Acknowledgement

I wouldliketo eXpress my Immense

gratitude to my physics teacher Mr. Vineet
VermaSir for the help and guidance he
provided for completing this project.
Ialso thank my parents whogave their
ideas and inputs in making this project.
Most of all thank our school management.
For providing us the facilities and
opportunity to do this project.

~Thank you ~
 INDEX
1. INTRODUCTION
2. OBJECTIVES
3. PRINCIPLE
4. CONSTRUCTION
5. THEORY
6. EFFICIENCY

7. CIRCUIT DAIGRAM

8. ENERGY LOSSES INTRANSFORMER

9. USES
10. APPLICATIONS

11. PRECAUTIONS
12. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 INTRODUCTION
TRANSFORMER
The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating
voltage to ahigh alternating voltage or a high alternating voltage into
low alternating voltage.

Atransformer which increases the A.C. voltage is called a "Step

uptransformer,'

A transformer which decreases the A.C. voltage is called a"Step

down transformer"

TRANSFORMER
iron
Core

STEP UP TRANSFORMER
primary
coil
secondary
coil

110/120 220/240
volts volts

STEP DOWN
TRANSFORMER
primary secondary
coil coil

220/240 110/120
volts volts
Robin Storesund
 ASTEP DOWN TRANSFORMER
A
step-down transformer is one whose secondary voltage is less than
its primary voltage. It is designed toreduce the voltage from the
primary winding to the secondary winding. This kind of transformer
"step down the voltage applied to it

As a step-down unit, the transformer convert high-voltage, low

current power into low-voltage, high-current power.
 PRINCIPLE

A Transformer is based on the principle of mutual induction.

According to this principle, When the amount of magnetic flux linked
with a coil changing, an e.m.f. is induced in the neighboring coil.
 CONSTRUCTION

A transTormer consists of a rectangular shaft iron core made of

laminated sheets, well insulated from one another. Two coils Pi & P2

and Si & S2 are wound on the same core, but are well insulated with

each other. Note that the both the coils are insulated from the core.

Thesource of alternating e.m.f. is connected to PP2, the primary coil

and a load resistance R 0s connected to SS, the secondary coil

through an open switch S. Thus there can be no current through the

secondary coil as long as the switch is open.

of the
For an ideal transformer, we assume that the resistance
primary & secondary winding is negligible. Further, the energy loses
due to the magnetic iron core is also negligible.
 THEORY
When an alternating e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil P,Pz, an
alternating current starts flowing in it. The alternating current in the
primary coil produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces
alternating voltage inthe primary as well as in the secondary coil. In
a good transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with primary
coil is also linked with the secondary coil. then the induced e.m.f.
induced in each turn of the secondarvcoil is equal to that induced in
each turn of the primary coil. Thus if E, and E, be the instantaneous
values of the e.m.f.'s induced in the primary coil and the secondary

coil and N and N, are the number of turns of the primary and
secondary coils of the transformer and

do,/ d,= rate of change of flux in each turn of the coil

At this instant, we have

E, =-N, do,/d, i)

E, =-N, do/d, (i)

Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing (i)

by (i), we get

E,/ E,= - N./N, (ii)

 As Ep IS the instantaneous value of back e.m.f. induced in the primary

coll Pi, So the instantaneous current in primary coil is due to the

diterence (E - Ep ) in the instantaneous values of the applied and

back e.m.f. Further if R, is the resistance of P.Pz coil, then the

instantaneous current I, in the primary coil is given by

= (E-E,)/R,
(E-E,) = I,Rp

When the resistance of the primary is small, R,I, can be neglected so

therefore

E-E, =0 or Ep=E

Thus back e.m.f. = input e.m.f.

Hence equation (i) can be written as

E,/E,= Es/E=output e.m.f/ input e.m.f =N,/ N,= K

Where Kis constant, called turn or transformation ratio.

 0000000
00000

In astep down transformer:

E,<E so K<1, hence N,< N,

If = value of primary current at the same instantt

And I, = Value of sec. current at this instant, then
Input power at the instant t E,I,
And Output power at the same instant E, I,
If there are no losses of power in the transformer,then

Input power = Output power

E, I, = E,I,
E,/E, = I,/, = K
 ILLUSTRATION

Step Down Transformer

Prleary Secandary

1000V 200V
2A 10A

2C00 W
2000 W

Iron
core

Electricity Primary Secondary Electricity

Coil Cui! out
(input) (output)
 EFFICIENCY
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to

the input power. i.e.

n = output power/input power = E,I./ E,I

Thus in an ideal transformer. where there is no power losses, n= 1.

But in actual practice, there are many power losses, therefore tne
efficiency of transformer is less than one.
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Box (optional)
Switch Fuse
Plug (optional)

Transformer
 ENERGY LOSSES
Followingare the major sources of energy loss in atransformer:

1. Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the copper
coils of a transformer. This is due to joule heating of conducting
wires.

2. Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron
the transformer. This is due to formation of eddy currents in iron
core. It is minimized bytaking laminated cores.

3. Leakage of magnetic flux occurs in spite of best insulations.

Therefore, rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn
of S,S, is less than the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with
each turn of P,P2.

4. Hysteretic loss is the loss of energy due to repeated

magnetization and demagnetization of the iron core when A.C. is
fedto it.

5. Magneto striation i.e. humming noise of a transformer.

 USES OF TRANSFORMER
A
transformer is used in almost allA. C. operations:

1· In voltageregulator for T.V., refrigerator, con

conditioner etc.

2. In the induction furnaces.

3. Astep down transformer is used for welding purp0ses.

4. Astep down transformer is used for obtaining large current.

5. In transmission of A.C. over long distance.

High Voltage
Transmission
Lines From
Power Plant Utility Distribution
Pole With Lines to
Step-Down Other
Transformer Customers

Transmission Step-Down Your House

Tower Transtormer
in Substation
 APPLICATIONS
A major application of transformer is to increases voltage before
transmitting electrical energy over long distance through wires.
Wires have resistance and so dissipate electrical energy at a rate
proportional to the square of the current through the wire. By
transforming electrical power to a high-voltage (and there for low
current) form for transmission and back again afterward,
transtormers enable economical transmission of power over long
distance. Consequently, transformers have shaped the electrical
supply industry, permitting generation to be located remotely from
points of demand. All but a tiny fraction of the world's electrical
power has passed through a series of transforms by the time it
reaches the consumer.

Transformer are also used extensively in electronic products to step

down the supply voltage to a level suitable for the low voltage
circuits they contain.

The transformer also used electrically isolates the end user from
contact with the supplyvoltage.

Transformer range in size from a thumbnail-sized coupling

transformer hidden inside a stage microphone to huge unit weighing
hundreds of tons used in power stations., or to interconnect portions
of power grids. AIl operate on the same basic principles, although the
range of designs is wide. While new technologies have eliminated
the need for transformers in some electronic circuits, transformers
still found in nearly all electronic devices designed for household
("mains") voltage. Transformer are essential for high-voltage
electrical power transmission, which makes long-distance

transmission economically practical.

Single and audio transformer are used to couple stages of amplifier

and to match devices such as microphones and record players to the
input of the amplifiers. Audio transformer allowed telephone circuit
to carry on a two-way conservation over a single pair of wires. A
balun transformer converts asingle that is referenced to ground toa
signal that has balanced voltage to ground, such as between external
cables and internal circuits.
 PRECAUTIONS

1. The loss of power in the transmission lines is I'R,

where Ijastrength of current and Ris the
resistance of wires. To reduce the power loss,
a.c. is transmittedover longdistance at
extremely high voltages. This reduces I in the
Same ratio. Therefore, I'R becomes negligibly
low.
2. Permeability of magnetic materialof
transformer core must be high.
3. Oiling in transformer provides insulation
as well as cooling.
4.The transformer core must be laminated to
minimize loss of energy due to eddy currents.
5. Safety from high voltage is maintained.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Physics textbook for class XIl, NCERT

2. Wikipedia
3. Practical physics for class XIl.