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SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE (PHYTON)

INTRODUCTION
1→ Python was created by Guido Van Rossum at CWI (Centrum &
Informatica) which is a National Research Institute for Mathematics and
Computer Science in Netherlands.
2→ Father of Python Language is Guido Van Rossum. (Watch his pics)

3→ The language was released in I991.

4→ Python got its name from a BBC comedy series from seventies- “Monty
Python‟s Flying Circus”.
5→ It is free to use. You can download it from the website www.python.org

SALIENT FEATURES OF PYTHON

1→ General purpose programming language which can be used for both
scientific and non scientific programming.
2→ Platform independent hence highly portable language.
3→ simple high level language with vast library of add-on modules (library).
4→ Interpreted as well as compiled language.
5→ Object oriented and functional programming language.
6→ Clean and elegant coding style.
7→ Suitable for beginners (of course having strong maths and general IQ)
who have no knowledge of computer language.
8→ The latest updated version of python is Python 3.6.x released in March
2017 and continued.
9→ Python code is significantly smaller than the equivalent C++/Java code.
10→ Python is an OSS (Open Source Software). We are free to use it, make
amends in the source code and redistribute, even for commercial interests.
It is due to such openness that Python has gathered a vast community
which is continually growing and adding value.

USES AND APPLICATION OF PYTHON IN VARIOUS FIELDS

1→ Python is used in Google search engine, YouTube, Bit Torrent peer to peer
file sharing etc.
2→ Companies like Intel, Cisco, HP, IBM use Python for hardware testing.
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3→ Animation Company Maya uses Python Script to provide API (Application

Programming Interface). Similarly, 3ds Max, Blender, Cinema 4D, Houdini
apply Python 3D animation productions.
4→ A robot production company i-Robots uses Python to develop commercial
robots.
5→ Python has got application in web development.
6→ Python has become the obvious choice for working in Scientific
and Numeric Applications.
7→ NASA and others use Python for their scientific programming task.
8→ Python is used for developing complex GUI and image processing
applications.
9→ Programmers deliver graphics software like Inkscape, Scribus, Paint Shop
Pro etc.

GUI TO WRITE AND RUN PYTHON SOURCE CODE

To write and run (execute) python program we must install in our system a GUI
(Graphical User Interface) called IDLE (Integrated Development and Learning
Environment)
We will be using version 3.6.5 of Python IDLE to develop and run Python code,
in this course. It can be downloaded from www.python.org
Python shell can be used in two ways, viz., interactive mode and script mode.
In interactive mode, we write the python statement (code) and the interpreter
displays the result(s) immediately.
In script mode, we type Python program in a new file and then use the
interpreter to execute the content from the file. For coding more than few lines,
we should always save our code so that we may modify and reuse the code.

WORKING IN INTERACTIVE MODE

When we start python IDLE (Integrated Development and Learning
Environment), we observe following window:

Primary prompt

>>> is a primary prompt indicating that the interpreter is ready to take a python
command. There is secondary prompt also which is “…” indicating that
interpreter is waiting for additional input to complete the current statement.
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Example: 1→ Concept of script programming

Now as we hit the Enter Key the result is immediately shown, as is given below:

Example: 2 → What will be the output of following code in interactive mode?

A = -5
B=7
A + 4, B – 8
Output: It’s given below:

WORKING IN SCRIPT MODE

To create and run a Python script, we will use following steps in IDLE
1. File>Open OR File>New Window (for creating a new script file)
2. Write the Python code as function i.e. script
3. Save it (Ctrl + S )
4. Execute it in interactive mode- by using RUN option (^F5)
Otherwise (if script mode on) start from Step 2
Note: For every updating of script file, we need to repeat step 3 & step 4.
Example: 3 → Find the output of the following python code
def test():
x=–4
y= –5
z=x+y
print z
Output: Code has been written in a file an1.py
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When we click Run from Menu or click F4, the following output is shown:

INDENTATION
Leading whitespace (spaces and tabs) at the beginning logical line is important.
This is called indentation. Indentation is used to determine the level of the
logical line, which in turn is used to determine the grouping of statements.
It means that statements which go together must have same indentation. Each
[/such statements are called blocks. Let us understand it by the following code,
Example: 4 →
# File Name: indentation.py | Code by: A. Nasra
def test(): #Block.1 up to last
a = 12
b = 6
if a > b:
x = print('a is greater than b')#Block.2
y = print('Python is smarter.')
else:
x = print('a is less than b')#Block.3
y = print('Python is smarter.')
# For execution in Shell we have to call function
test()
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MULTILINE SPANNING
String statements can be multi-line if we use triple quotes, as is given in the
following example,
Example: 5 → Multiline spanning
>>> big = """This is a multiline
... block of text.
... Python interpreter
... puts end_of_line mark
... at the end of each line."""
>>> big
'This is a multiline\n... block of text.\n... Python
interpreter\n... puts end_of_line mark\n... at the
end of each line.'

COMMENTS
Comments are used to explain notes or some specific information about
whatever is written in the Python code. Comments are not executed. In Python
coding # is used for comments, as shown below.
Example: 6 → Illustration of comments in Python
>>> print("I care my students.")#this is comment
I care my students.
>>> #note that comment is not executed.
Many IDE’s like IDLE provide the ability to comment out selected blocks of
code, usually with "#".

OBJECT
Object is an identifiable entity which combine data and functions. Python refers
to anything used in a program as an object. This means that in generic sense
instead of saying “Something”, we say “object”.
Every object has,
1. an identity - object's address in memory and does not change once it has
been created.
2. data type - a set of values, and the allowable operations on those values.
3. a value

DATA TYPES
Data type is a set of values, and the allowable operations on those values. Data
type is of following kind,
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Data Types

Numbers None Sequence Set Mapping

Integer & Floating

Complex String Tuple List Dictionary
long Point

Boolean

Let us study all these data types one by one,

NUMBERS
The data types which store numbers are called numbers. Numbers are of three
kinds,
1. Integer and Long (Integer also contains a data type known as Boolean)
2. Float or Floating point
3. Complex
1. INTEGERS AND LONG
Integers are the whole numbers consisting of + or – sign 100000, -99, 0, 17.
While writing a large integer value, we have not to use comma or leading zeros.
For writing long integer, we append L to the value. Such values are treated as
long integers by python.
Example: 7 →
>>> a = 4567345
>>> type(a)
<class 'int'>
>>> # Interpreter tells that a is of integer type
>>> type(a*13)
<class 'int'>

Integers contain Boolean Type which is a unique data type, consisting of two
constants, True and False. A Boolean True value is Non-Zero, Non-Null
and Non-empty.
Example: 8 →
>>> a, b = 23, 45
>>> a > b
False
>>> b > a + b
False
>>> type(a < c)
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>>> c = a < b
>>> type(c)
<class 'bool'>

2. FLOAT (FLOATING POINT)

Numbers with fractions or decimal point are known as floating point numbers. It
contain – or + sign (+ is understood if not provided) with decimal point.
Example: 9 →
>>> f1 = 2.3 + 4 + 6
>>> print(f1)
12.3
>>> type(f1)
<class 'float'>

3. COMPLEX
Complex numbers are pairs of real (float) and imaginary (float attached with the

is defined as √−1.
sign ‘j’ or ‘J’) numbers. It is of the form A + Bj, where A and B represent float j

Example: 10 →
>>> A = 9 - 7j
>>> print('Real-Part = ',A.real,'Imag-part =',A.imag)
Real Part = 9.0 Imaginary part = -7.0
>>> type(A)
<class 'complex'>

None (NoneType)
None is special data type that is used to signify the absence of any value in a
particular situation.
One such particular situation occurs with the print function. Print function
displays text in the console-window (often monitor); it does not compute and
return a value to the caller. It is clear from the following Example.16, where the
The inner print function displayed the value 4 on in the console (it doesn’t
return any value. Now there is no value for outer print function, that’s why the
outer print function displays None. We can assign the value None to any
variable. It represents “nothing” or “no object.”
Example: 11 →
>>> x = print(print('4'))
4
None
>>> type(x)
<class 'NoneType'>
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SEQUENCE
An ordered collection of items is known as Sequence. This ordered collection is
indexed by positive integers. There are three kinds of Sequence data type –
String, List and Tuple.
1. STRING (type str)
A string is a sequence of Unicode characters that may be a combination of
letters, numbers, and special symbols. To define a string in Python, we enclose
the string in matching single (‘ ’) or double (“ ”) quotes.
Example: 12 →
>>> a = 'Do you love Python?'
>>> type(a)
<class 'str'>
>>> type('p')
<class 'str'> #A string of length of 1 is a character.

Example: 13 →
>>> a = 'Do you love Python?\n'
>>> b = 'Yes, I love Python.'
>>> c = a + b
>>> print(c)
Do you love Python?
Yes, I love Python.

2. LIST
List is a sequence of values of any type. These values are called elements or
items separated by comma. Elements of list are mutable (changeable) and
indexed by integers. List is enclosed in square brackets [ ].
Example: 14 →
>>> L1 = [1, 564, 56.88, 'express', 'study', '*@(c)']
>>> L1
[1, 564, 56.88, 'express', 'study', '*@(c)']
>>> print(L1)
[1, 564, 56.88, 'express', 'study', '*@(c)']
>>> print(L1[3])
express
>>> type(L1)
<class 'list'>
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3. TUPLE
Tuple is a sequence of values of any type. These values are called elements or
items. Elements of tuple are immutable (non-changeable) and indexed by
integers. List is enclosed in ( ) brackets.
Example: 15 → Concept of tuple.
>>> T1 = (7, 102, 'not-out', 50.75)
>>> print(T1)
(7, 102, 'not-out', 50.75)
>>> len(T1)
4
>>> T1[3]
50.75

SETS
Set is an unordered collection of values, of any type, with no duplicate entry.
Sets are immutable.
Example: 16 →
>>> A = set([1,2,3,1,4,5,7,6,5])
>>> print(A)
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
>>> len(A)
7

MAPPINGS
A mapping is a collection of objects identified by keys instead of order.
Mapping is an unordered and mutable. Dictionaries fall under Mappings.
NOTE – In mathematics mapping is defined as: If X and Y are two non-empty
sets then a subset f of XY is called a function(or mapping) from X to Y if and
only if for each xX, there exists a unique yY such that (x, y) f. It is written
as f: X→Y
1. DICTIONARY (dict)
A dictionary is a collection of objects (values) which are indexed by other
objects (keys) where keys are unique. It is like a sequence of ‘ key : value’ pairs,
where keys can be found efficiently. We declare dictionaries using curly braces
{}. Keys must be immutable objects: ints, strings, tuples etc.
Example: 17 →
>>> wheel={0:'green',1:'red',2:'black',3:'red',
4:'yellow',5:'green', 6:'orange',7:'violet'}
>>> wheel
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{0: 'green', 1: 'red', 2: 'black', 3: 'red', 4:

'yellow', 5: 'green', 6: 'orange', 7: 'violet'}
>>> print(wheel[3])
red
>>> len(wheel)
8

VARIABLE
Variable is like a container that stores values that can be accessed or changed as
and when we need. If we need a variable, we will just think of a name and
declare it by assigning a value with the help of assignment operator = .
In algebra, variables represent numbers. The same is true in Python, except
Python variables also can represent values other than numbers.
Example: 18 → Illustration of variable in Python.
>>> q = 10 # this is assignment statement
>>> print(q)
10

The key to an assignment statement is the symbol = which is known as the

assignment operator. The statement assigns the integer value 10 to the variable
q. Said another way, this statement binds the variable named q to the value 10.
At this point the type of q is int because it is bound to an integer value.

RULES OF DECLARING VARIABLES

1→ Variable names must have only letters, numbers, and underscores. They can
start with a letter or an underscore, but not with a number. For example, a
variable name may be message_1 but not 1_message.
2→ Spaces are not allowed in variable names. Underscores can be used to
separate words in variable names. For example, greeting_message is valid, but
greeting message is invalid.
3→ Python keywords and function names cannot be used as variable names.

MUTABLE AND IMMUTABLE VARIABLES

A variable (object) whose value can be changed in place, is called mutable
variable. A variable whose value cannot be changed in place, is called
immutable variable. Modifying an immutable variable will rebuild the same
variable. Here rebuilt menas new object by the same name.
As told before, everything in Python that can be named is an object. Every
object has unique identity that refers to memory location. If an object is mutable
or not, can be known by the built in function id().
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Example: 19 → Illustration of mutable and immutable variables (object).

>>> x = 7 # x is number object (immutable)
>>> id(x)
1604073824
>>> x = 3*x # rebuilding x, not change inplace
>>> print(x)
21 # it seams that x in changed, no it is
# rebuilt because id is different.
>>> id(x)
1604074048

>>> L = [6, 7, 8]# List is mutable object

>>> id(L)
50857544
>>> L += [1] ''' L is changed in place, L = L +
[1]
is rebuilding
>>> print(L)
[6, 7, 8, 1]
>>> id(L)
50857544 # id is same
LIST OF IMMUTABLE VARIABLES

KEYWORDS
Keywords are the reserved words which are used by the interpreter to recognize
the structure of the program, they cannot be used as variable name.
and as assert break class continue def del
elif else except exec finally for from global
if import in is lambda not or pass
print raise return try while with yield nonlocal
 exec is no longer a keyword in Python 3.x
 nonlocal is added in Python 3.x, it is not in Python 2.x

Note:  Variables are created when they are assigned a value.

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 Variables refer to object and it must be assigned a value before using it.

OPERATORS AND EXPRESSION

Operator is a symbol that does some operation on one or more than one values
or variables. The values or variables on which operation is done is called
operand. The operator(s) together with value(s) or/and variables, is called
expression.
Example: 20 → Illustration of operators and operands.
>>> 3 + 4 # + is operator.3, 4 are operands
7
>>> # 3 + 4 is expression. The result/output of
the expression is called evaluation.

Example: 21 → Illustration of Expression.

>>> a, b, c = 9, 12, 3
>>> x = a - b/3 + c*2 - 1 #-, *, +, / are
operators.variable a, b, c, are variable with values
9,12,3.a-b/3+c*2-1 is expression.
The output(evaluation of expression) will be stored
in variable x.
>>> print('x = ',x)
x = 10.0

SOME IMPORTANT OPERATORS

1. Arithmetic or Mathematical Operators
2. Relational or Comparison Operators
3. Logical Operators
4. Assignment or Shorthand Operators
Arithmetic Operators
Operato Operator Name Examples
r Symbol

+ Addition

- Subtraction

* Multiplication
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/ Division
(Returns float in Python
3.5.6)
% Remainder / Modulo
** Exponentiation

// Integer division in Python

2.7;
Floor division in Python 3.5.6

Relational Operators
Operator Symbol Operator Name Examples

< Less than

> Greater than

<= Less than or equal to

>= Greater than or equal

== Equal to

!= Not equal to
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Logical Operators
Operator Symbol Evaluation Examples

or x Y x or y
false false False
false true True
true false True
true true True
not x not y
false True
true False
and x Y x and y
false false False
Note: and behaves
false true False
Like multiplication.
true False False
true true True

PRESIDENCE OF OPERATORS
Operator Description
High → Low

** Exponentiation (raise to the power)

+, – unary plus and minus
*, /, %, // Multiply, divide, modulo, floor
division
+, – Addition and subtraction
Low ← High

<, <= , >, >= Comparison or Relation operators

= != Equality operators
=,
%= ,/=, //= , –=, +=, * Assignment operators
=
Not, and, or Logical operators
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Example: 22 → Calculation of area of a rectangle.

>>> length = 15
>>> breadth = 9
>>> area = length*breadth

Area of ▭ = 135
>>> print('Area of \u25AD = ',area)

Perimeter of ▭ = 48
>>> print('Perimeter of \u25AD =‘,2*(length+breadth))

In the above example, we observe that the value of length and breadth are
already given. It means the user has no interaction with the program. For this
type of interaction we need input-output capability.

INPUT AND OUTPUT

The print function enables a Python program to display textual information to
the user. Programs may use the input function to obtain information from the
user. The simplest use of the input function assigns a string to a variable:
x = input() # in Python 3.6.5 and Python 3.7.x
x = raw_input() #in Python 2.7.x
We must note that the input function produces only strings by default.
int(input('Please enter an integer value: '))
float(input('Enter a float value:'))
uses a technique known as functional composition. The result of the input
function is passed directly to the int function instead of using the intermediate
variables shown in Interactive/Script Mode: add_2integers.py.
THE EVAL( ) FUNCTION
The eval function in Python is so powerful that it accepts int, float or
str type data/value. The eval function dynamically translates the text
provided by the user into an executable form that the program can process. This
allows users to provide input in a variety of flexible ways; for example, users
can enter multiple entries separated by commas, and the eval function
evaluates it as a Python tuple. It is illustrated in the add_int.py file.

Example: 23 → CIllustration of eval() function.

# File Name: name.py | Script by: A. Nasra
x = input('Enter your name: ')
print('Hello dear',x,'! Do you want to ask
something?') y = input('...')
print('Dear',x,',you think too much! Your time is
up!') # Sample run of name.py
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Enter your name: Pillai

Hello dear Pillai ! Do you want to ask something?
...What is science
Dear Pillai ,you think too much! Your time is up!

Example: 24 → A program to find area.

# File Name: area1.py | Script by: A. Nasra
l = float(input('Length of \u25AD = '))
b = float(input('Breadth of \u25AD = '))
area = l*b
print('Area of \u25AD = ',area)

Length of ▭ = 13.9
# Sample run of area1.py

Breadth of ▭ = 11
Area of ▭ = 152.9
Example: 25 → A program to tell future.
# File Name: num_fun.py | Script by: A. Nasra
x = int(input('Enter a number to know the future: '))
print('You\'ve entered',x,'!\nYou silly student!.\
nCan a numbers tell future?')
# Sample run of num_fun.py
Enter a number to know the future: 45
You've entered 45 !
You silly student!.
Can a numbers tell future?

Example: 26 → Program to add two integers.

# File Name: add_2int.py | Script by: A. Nasra
x = int(input('Enter an integer: '))
y = int(input('Enter another integer: '))
print(x,'+',y,'=',x+y)
# Sample run of add_2int.py
Enter an integer: 23
Enter another integer: 98
23 + 98 = 121

Example: 27 → Program showing flexibility of eval() function.

>>> n = eval(input('Enter a number: '))
Enter a number: 76
>>> print('Number is',n,'of',type(n))
Number is 76 of <class 'int'>
>>> n = 78.6
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>>> print('Number is',n,'of',type(n))

Number is 78.6 of <class 'float'>
>>> n = 'om'
>>> print('Number is',n,'of',type(n))
Number is om of <class 'str'>
>>> n = 78 + 6j
>>> print('Number is',n,'of',type(n))
Number is (78+6j) of <class 'complex'>

Example: 28 → Efficient use os eval() function.

# File Name: eval_sum.py | Script by: A. Nasra
num1, num2 = eval(input('Enter number1, number2: '))
print(num1,'+',num2,'=',num1+num2)
# While entering numbers, comma must be used.
# Sample run(s) of eval_sum.py
# Sample run - 1
Enter number1, number2: 78, 86
78 + 86 = 164
# Sample run - 2
Enter number1, number2: 7.8, 8.6
7.8 + 8.6 = 16.4
# Sample run - 3
Enter number1, number2: 7 + 8j, 8 + 6j
(7+8j) + (8+6j) = (15+14j)
# Sample run - 4
Enter number1, number2: 'School', '-Captain'
School + -Captain = School-Captain