, the term was used to describe athletic contests in general – i.e. sporting competition
based primarily on human physical feats. In the 19th century in Europe, the term athletics
acquired a more narrow definition and came to describe sports involving competitive
running, walking, jumping and throwing. In contrast to this, in much of North America
athletics is synonymous with athletic sports in general, maintaining a more historic usage of
the term. The word "athletics" is rarely used to refer to the sport of athletics in this region.

Philippines Organization or Association

(PATAFA) Philippines Athletics Track and Field Association this is the (NSA) National
Sports Association for athletics sports.

History

Origin and early development

There is little in the way of definitive records of athletics’ early days as organized sport.
Egyptian and Asian civilizations are known to have encouraged athletics many centuries
before the Christian era. Perhaps as early as 1829 BC, Ireland was the scene of the Lugnasad
festival’s Tailteann Games, involving various forms of track-and-field activity. The Olympic
Games of Greece, traditionally dated from 776 BC, continued through 11 centuries before
ending about AD 393. These ancient Olympics were strictly male affairs, as to both
participants and spectators. Greek women were reputed to have formed their own Heraea
Games, which, like the Olympics, were held every four years.

Athletics as practiced today was born and grew to maturity in England. The first mention of
the sport in England was recorded in 1154, when practice fields were first established
in London. The sport was banned by King Edward III in the 1300s but revived a century later
by Henry VIII, reputed to be an accomplished hammer thrower.

Modern development

The development of the modern sport, however, has come only since the early 19th century.
Organized amateur footraces were held in England as early as 1825, but it was from 1860 that
athletics enjoyed its biggest surge to that date. In 1861 the West London Rowing Club
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organized the first meet open to all amateurs, and in 1866 the Amateur Athletic Club (AAC)
was founded and conducted the first English championships. The emphasis in all these meets
was on competition for “gentlemen amateurs” who received no financial compensation. In
1880 the AAC yielded governing power to the Amateur Athletic Association (AAA).

The first meet in North America was held near Toronto in 1839, but it was the New York
Athletic Club, formed in the 1860s, that placed the sport on a solid footing in the United
States. The club held the world’s first indoor meet and helped promote the formation in 1879
of the National Association of Amateur Athletes of America (NAAAA) to conduct national
championships. Nine years later the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) took over as national
governing body, amid reports that the NAAAA was lax in enforcing amateurism.

Track and field (Athletics) is a sport which includes athletic contests established on the
skills of running, jumping, and throwing.[1] The name is derived from where the sport takes
place, a running track and a grass field for the throwing and some of the jumping events.
Track and field is categorized under the umbrella sport of athletics, which also includes road
running, cross country running, and racewalking.
The foot racing events, which
include sprints, middle- and long-distance events,
racewalking and hurdling, are won by
the athlete who completes it in the least time. The
jumping and throwing events are won by those who
achieve the greatest distance or height. Regular
jumping events include long jump, triple
jump, high jump and pole vault, while the most
common throwing events are shot
put, javelin, discus and hammer. There are also
"combined events" or "multi events", such as
the pentathlon consisting of five events, heptathlon consisting of seven events,
and decathlon consisting of ten events. In these, athletes participate in a combination of track
and field events. Most track and field events are individual sports with a single victor; the
most prominent team events are relay races, which typically feature teams of four. Events are
almost exclusively divided by gender, although both the men's and women's competitions are
usually held at the same venue. If a race has too many people to run all at once, preliminary
heats will be run to narrow down the field of participants.
Track and field events are divided into three broad categories: track events, field events, and
combined events. The majority of athletes tend to specialize in just one event (or event type)
with the aim of perfecting their performances, although the aim of combined events athletes
is to become proficient in a number of disciplines. Track events involve running on a track
over specified distances, and—in the case of the hurdling and steeplechase events—obstacles
may be placed on the track. There are also relay races in which teams of athletes run and pass
on a baton to their team members at the end of a certain distance.
There are two types of field events: jumps and throws. In jumping competitions, athletes are
judged on either the length or height of their jumps. The performances of jumping events for
distance are measured from a board or marker, and any athlete overstepping this mark is
judged to have fouled. In the jumps for height, an athlete must clear their body over a
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crossbar without knocking the bar off the supporting standards. The majority of jumping
events are unaided, although athletes propel themselves vertically with purpose-built sticks in
the pole vault.
The throwing events involve hurling an implement (such as a heavy weight, javelin or discus)
from a set point, with athletes being judged on the distance that the object is thrown.
Combined events involve the same group of athletes contesting a number of different track
and field events. Points are given for their performance in each event and the athlete and/or
teams with the greatest points total at the end of all events is the winner.

Official world championship track and field events

Track Field

Combined even
Long- ts
Sprint Middle- Jump
distanc Hurdles Relays Throws
s distance s
e

60 m
hurdles
Long
100 m Shot put
jump
hurdles Discus
60 m 4×100 Triple
800 m 5000 m 110 m throw Pentathlon
100 m m relay jump
1500 m 10,000 hurdles Hamme Heptathlon
200 m 4×400 High
3000 m m 400 m r throw Decathlon
400 m m relay jump
hurdles Javelin
Pole
3000 m throw
vault
steeplechas
e

Running
Sprints

The finish of a women's 100 m race

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Races over short distances, or sprints, are among the oldest running competitions. The first 13
editions of the Ancient Olympic Games featured only one event, the stadion race, which was
a race from one end of the stadium to the other. [3] Sprinting events are focused on athletes
reaching and sustaining their quickest possible running speed. Three sprinting events are
currently held at the Olympics and outdoor World Championships: the 100 metres, 200
metres, and 400 metres. These events have their roots in races of imperial measurements that
later changed to metric: the 100 m evolved from the 100-yard dash, the 200 m distances came
from the furlong (or 1/8 of a mile), and the 400 m was the successor to the 440 yard dash or
quarter-mile race.
At the professional level, sprinters begin the race by assuming a crouching position in
the starting blocks before leaning forward and gradually moving into an upright position as
the race progresses and momentum is gained. Athletes remain in the same lane on the running
track throughout all sprinting events,[29] with the sole exception of the 400 m indoors. Races
up to 100 m are largely focused upon acceleration to an athlete's maximum speed. All sprints
beyond this distance increasingly incorporate an element of endurance. Human
physiology dictates that a runner's near-top speed cannot be maintained for more than thirty
seconds or so because lactic acid builds up once leg muscles begin to
suffer oxygen deprivation. Top speed can only be maintained for up to 20 metres.
The 60 metres is a common indoor event and indoor world championship event. Less-
common events include the 50 metres, 55 metres, 300 metres, and 500 metres, which are run
in some high school and collegiate competitions in the United States. The 150 metres, though
rarely competed, has a star-studded history: Pietro Mennea set a world best in 1983, Olympic
champions Michael Johnson and Donovan Bailey went head-to-head over the distance in
1997, and Usain Bolt improved Mennea's record in 2009.

Middle distance

Arne Andersson (left) and Gunder Hägg (right) broke a number

of middle distance world records in the 1940s.
Further information: Middle-distance running
The most common middle-distance track events are the 800
metres, 1500 metres and mile run, although the 3000 metres may
also be classified as a middle-distance event. The 880 yard run,
or half mile, was the forebear of the 800 m distance and it has its
roots in competitions in the United Kingdom in the 1830s. The
1500 m came about as a result of running three laps of a 500 m
track, which was commonplace in continental Europe in the 20th century.
Runners start the race from a standing position along a curved starting line and after hearing
the starting pistol they head towards the innermost track to follow the quickest route to the
finish. In 800 m races athletes begin at a staggered starting point before the turn in the track
and they must remain in their lanes for the first 100 m of the race. This rule was introduced to
reduce the amount of physical jostling between runners in the early stages of the
race. Physiologically, these middle-distance events demand that athletes have
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good aerobic and anaerobic energy producing systems, and also that they have strong speed
endurance.
The 1500 m and mile run events have historically been some of the most prestigious track
and field events. Swedish rivals Gunder Hägg and Arne Andersson broke each other's 1500 m
and mile world records on a number of occasions in the 1940s. The prominence of the
distances were maintained by Roger Bannister, who (in 1954) was the first to run the long-
elusive four-minute mile,[42][43] and Jim Ryun's exploits served to popularise interval training.
Races between British rivals Sebastian Coe, Steve Ovett and Steve Cram characterised
middle-distance running in the 1980s. From the 1990s onwards, North Africans such
as Noureddine Morceli of Algeria and Hicham El Guerrouj of Morocco came to dominate the
1500 and mile events.
Beyond the short distances of sprinting events, factors such as an athlete's reactions and top
speed becomes less important, while qualities such as pace, race tactics
and endurance become more so.

Long-distance
Kenenisa Bekele leading in a long-distance track event
There are three common long-distance running events in
track and field competitions: 3000 metres, 5000
metres and 10,000 metres. The latter two races are both
Olympic and World Championship events outdoors, while
the 3000 m is held at the IAAF World Indoor
Championships. The 5000 m and 10,000 m events have their
historical roots in the 3-mile and 6-mile races. The 3000 m
was historically used as a women's long-distance event,
entering the World Championship programme in 1983 and
Olympic programme in 1984, but this was abandoned in
favour of a women's 5000 m event in 1995.[45] Marathons, while long-distance races, are
typically run on street courses, and often are run separately from other track and field events.
In terms of competition rules and physical demands, long-distance track races have much in
common with middle-distance races, except that pacing, stamina, and race tactics become
much greater factors in performances. However, a number of athletes have achieved success
in both middle- and long-distance events, including Saïd Aouita who set world records from
1500 m to 5000 m. The use of pace-setters in long-distance events is very common at the elite
level, although they are not present at championship level competitions as all qualified
competitors want to win.
The long-distance track events gained popularity in the 1920s by the achievements of the
"Flying Finns", such as multiple Olympic champion Paavo Nurmi. The successes of Emil
Zátopek in the 1950s promoted intense interval training methods, but Ron Clarke's world
record-breaking feats established the importance of natural training and even-paced running.
The 1990s saw the rise of North and East African runners in long-distance events. Kenyan
and Ethiopian athletes, in particular, have since remained dominant in these events.
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Relay races
Relay races are the only track and field event in which a team of runners directly compete
against other teams. Typically, a team is made up of four
runners of the same sex. Each runner completes their specified
distance (referred to as a leg) before handing over a baton to a
teammate, who then begins their leg upon receiving the baton.
There is usually a designated area where athletes must
exchange the baton. Teams may be disqualified if they fail to
complete the change within the area, or if the baton is dropped
during the race. A team may also be disqualified if its runners
are deemed to have willfully impeded other competitors.
Girls handing over the baton in a relay race in Leipzig in 1950
Relay races emerged in the United States in the 1880s as a variation on charity races
between firemen, who would hand a red pennant on to teammates every 300 yards. There are
two very common relay events: the 4×100 metres relay and the 4×400 metres relay. Both
events entered the Olympic programme at the 1912 Summer Games after a one-off
men's medley relay featured in 1908 Olympics. The 4 × 100 m event is run strictly within the
same lane on the track, meaning that the team collectively runs one complete circuit of the
track. Teams in a 4 × 400 m event remain in their own lane until the runner of the second leg
passes the first bend, at which point runners can leave their lanes and head towards the inner-
most part of the circuit. For the second and third baton change overs, teammates must align
themselves in respect of their team position – leading teams take the inner lanes while
teammates of the slower teams must await the baton on outer lanes.
The Shuttle Hurdle Relay per Hurdling web page: In a shuttle hurdle relay, each of four
hurdlers on a team runs the opposite direction from the preceding runner. No batons are used
for this particular relay.
The IAAF keeps world records for five different types of track relays. As with 4×100 m and
4×400 m events, all races comprise teams of four athletes running the same distances, with
the less commonly contested distances being the 4×200 m, 4×800 m and 4×1500 m relays.
[53]
Other events include the distance medley relay (comprising legs of 1200 m, 400 m, 800 m,
and 1600 m), which is frequently held in the United States, and a sprint relay, known as
the Swedish medley relay, which is popular in Scandinavia and was held at the IAAF World
Youth Championships in Athletics programme. Relay events have significant participation in
the United States, where a number of large meetings (or relay carnivals) are focused almost
exclusively on relay events.
Hurdling

A women's 400 m hurdles race at the 2007 Dutch

Championships
Races with hurdles as obstacles were first popularised in the
19th century in England. The first known event, held in
1830, was a variation of the 100-yard dash that included
heavy wooden barriers as obstacles. A competition between
the Oxford and Cambridge Athletic Clubs in 1864 refined
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this, holding a 120-yard race (110 m) with ten hurdles of 3-foot and 6 inches (1.06 m) in
height (each placed 10 yards (9 m) apart), with the first and final hurdles 15 yards from the
start and finish, respectively. French organisers adapted the race into metric (adding 28 cm)
and the basics of this race, the men's 110 metres hurdles, has remained largely
unchanged. The origin of the 400 metres hurdles also lies in Oxford, where (around 1860) a
competition was held over 440 yards and twelve 1.06 m high wooden barriers were placed
along the course. The modern regulations stem from the 1900 Summer Olympics: the
distance was fixed to 400 m while ten 3-foot (91.44 cm) hurdles were placed 35 m apart on
the track, with the first and final hurdles being 45 m and 40 m away from the start and finish,
respectively. Women's hurdles are slightly lower at 84 cm (2 ft 9 in) for the 100 m event and
76 cm (2 ft 6 in) for the 400 m event.
By far the most common events are the 100 metres hurdles for women, 110 m hurdles for
men and 400 m hurdles for both sexes. The men's 110 m has been featured at every modern
Summer Olympics while the men's 400 m was introduced in the second edition of the
Games. Women's initially competed in the 80 metres hurdles event, which entered the
Olympic programme in 1932. This was extended to the 100 m hurdles at the 1972
Olympics, but it was not until 1984 that a women's 400 m hurdles event took place at the
Olympics (having been introduced at the 1983 World Championships in Athletics the
previous year). Other distances and heights of hurdles, such as the 200 metres
hurdles and low hurdles, were once common but are now held infrequently. The 300 metres
hurdles is run in some levels of American competition.

Men traversing the water jump in a steeplechase competition

Outside of the hurdles events, the steeplechase race is the other track and field event with
obstacles. Just as the hurdling events, the steeplechase finds its origin in student competition
in Oxford, England. However, this event was born as a human variation on the
original steeplechase competition found in horse racing. A steeplechase event was held on a
track for the 1879 English championships and the 1900 Summer Olympics featured men's
2500 m and 4000 m steeplechase races. The event was held over various distances until
the 1920 Summer Olympics marked the rise of the 3000 metres steeplechase as the standard
event.[59] The IAAF set the standards of the event in 1954, and the event is held on a 400 m
circuit that includes a water jump on each lap.[60] Despite the long history of men's
steeplechase in track and field, the women's steeplechase only gained World Championship
status in 2005, with its first Olympic appearance in 2008.

Jumping
Long jump

Naide Gomes in the jumping phase of the event

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The long jump is one of the oldest track and field events,
having its roots as one of the events within the ancient
Greek pentathlon contest. The athletes would take a short
run up and jump into an area of dug up earth, with the
winner being the one who jumped farthest. Small weights
(Halteres) were held in each hand during the jump then
swung back and dropped near the end to gain extra
momentum and distance. The modern long jump,
standardized in England and the United States around
1860, bears resemblance to the ancient event although no weights are used. Athletes sprint
along a length of track that leads to a jumping board and a sandpit. The athletes must jump
before a marked line and their achieved distance is measured from the nearest point of sand
disturbed by the athlete's body.
The athletics competition at the first Olympics featured a men's long jump competition and a
women's competition was introduced at the 1948 Summer Olympics. Professional long
jumpers typically have strong acceleration and sprinting abilities. However, athletes must
also have a consistent stride to allow them to take off near the board while still maintaining
their maximum speed. In addition to the traditional long jump, a standing long jump contest
exists which requires that athletes leap from a static position without a run-up. A men's
version of this event featured on the Olympic programme from 1900 to 1912.
Triple jump
Olga Rypakova performing a triple jump in 2012
Similar to the long jump, the triple jump takes place
on a track heading towards a sandpit. Originally,
athletes would hop on the same leg twice before
jumping into the pit, but this was changed to the
current "hop, step and jump" pattern from 1900
onwards. There is some dispute over whether the
triple jump was contested in ancient Greece: while
some historians claim that a contest of three jumps
occurred at Ancient Games, others such as Stephen G. Miller believe this is incorrect,
suggesting that the belief stems from a mythologised account of Phayllus of Croton having
jumped 55 ancient feet (around 16.3 m). The Book of Leinster, a 12th-century Irish
manuscript, records the existence of geal-ruith (triple jump) contests at the Tailteann Games.
The men's triple jump competition has been ever-present at the modern Olympics, but it was
not until 1993 that a women's version gained World Championship status and went on to
have its first Olympic appearance three years later. The men's standing triple jump event
featured at the Olympics in 1900 and 1904, but such competitions have since become very
uncommon, although it is still used as a non-competitive exercise drill.
High jump
The first recorded instances of high jumping competitions were in Scotland in the 19th
century.[71] Further competitions were organised in 1840 in England and in 1865 the basic
rules of the modern event were standardised there. Athletes have a short run up and then take
off from one foot to jump over a horizontal bar and fall back onto a cushioned landing
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area. The men's high jump was included in the 1896 Olympics and a women's competition
followed in 1928.
Jumping technique has played a significant part in the history of the event. High jumpers
typically cleared the bar feet first in the late 19th century, using either the Scissors, Eastern
cut-off or Western roll technique. The straddle technique became prominent in the mid-20th
century, but Dick Fosbury overturned tradition by pioneering a backwards and head-first
technique in the late 1960s – the Fosbury Flop – which won him the gold at the 1968
Olympics. This technique has become the overwhelming standard for the sport from the
1980s onwards.[72][74] The standing high jump was contested at the Olympics from 1900 to
1912, but is now relatively uncommon outside of its use as an exercise drill.
Pole vault

Anna Giordano Bruno releases the pole after clearing the bar
In terms of sport, the use of poles for vaulting distances was
recorded in Fierljeppen contests in the Frisian area of Europe,
and vaulting for height was seen at gymnastics competitions in
Germany in the 1770s. One of the earliest recorded pole vault
competitions was in Cumbria, England in 1843. The basic rules
and technique of the event originated in the United States. The
rules required that athletes do not move their hands along the
pole and athletes began clearing the bar with their feet first and
twisting so that the stomach faces the bar. Bamboo poles were
introduced in the 20th century and a metal box in the runway for
planting the pole became standard. Landing mattresses were
introduced in the mid-20th century to protect the athletes who
were clearing increasingly greater heights.
The modern event sees athletes run down a strip of track, plant the pole in the metal box, and
vault over the horizontal bar before letting go of the pole and falling backwards onto the
landing mattress. While earlier versions used wooden, metal or bamboo, modern poles are
generally made from artificial materials such as fibreglass or carbon fibre. The pole vault has
been an Olympic event since 1896 for men, but it was over 100 years later that the first
women's world championship competition was held at the 1997 IAAF World Indoor
Championships. The first women's Olympic pole-vaulting competition occurred in 2000.
Throwing
Track and field contains some of the foremost kinds of throwing sports, and the four major
disciplines are the only pure throwing events to feature at the Olympic Games.
Shot put
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Remigius Machura preparing to throw within the circle

The genesis of the shot put can be traced to pre-historic competitions with rocks: in
the Middle ages the stone put was known in Scotland and the steinstossen was recorded in
Switzerland. In the 17th century, cannonball throwing competitions within the English
military provided a precursor to the modern sport. The term "shot" originates from the use
of round shot-style ammunition for the sport. The modern rules were first laid out in 1860
and required that competitors take legal throws within a square throwing area of seven feet
(2.13 m) on each side. This was amended to a circle area with a seven-foot diameter in 1906,
and the weight of the shot was standardized to 16 pounds (7.26 kg). Throwing technique was
also refined over this period, with bent arm throws being banned as they were deemed too
dangerous and the side-step and throw technique arising in the United States in 1876.
The shot put has been an Olympic sport for men since 1896 and a women's competition using
a 4 kg (8.82 lb) shot was added in 1948. Further throwing techniques have arisen since the
post-war era: in the 1950s Parry O'Brien popularised the 180 degree turn and throw technique
commonly known as the "glide", breaking the world record 17 times along the way,
while Aleksandr Baryshnikov and Brian Oldfield introduced the "spin" or rotational
technique in 1976.
Discus throw

Zoltán Kővágó preparing to spin and throw the discus

In the discus throw, athletes compete to throw a heavy disc the farthest. In standard
competitions, athletes throw the disc from a set circular arc and take turns in a series of
throw, with the singular best effort deciding the victor. As one of the events within the
ancient pentathlon, the history of the discus throw dates back to 708 BC. In ancient times a
heavy circular disc was thrown from a set standing position on a small pedestal, and it was
this style that was revived for the 1896 Olympics. This continued until the 1906 Intercalated
Games in Athens, which featured both the ancient style and the increasingly popular modern
style of turning and throwing. By the 1912 Olympics, the ancient standing throw style had
fallen into disuse and contests starting within a 2.5 m squared throwing area became the
standard. The discus implement was standardised to 2 kg (4.4 pounds) in weight and 22 cm
(8 inches) in diameter in 1907. The women's discus was among the first women's events on
the Olympic programme, being introduced in 1928. The first modern athlete to throw the
discus while rotating the whole body was Czech athlete Frantisek Janda-Su, who invented the
technique when studying the position of the famous statue of Discobolus and won the 1900
Olympic silver medal.
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Javelin throw

Bregje Crolla beginning to throw the javelin

As an implement of war and hunting, javelin throwing began in prehistoric times. Along with
the discus, the javelin was the second throwing event in the ancient Olympic pentathlon.
Records from 708 BC show two javelin competition types co-existing: throwing at a target
and throwing the javelin for distance. It was the latter type from which the modern event
derives. In ancient competitions, athletes would wrap an ankyle (thin leather strip) around the
javelin that acted as a sling to facilitate extra distance. The javelin throw gained much
popularity in Scandinavia in the late 19th century and athletes from the region are still among
the most dominant throwers in men's competitions. The modern event features a short run up
on a track and then the thrower releases the javelin before the foul line.
The first Olympic men's javelin throw contest was held in 1908 and a women's competition
was introduced in 1932. The first javelins were made of various types of wood, but in the
1950s, former athlete Bud Held introduced a hollow javelin, then a metal javelin, both of
which increased throwers performances. Another former athlete, Miklós Németh invented the
rough-tailed javelin and throws reached in excess of 100 m – edging towards the limits of
stadia. The distances and the increasing number of horizontal landings led the IAAF to
redesign the men's javelin to reduce distance and increase the implement's
downward pitching moment to allow for easier measurement. Rough-tailed designs were
banned in 1991 and all marks achieved with such javelins were removed from the record
books. The women's javelin underwent a similar redesign in 1999. The current javelin
specifications are 2.6 to 2.7 m in length and 800 grams in weight for men, and 2.2 to 2.3 m
and 600 g for women.
Hammer throw
 Republic of the Philippines
CENTRAL BICOL STATE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE
San Jose, Pili, Camarines Sur 4418
ISO 9001:2015 www.cbsua.edu.ph
TÜV-R 01 100 1934918

Yury Shayunou spinning with the hammer within the circle

The earliest recorded precursors to the modern hammer throw stem from the Tailteann
Games of ancient Ireland, which featured events such as throwing either a weight attached to
a rope, a large rock on a wooden handle, or even a chariot wheel on a wooden axle. Other
ancient competitions included throwing a cast iron ball attached to a wooden handle – the
root of the term "hammer throw" due to their resemblance to the tools. In 16th century
England, contests involving the throwing of actual blacksmith's Sledgehammers were
recorded. The hammer implement was standardised in 1887 and the competitions began to
resemble the modern event. The weight of the metal ball was set at 16 pounds (7.26 kg) while
the attached wire had to measure between 1.175 m and 1.215 m.
The men's hammer throw became an Olympic event in 1900 but the women's event – using a
4 kg (8.82 lb) weight – was not widely competed until much later, finally featuring on the
women's Olympic programme in 2000. The distances thrown by male athletes became greater
from the 1950s onwards as a result of improved equipment using the denser metals, a switch
to concrete throwing areas, and more advanced training techniques. Professional hammer
throwers were historically large, strong, sturdy athletes. However, qualities such as refined
technique, speed and flexibility have become increasingly important in the modern era as the
legal throwing area has been reduced from 90 to 34.92 degrees and throwing technique
involves three to four controlled rotations.

Competency Checklist (Formative Assessment/Diagnostic)

The student will be assessed via google form and there will be questions and answers
regarding their understanding and perceptions on the core values of CBSUA. The topic that
has been shared will be asked knowing with their understanding. Health-Style Self-test quiz
will be given.

Learning Resources:
1. CBSUA Website
 Republic of the Philippines
CENTRAL BICOL STATE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE
San Jose, Pili, Camarines Sur 4418
ISO 9001:2015 www.cbsua.edu.ph
TÜV-R 01 100 1934918

2.Student Handbook
3.Physical Education 2 (SY 2020-2021) Syllabus
4.Google.com
5.PowerPoint Presentation
6. Reference :
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_and_field
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Athletics_Track_and_Field_Association

Uploaded in this Google Drive Folder.

Tasks/Activities
• Lecture Discussion (Zoom/Google Meet) – Recorded
• PowerPoint Presentation
• Video Clips
• Quiz via google doc

Instructions:

1. This is an individual and dual activity.

2. Login to their institutional account
3. Check updated assessment