Lecture April 2024

PROBLEM 341:
From the figure shown
y

P
(x, y)
3.6
5.8 5.8
3.6
(0, 5.8)
(7.2, 4.2)
H
5.8
column 4.2

x
7.2

a) Determine the equations for each of the circular arches

b) Determine the location of P.
c) Determine the height H of the column.

Solution:
a) Equations of circle passing through point P
Center of smaller arc
h=0 k = 5.8 r = 3.6
(x-h)2 + (y-k)2 = r2
(x-0)2 + (y-5.8)2 = (3.6)2

Center of bigger arc:

h = 7.2 k = 4.2 r = 5.8
(x-7.2)2 + (y-4.2)2 = (5.8)2
 Lecture April 2024
b) Location of P
x2 + (y-5.8)2 = (3.6)2
x2 + (y-5.8)2 = 12.96
x2 + y2 – 11.6y + 33.64 = 12.96
(1) x2 + y2 – 11.6y + 20.68 = 0

(x-7.2)2 + (y-4.2)2 = (5.8)2

(x-7.2)2 + (y-4.2)2 = 33.64
x2 – 14.4x + 51.84 + y2 – 8.4y + 17.64 = 33.64
(2) x2 + y2 – 14.4x – 8.4y + 35.84 = 0
(1) x2 + y2 – 11.6y + 20.68 = 0
(1) & (2)
- 14.4x + 3.2y + 15.16 = 0
3.2y = 14.4x – 15.16
y = 4.5x – 4.7375
x2 + y2 – 11.6y + 20.68 = 0
x2 + (4.5x – 4.7375)2 – 11.6(4.5x – 4.7375) + 20.68 = 0
x2 + 20.25x2 – 42.6375x + 22.444 – 52.2x + 54.955 + 20.68 = 0
21.25x2 – 94.8375x + 98.079 = 0
x2 – 4.4629x + 4.6155 = 0
x = 2.83
y = 4.5x – 4.7375
y = 4.5(2.83) – 4.7375
y=8
Coordinates of P(2.83, 8).

c) Height of column H
H = 8 ft.
Lecture April 2024
 Lecture April 2024

PROBLEM 342:
A large number of test results produce a standard deviation of 1.5 N/mm2 and
average strength of 10 N/mm2. If 5 % of result are permitted to fail, what should
be the minimum design strength of the mix? standard normal variable = 1.96 for
95% confidence level

Solution:
X = C – Z(s)
Where:
x = minimum design strength of the mix
C = average strength of the mix
Z = standard normal variable which is equal to 1.96 for 95% confidence level.
S = standard deviation
X = C – Z (s)
X = 10 – 1.96 (1.5)
X = 7.06 N/mm2 (min. design strength)
Lecture April 2024
 Lecture April 2024
PROBLEM 343:
The accounting services purchased by the engineering consulting firm cost
$20000 per year and the economy’s inflation rate f = 4% per year. What would be
the inflation adjusted cost in the 5th year if the productivity improvement hold the
fee constant at $20000 per year?

Solution:

C1 = 20000
C2 = 20000(1 – 0.04) = 19200
C3 = 19200(1 – 0.04) = 18432
C4 = 18432(1 – 0.04) = 17695
C5 = 17695(1 – 0.04) = 16,987 (adjusted cost in the 5th year)
 Lecture April 2024
PROBLEM 344:
In a used car lot, suppose 50% of the cars are manufactured in the
United States and 15% of these are compact, 30% of the cars are
manufactured in Europe and 40% of these are compact, and finally
20% are manufactured in Japan and 60% of these are compact. If a
car is picked up at random from the lot, what is the probability that it
is a compact?

Solution:
P = 0.50(0.15) + 0.30(0.40) + 0.20(0.60)
P = 0.315
 Lecture April 2024
PROBLEM 345:
The equation for the elevation above mean sea level of a sag vertical roadway
curve is y(x) = 0.56x2 – 3.2x + 708.28 where y is measured in feet and x is
measured in 100 ft. stations pas the beginning of the curve. What is the
elevation of the returning point (i.e. the lowest point on the curve)?

Solution:
y = 0.56x2 – 3.2x + 708.28
y’ = 1.12x – 3.2 = 0
1.12x – 3.2 = 0
x = 2.857 (stations)
Elevation of the lowest point on the curve:
y = 0.56x2 – 3.2x + 708.28
when x = 2.857
y = 0.56(2.857)2 – 3.2(2.857) + 708.28
y = 703.71 say 704 ft. (elevation of the turning point)
 1.98
x April 2024
Lecture
PROBLEM 346: 1.22 A
From the figure shown 8.75

a) Write the equation of the circle

b) Determine the value of A y
c) Determine the value of B
B

6.25 2.5
b

2.5
1.28 1.22 O
1.98 1.98
2.5

a x
1.22 0.52

A
Solution:
a) Equation of circle
8.75
Coordinate of the center of the circle.
h = 1.22 k = 1.98 r = 2.5
(x-h)2 + (y-k)2 = r2
(x-1.22)2 + (y-1.98)2 = (2.5)2 = 6.25

b) Value of A:
Using Pythagorean Theorem
(2.5)2 + (1.98)2 + a2
a = 1.53 cm
A = 8.75 – 1.22 – 1.53
A = 6 cm.

c) Value of B.
b2 + (1.22)2 = (2.5)2
b = 2.18 cm.
B = 6.25 – (2.18-1.98)
B = 2.09 cm.
 Lecture April 2024
PROBLEM 347:
Calculate the max. pressure produced when placing 75 mm slump concrete at a rate of 2
m/h, shuttering 2.5 m high and 250 mm wide. Assume temperature of the concrete in the
form work is initially 15° nad vibration is continuous use the UK formula for pressure head
obtained by depth, arching effect and stiffness effect. Assume unit wt. of wet concrete is 25
kN/m3
Hint: Pressure head using
a) Depth effect P = yh
»
b) Arching effect: 𝑃 = 3𝑅 + + 15
B‰

c) Stiffness effects: P = yRS + 5

Solution:
Using UK fomrula for max pressure obtained by depth.
P = yh
P = 25 (2.5) = 62.5 kN/m2
D = 250 mm (width of section)
R = rate of plalcement (2 mph)
250
𝑃 = 3(2) + + 15 = 46 𝑘𝑁/𝑚(
10
Using UK formula for stiffness effect
P = y RS + 5 kN/m2
For 75 mm slump S = 1.5
P = 25 (2) (1.5) + 5
P = 80 kN/m2
Use P = 46 kN/m2 (arching effect controls)
Lecture April 2024
 Lecture April 2024
PROBLEM 348:
A chemical feed storage tank is needed with a volume of 3000 ft3 (gross of fittings). The tank
will be formed as a circular cylinder with barrel length L, capped by two hemispherical ends of
radius r. The manufacturing cost per unit area of hemispherical ends is double that of the
cylinder. The dimensions that will minimize the manufacturing cost are most nearly.

Solution:
Total Volume: r 2πr
4 2r
𝑉= + 𝜋𝑟 d
𝜋𝑟 ( 𝐿
3
4
3000 = 𝜋𝑟 ( 𝐿 + 𝜋𝑟 d L cylinder L
3

Assume cost per unit area = $1.00 per unit A

Area cylinder = 2𝜋rL 2r
Area of 2 hemisphere = (4𝜋r2) r
C = (1) 2𝜋rL + 2 (4𝜋r2)

Note cost of hemispherical ends is double that of the cylinder

C = 2𝜋rL + 8𝜋r2
4
3000 = 𝜋𝑟 ( 𝐿 + 𝜋𝑟 d
3
{
𝜋𝑟 ( L = 3000 − 𝜋𝑟 d
d
4
300 𝜋𝑟 d
𝐿= (− 3
𝜋𝑟 𝜋𝑟 (
4
300 − 𝜋𝑟 d
𝐿= 3
𝜋𝑟 (
4
3000 − 𝜋𝑟 d
𝐶=R 3 S + 8𝜋𝑟 (
𝜋𝑟 (

6000 8𝜋𝑟 (
𝐶= − + 8𝜋𝑟 (
𝑟 3
6000 16𝜋𝑟 (
𝐶= +
𝑟 3
 Lecture April 2024

6000 16𝜋 (2)𝑟

𝐶ƒ = − + =0
𝑟( 3
6000 32𝜋𝑟
=
𝑟( 3
32𝜋𝑟 d = 18 000
r = 5.636 say 5.5
4
300 − 𝜋𝑟 d
𝐿= 3
𝜋𝑟 (
4
300 − 𝜋(5.636)d
𝐿= 3
𝜋(5.636)(
L = 22.55 ft. say 22.5
 Lecture April 2024
PROBLEM 349:
The community of Upper Snowshoe has expanded its winter tourism very rapidly. Three
years ago, they built a new 10,000 kW power plant for $4.5 M. The local construction cost
index was 135 at that time and it has risen to 157 now. In current dollars, what is the
estimated cost of a 16,000 kW power plant?
Use capacity coefficient n = 0.88

Solution:
Estimate the current cost of the 10,000 kW power plant using the cost index
157 x
=
135 4.5
x = $5.23 M
Using the capacity function model to estimate the facility’s cost
𝐶€ = 𝐶2 (𝑆€ /𝑆2 )×

where:
𝐶€ = 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑆€
𝐶2 = 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑆2
n = capacity exponent or coefficient

Cx = $5.23 M
𝑆€ = 10000 𝑘𝑊
𝑆2 = 16000 𝑘𝑊
𝐶€ = 𝐶2 (𝑆€ /𝑆2 )×

10000 ‰.ÛÛ
5.23 = 𝐶2 ¨ ©
16000
5.23 = 0.661 Ck
𝐶2 = $7.9 𝑀 𝑠𝑎𝑦 $𝟖 𝑴 (estimated cost of 16000 kW)
Lecture April 2024
 Lecture April 2024
PROBLEM 350:
Victor flies from Manila to Davao via Cebu. He takes the PAL from Manila to Cebu
and Cebu Pacific from Cebu to Davao. The probability that PAL lands safely is
0.995 and the probability that Cebu Pacific plane lands safely is 0.998. Determine
the probability that victor lands safely in Cebu but has a mishap in Davao?

Solution:
Two events A and B are said to be independent events if the probability of the
simultaneous occurrence of A and B is equal to the product of the respective
probabilities.

P(A and B) = P(A) • P(B)

P(A) = 0.995 (probability that Victor lands safely from Manila to Cebu)
P(B) = 1 – 0.998 (probability that Victor has a mishap in Davao)
P(B) = 0.002

P(A and B) = P(A) • P(B)

P (A and B) = (0.995)(0.002) = 0.0199