Lecture April 2024

PROBLEM 306:
Find a cartesian equation that has the same graph as the polar equation
r2 = 9 cos 2q.

Solution: (r, )
r2 = 9 cos 2q
But cos 2q = cos2 q - sin2 q r
𝑥
y
cos q =
𝑟
𝑦 
sin q =
𝑟 x
r2 = x2 + y2
r2 = 9(cos2 q - sin2 q)
𝑥 ( 𝑦 (
𝑥( + 𝑦( = 9 Êü ý − ü ý Ë
𝑟 𝑟
(
𝑥( 𝑦(
(
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 9 è ( − (é
𝑟 𝑟
𝑥( 𝑦(
𝑥( + 𝑦( = 9è ( − é
𝑥 + 𝑦( 𝑥( + 𝑦(
𝑥( − 𝑦(
𝑥( + 𝑦( = 9¸ ( ¹
𝑥 + 𝑦(
(x2 + y2)2 = 9(x2 – y2)
 Lecture April 2024
PROBLEM 307:
Find an equation of the sphere whose center is (4, −3, 0) that is tangent to the
xz – plane.

Solution:

z
x

-3 y

4
4

(4,-3,0)

h=4
k=-3
c=0
r=3

(x – h)2 + (y – k)2 + (z – c)2 = r2

(𝑥 − 4)( + (𝑦 + 3)( + 𝑧 ( = 9 (𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒)
 Lecture April 2024
PROBLEM 308:

Find the half – life of a radioactive material that decays exponentially

at the rate of 2.0% per year.
Hint: y = ae-nt

Solution:
y = ae-nt
𝑎
𝑦=
2
𝑎
= 𝑎𝑒 ˆ×‚
2
½ = e-nt
½ = e-0.020t
ln ½ = -0.020t ln e
ln (1⁄2)
𝑡= = 34.7 𝑠𝑎𝑦 35 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠
−0.020
 Lecture April 2024
PROBLEM 309:
þ
The Richter magnitude R, used to rate the intensity of an earthquake, is given by 𝑅 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔
þÜ
where a and a0 are the vertical amplitudes of the ground movement of the measured
earthquake and of another earthquake taken as reference. In the figure shows the Richter
magnitude for earthquakes of different severities. If two earthquakes measure 4 and 5 on the
Richter scale, by what factor is the amplitude of the stronger quake greater than that of the
weaker?

Solution:
𝑎
𝑅 = log
𝑎‰
R = log a – log a0
For the 1st earthquake:
4 = log a1 – log a0
For the 2nd earthquake:
5 = log a2 – log a0
4 = log a1 – log a0
1 = log a2 – log a1
þ•
1 = log
þ•
𝑎(
= 10
𝑎B
a2 = 10 a1
Therefore, the second earthquake has 10 times the amplitude of the first.
 Lecture April 2024
PROBLEM 310:

Find the value of x0 prescribed by the law of mean, given f(x) = 3x2 + 4x – 3, a = 1, b = 3.

Solution:
𝑓 (𝑏 ) − 𝑓(𝑎)
= 𝑓 ƒ (𝑥‰ ) (𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑎𝑤 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛)
𝑏−𝑎
f(x) = 3x2 + 4x – 3
when b = 3
f(b) = 3(3)2 + 4(3) – 3
f(b) = 27 + 12 – 3 = 36
when a = 1
f(a) = 3(1)2 + 4(1) – 3
f(a) = 3 + 4 – 3 = 4
𝑓 (𝑏 ) − 𝑓(𝑎)
= 𝑓 ƒ (𝑥‰ )
𝑏−𝑎
36 − 4
= 𝑓 ƒ (𝑥‰ )
3−1
16 = f ’(x0)
f(x) = 3x2 + 4x – 3
f ’(x) = 6x + 4
f ’(x0) = 6x0 + 4
16 = 6x0 + 4
6x0 = 12
x0 = 2
 Lecture April 2024
PROBLEM 311:
Two parallel sides of a rectangle are being lengthened at a rate of 2 in/sec. while the other
two sides are shortened in such a way that the figure remains a rectangle with constant
area A = 50 in2. What are the dimensions when the perimeter ceases to decrease?

Solution:
P = 2x + 2y
𝑑𝑃 2𝑑𝑥 2𝑑𝑦 x
= +
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 y
= 2 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑑
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
= −2 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑑
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑃
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 =0
𝑑𝑡
0 = 2(2) + 2(- 2) = 0
A = xy (constant area)
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
=𝑥 +𝑦
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐴
=0 (𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐴)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0=𝑥 +𝑦
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0 = x(- 2) + y(2)
2x = 2y
x=y
A = xy
A = x(x)
A = x2
50 = x2
𝑥 = 5√ 2
𝑦 = 5 √2
 Lecture April 2024
PROBLEM 312:
Find the directional derivative of f(x) = 2x2 y3 + 6xy at (1, 1) in the direction of
a unit vector whose angle with the positive axis is π/6.

Solution:

Let z = 2x2 y3 + 6xy

𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
= cos q + sin q
𝑑𝑆 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑧
= (4𝑥𝑦 d + 6𝑦) cos q + (6𝑥 ( 𝑦 ( + 6𝑥) sin q
𝜕𝑆

At point (1, 1)

𝜕𝑧 𝜋 𝜋
= [4(1)(1)d + 6(1)] cos + [6(1)( (1)( + 6(1)] sin
𝜕𝑆 6 6

𝜕𝑧
= 10 cos 30˚ + 12 sin 30˚
𝜕𝑆

𝜕𝑧 10√3 1
= + 12 ¨ ©
𝜕𝑆 2 2

𝜕𝑧
= 5√3 + 6 (𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒)
𝜕𝑆
 Lecture April 2024
PROBLEM 313:

A firm expects to receive $3,200 each year for 15 years from sales of a product. An initial
investment of $150,000 will be required to manufacture the product. Expenses will run $7530
per year. Salvage value is zero, and straight-line depreciation is used. The income tax rate is
48%. Determine the after-tax rate of return.

Solution:
A1 = $32000/year (income)
Initial investment P = 150 000 (first cost FC)
A2 = $7530 (expenses)

Annual depreciation:
𝐹𝐶 − 𝑆𝑉.
𝐷𝑒𝑝 = (𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1
𝑛
150 000 − 0
𝐷𝑒𝑝 = $ 10 000/𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 13 14 15
15
Taxable income = 32000 – 7530 – 10000 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2
Taxable income = $14,470 P=150,000
Taxes paid = 14 470 (0.48) = $6945.60
The after – tax cash flow = 32000 – 7530 – 6945.60
The after – tax cash flow = $17,524.40/year.

𝐴[(1 + 𝑖 )× − 1]
𝑃=
(1 + 𝑖 ) × 𝑖
17524.40 [(1 + 𝑖)Bx − 1]
150,000 =
(1 + 𝑖 )Bx 𝑖
14 15
(1 + 𝑖)Bx−1
8.55949 =
(1 + 𝑖)Bx 𝑖 A A A A A A A

Try 8% P=150,000

(1.08)Bx − 1
= 8.855948
(1.08)Bx (0.08)
Use i = 8% (after tax rate of return)
 Lecture April 2024
PROBLEM 314:

A truck leaves a city traveling at 72.5 kph and a car leaves the same city 1.25
hours later to overtake the truck. If the car’s speed is 108 kph, how long will it
take for the car to overtake the truck?

Solution:
72.5(1.25) 72.5t

overtaking point
72.5(t + 1.25)

108t

72.5(1.25) + 72.5t = 108t

35.5t = 72.5(1.25)
t = 2.55 hours
 Lecture April 2024
PROBLEM 315:
George recently graduated with a degree in aeronautical engineering from a Midwest
University. He has accepted a job in Seattle and he is deciding between renting and buying
a home. George’s hobby is model railroading and he will not move again unless he leaves
Seattle for a job elsewhere in the country. If George buys the house, it will cost him about
$5000 in transaction costs at time 0 and another $20,000 when he sells it. His mortgage
and lease payments would be about the same, but he has estimated that the lifestyle and
tax advantages of ownership are worth about $3600 per year. George’s interest rate is
9%. How many years must George live in Seattle for buying to be more economically
attractive?

Solution:

Equate the present worth PW equal to present worth of $36000.

20000 3600[(1 + 𝑖)× − 1]
5000 + =
(1 + 𝑖)× (1 + 𝑖 )× 𝑖
n
Assume n = 6
20000 3600[(1.09)Ò − 1]
5000 + = 5000 20,000
(1.09)Ò (1.09)Ò (0.09)
16,925.35 = 16,149.30 20000
(1 + i)n
Assume n = 7
20000
PW = 5000 +
20000 3600[(1.09)û − 1] (1 + i)n
5000 + =
(1.09)û (1.09)û (0.09)
n
15,940.68 ≠ 18,118
Use n = 6
A A A A A A=36000

Present worth of $36000:

A[(1 + i)n - 1]
P=
(1 + i)n i
 Lecture April 2024
PROBLEM 316:

The equations for exponential growth can naturally be applied to living organisms. We would
expect this, as the number of children produced in a generation depends on the number of
parents. The populations of organisms for which we can control the conditions of growth
(temperature, food supply, available space) grow at nearly ideal exponential rates. In
particular, a population of a colony of bacteria will grow exponentially if we provide them with
enough food.
A bacterial sample contains 2850 bacteria and grows at a rate of 5.85% per hour.
Assuming that the bacteria grow exponentially.

a) Write the equation for the number N of bacteria as a function of time. Hint: y = aent
b) Find the time for the sample to grow to 10,000 bacteria.

Solution:
a) Equation for the number N of bacteria as a function of time
y = aent
a = 2850
n = 0.0585 (5.85%)
N = 2850e0.0585t

b) Time when N = 10,000

N = 2850e0.0585t
10,000 = 2850e0.0585t
3.51 = e0.0585t
ln (3.51) = 0.0585t
t = 21.5 hours
 Lecture April 2024
PROBLEM 317:
A certain amplifier has a power output of 500 W for an input of 20 W. Find the
decibels gained or lost.
𝑃(
𝐻𝑖𝑛𝑡: 𝐺D = 10 𝑙𝑜𝑔B‰ 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑙
𝑃B

Solution:
𝑃(
𝐺D = 10 𝑙𝑜𝑔B‰
𝑃B
500
𝐺D = 10 𝑙𝑜𝑔B‰
20
Gp = 10 log10 25
Gp = 14 decibels
 Lecture April 2024
PROBLEM 318:
The highest volume for a highway lane was observed to be 1340 vehicle per hour.
The peak hour factor calculated from the 15 min. peak flow is 0.88. What is the
mean headway (seconds) during the peak period?

Solution:
𝑉
Peak flow rate =
𝑃𝐻𝐹
1340
𝜐D =
0.88
𝜐D = 1523 𝑉𝑒ℎ/ℎ𝑟
dÒ‰‰
Mean headway (seconds)= = 2.36 sec.
Bx(d
 Lecture April 2024
PROBLEM 319:
Several highway segments are being evaluated for allocation of limited funding. Statistics
from the 3 years have been summarized in the table below. From the point of view of safety,
which segment should receive highest priority in the allowance of funding?

Number of
Segment Length (miles) ADT (upd)
Accidents
1 46 6 20,000
2 67 4 12,000
3 43 5 8,000
4 60 4 10,000

Solution:
F))c»!ׂ- € B‰G
Accidents per hundred million vehicles =
H (dÒx)(B)(FI<)

Segment (1)
{Ò (B‰)G
Accidents per hundred million vehicles = = 35 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
d (dÒx)(Ò)((‰,‰‰‰)

Segment (2)
Òû(B‰)G
Accidents per hundred million vehicles = = 127.50 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
d (dÒx)({)(B(,‰‰‰)

Segment (3)
{d(B‰)G
Accidents per hundred million vehicles = = = 98.2 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
d (dÒx)(x)(Û‰‰‰)

Segment (4)
Ò‰(B‰)G
Accidents per hundred million vehicles = = 137 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
d (dÒx)({)(B‰,‰‰‰)

Therefore, the segment most in need of rehabilitation is segment (4)