Revision chapter 3

(Trial exam )
1) All the following reactions are irreversible except:
a)2AgNO3(aq) + BaCl2(aq) =Ba(NO3)2(aq) + 2AgCl(s)
b) Ba (OH)2(aq) + 2HNO3(aq) = Ba(NO3)2(aq) +2H2O(l)
c)FeCl3(aq) +3NH4SCN(aq) = Fe(SCN)3(aq) + 3NH4Cl(aq)
d) Fe(S)+ H2SO4(aq) = FeSO4(aq) +H2(g)

2) The reaction of 2 g of calcium carbonate with 10 mL of

hydrochloric acid is carried out 4 times in different
conditions a s shown in these figures

What is the experiment in which the reaction rate is the

fastest?
a)1
b)2
c)3
d)4

1
3) If kp= (4.2x102) at a certain temperature for the
following reaction:
2NH3(g) ⇄N2(g) + 3H2(g)
So, what is the value of Kp of the following reaction at
the same temperature?
𝟏 𝟑
N2(g) + H2(g)⇄ NH3(g)
𝟐 𝟐
a)4.2x102
1
b)
4.2𝑥102
c)√4.2𝑥102
1
d)
√4.2𝑥102

4) In the following equilibrium reaction:

2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇄ 2SO3(g) Kc=8
At constant temperature, the reaction mixture keeps
its equilibrium state in container of 2L volume, where
the number of moles of sulphur dioxide and sulphur
trioxide is equal, Then the number of moles of oxygen
present in the solution equals ……………
a)0.05
b)0.125
c)0.20
d)0.25

2
5) Two experiments of decomposition of 100
mL of 1 M hydrogen peroxide are performed by
using 2 different temperatures, the opposite
graphical figure represents the relation
between the rate of the reaction and the time
in each of them.
Which of the following show the relation between the
volume of the produced oxygen gas and time?

a) b) c) d)

6) At a temperature 25oc, the following concentrations

of the reactants and products are given:
H2CO3 H2O HCO3- H3O+
3.3x10-2 M 0.0387M 7.1X10-1 M 1.1X10-5 M
For the following reaction at equilibrium:
H2CO3(aq) + H2O(l) ⇄H3O+(aq) + HCO3-(aq)
Then the value of Kc for the following reaction equals
……………...
a)6.11x10-3
b)2.37x10-4
c)5x10-4
d)1.4x107

3
7) 0.005 M nitrous acid, Has PH = 5, The ionization
percentage of the acid equals ……………..
a) 0.8%
b) 10%
c) 0.2%
d) 1%

8) For the following reaction:

CO(g) + 3H2(g) ⇄CH4(g) + H2O(V)
Given that:
[CO]= 0.0613 mole/L
[H2] = 0.1839 mole/L
[CH4]= 0.0387 mole/L
[H2O] =0.0387 mole/L
Which of the following graphical figures shows the
concentration of the reactants and products per time
for this reaction?

a) b) c)

4
9) In the following reaction:
2H2O(l) + O2(g) ⇄ 2H2O2(l) Kp=0.2
The partial pressure of oxygen equals ……………….
a)0.2 atm
b)0.02 atm
c)5 atm
d)0.5 atm

10) In the following equilibrium reaction:

2O3(g) ⇄3O2(g) , Kp1
3O2(g) ⇄2O3(g) , Kp2
The mathematical relationship between equilibrium
constant is ……….
a)Kp1 + Kp2 =1
b)Kp1 x Kp2 =1
c)Kp1/Kp2 =1
d)Kp1-Kp2 =1

11) From the following equilibrium:

H2(g) + N2(g) +O2(g) ⇄ …………….
Inactivated molecules Activated molecules

What is the value of equilibrium constant after

balancing the equation?
(𝑃𝑁𝐻3 )2
a) Kp=
(𝑃𝑁2 )(𝑃𝐻2 )3
(𝑃𝑁𝐻3 )
b)Kp = (𝑃𝑁
2 )(𝑃𝐻2 )
(𝑃𝑁𝑂)
c) Kp =
(𝑃𝑁2 )(𝑃𝑂2 )
(𝑃𝑁𝑂)2
d) Kp =
(𝑃𝑁2 )(𝑃𝑂2 )

5
12) The following graph represents the
activation energy for a reversible
reaction, what is the correct relation
between the values of equilibrium
constant (Kc) and the temperature on performing the
reaction at three different temperatures?

a) b) c) d)

13) In the following equilibrium:

N2(g) +3H2(g) ⇄2NH3(g) H=-92KJ
The quantity of hydrogen gas can be increased by
…………………….
a) Adding ammonia / decreasing the volume of the
container
b) Withdrawal nitrogen / Increasing volume of container
c)Decreasing temperature / Adding nitrogen
d)Increasing temperature /Withdrawal ammonia

14) Which of the following solutions has POH < 7 ?

a) Potassium acetate
b) Ammonium acetate
c)Ammonium sulphate
d) Ammonium nitrate

6
15) The following table shows the results of two
experiments were performed on the following
equilibrium reaction at 25oc
PCl5(g) ⇄PCl3(g) +Cl2(g)
Experiment [PCl5] [PCl3] [Cl2]
(1) 0.023 0.23 0.055
(2) X 0.15 0.37
So, the value of X equals …………………….
a) 0.1 M
b) 0.2 M
c) 0.3 M
d) 0.6 M

16) On performing a reaction of active metal (X) with

strong mineral acid (Y).
What is the modification which can be performed to
make the reaction occurs in a shorter time? 2)
a) Increasing the pressure
b) inceasing the acid volume
c) Decreasing the reaction temperature
d) Dividing the metal

7
17) Use the following ionization constants to answer the
questions below:
a) Ka (HC2H3O2) = 1.8 x 10– 5
b) Ka (HCN) = 4.9 x 10–10
c) Ka (HCOOH) = 1.7 x 10-4
Which of the three acids is the weakest?
a) (HC2H3O2)
b) (HCN)
c) (HCOOH)

18) Which of the following solutions is more basic?

a) [H+] = 2x10-4M
b) [OH-]=2x10-4M
c)pH= 2.1
d) p0H=5.3

8
19) the following reaction is represented using the
following graph as follows
A2 + B2 + heat ⇌2AB
Which of the following choices represents what happen
for the reaction?

Choices T1 T2

A Increasing Adding reactants

pressure

B Adding product Increasing temperature

C Decreasing removing reactants

temperature

D Adding reactants Decreasing temperature

9
20) 11g of [C5H11COOH] acid, is dissolved in certain
amount of water till the volume of solution becomes 1L,
If the pH value of the solution at 25oc is 2.94
[H=1 , C=12 , O=16]
Then the ionization constant of the acid equals ……………
a)1.4x10-5
b)1.148x10-3
c)1.318x10-6
d)1.39x10-4

21) Which pair of the following indicators gives red color

on adding it to iron III nitrate solution?
a) Phenolphthalein / Methyl orange
b) Bromothymol blue / Phenolphthalein
c)Litmus solution /Methyl orange
d)Litmus solution / Bromothymol blue

22) which of the followings doesn’t change the PH or the

color of red methyl orange
a) CH3COOK
b) MgCl2
c) FeCl3
d) (NH4)2CO3

10
23) on adding drops of HCl acid on HA acid solution
a) hydronium ion concentration increase and pH value
decreases
b) hydronium ion concentration increases and pH value
increases
c) hydronium ion concentration decreases and pH value
increases
d) hydronium ion concentration decrease and pH value
decreases

24) which of the following is correct by dilution

HA + H2O⇄H3O+ A
(a) Kc is constant and PH increase
(b) kc is constant and PH decrease
(c) Kc is decrease and PH decrease
(d) Kc is constant and POH increase

25)In this reaction:

Mg(s) +2HCl(aq)  MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
We can increase the rate of the following reaction by all
the following except ……….
a) Crushing of magnesium block
b) raising the temperature at the beginning of the
reaction
c) Exposing to light
d) Adding excess of concentrated HCl

11
26) In the following reaction:
NH2 – NH2(g) ⇄N2(g) +2H2(g) H = (-Ve)
The rate of forward reaction decreased by ………..
a) Increasing pressure and cooling
b) Increasing pressure and heating
c) decreasing pressure and heating
d) decreasing pressure and cooling

27) The effects of temperature and pressure on the

equilibrium yield of a reversible reaction are shown in
the graph.
In which of the following reactions
would this behavior be observed?

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

12
28)The equilibrium position isn’t affect by ………. In the
following reaction.(The following reaction is
endothermic)
2NO(g) ⇄N2(g) + O2(g)
a) Increasing the pressure
b) withdrawal of nitrogen
c) Adding excess amount of oxygen
d) Decreasing the temperature

29) In the following equilibrium:

2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇄2SO3(g) + Heat

To increase the concentration of sulphur trioxide gas,

…………… is required.

Choices [SO2] Pressure

Temperature

a) Decrease Increase Increase

concentration temperature Pressure
of SO2
b) Decrease Decrease Decrease
concentration temperature Pressure
of SO2
c) Increase Increase Decrease
concentration temperature Pressure
of SO2
d) Increase Decrease Increase
concentration temperature Pressure
of SO2

13
30) In titration process the suitable standard solution
used to determine HCl concentration is ……………
a) NaNO3
b) HCN
c) Na2CO3
d) CH3COONH4

31) Which of the following reactions will shift forward

When pushing the piston into
the syringe?

a) 2H2O(g) ⇌2H2(g) + O2(g)

b) ClF5(g) ⇌ClF3(g) + F2(g)
c) CS2(g) + 4H2(g)⇌CH4(g) + 2H2S(g)
d) 2NO(g) ⇄N2(g) + O2(g)

32) The following reaction has two values of KC at two

different temperatures: Kc = 2x104 At
200oc
X2(g) + Y2(g) ⇄2XY(g)
Kc = 2x108 At
The value of KC of the following 400oc
reaction can be increased by
…………….
a) Heating
b) Cooling
c) Heating and increasing the concentration of X2
d) Cooling and increasing the concentration of Y2

14
33) At constant temperature, on dilution of iron II
hydroxide …….

a) The degree of ionization decreases, and the solution

concentration increases
b) The degree of ionization increases, and the solution
concentration increases
c) The degree of ionization increases, and the solution
concentration decreases
d) The degree of ionization decreases, and the solution
concentration decreases

34) Which of the following changes increases the

chemical reaction rate without affecting the
equilibrium yield constant? “EKB”
a) Adding a catalyst to the reaction mixture
b) Heating the reaction mixture
c) Decreasing the surface area of the reactants
d)no correct answer

35) 20 mL of 0.1M sulphuric acid added to 15 mL of 0.2 M

sodium hydroxide solution
Where the color of bromothymol blue becomes yellow,
So to return back to the neutralization point we must
add ………… of ………..
a)5 mL /the base
b)5ml / the Acid
c)10 mL / the acid
d)10 mL / the base

15
36)The following graph:
Represents the relation between the mass of three
sparingly soluble in water (A) , (B) and (C) on which
ammonia solution was added to each of them by
passing time
What are these salts?

Choices A B C
a) AgI AgBr AgCl
b) AgBr AgCl AgI
c) AgBr AgI AgCl
d) AgCl AgBr AgI

37) On adding sodium chloride solution to all of the

following, a ppt. will be formed, except …………….
a) HgNO3
b) AgNO3
c) KNO3
d) pb (NO3)2

16
38) Salt(D): When reacts with barium chloride solution,
a white ppt. is formed which is insoluble in dil.
hydrochloric acid
And when sodium hydroxide solution is added to the
salt solution, a reddish-brown ppt. is formed.
a) FeSO4
b) Fe2(SO4)3
c)FePO4
d)Fe3(PO4)2

39) Salt(B): When reacts with conc. Sulphuric acid , a

colorless gas evolves which forms white fumes with
glass rod wet with ammonia solution
And when excess of sodium hydroxide solution is
added gradually to the salt a white ppt.is formed then
disappears.
a) AlPO4
b) AlBr3
c) AlCl3
d) FeBr2

40)All the following salts are soluble in water , Except

……………
a) Na2CO3
b) (NH4)2CO3
c) FeCO3
d) Mg (HCO3)2

17
41) 1.687 grams of hydrated magnesium sulphate
(MgSO4.XH2O) was strongly heated until a constant
mass of 0.824 grams, then the percentage of water of
crystallization equals ………………. and the molecular
formula of the salt is ……………….
(Mg=24, S=32 , O=16 , H=1)
a)51.16%, MgSO4.7H2O
b)51.6%, MgSO4.3H2O
c) 51.6%, MgSO4.10H2O
d)26.8%, MgSO4.7H2O

42) 14.3 gm of hydrated sodium carbonate Na2CO3.XH2O

dissolved in water , then the volume of the solution is
completed to 1 liter , if 25 mL of this solution is
neutralized by 25 mL of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid so , the%
of crystallizing water will be ……… [O=16 , C=12 , Na=23]
a)62.93%
b)15.73%
c)31.65%
d)25.87%

43)Gas (X) evolved which have a very irritating smell

and turns a paper wet with acidified potassium
dichromate to green , on adding diluted HCl to solid salt
of ……………..
a) Sodium thiosulphate, Sodium carbonate
b) Sodium sulphite , Sodium bicarbonate
c) Sodium sulphite , Sodium carbonate
d) Sodium sulphite , Sodium thiosulphate
18
44) Dil. HCl can differentiate between all the following
except ……..
a)Na2SO3 , Na2S2O3
b)Na2S , NaNO2
c)Na2SO3 , NaCl
d)Na2CO3 , NaHCO3

45)
The table below shows the solubility product of four
substances and the product of ion concentrations for
an aqueous solution of each substance.”EKB”
Solubility Product of Ion
Solution Substance
Product Concentrations

1.77×10-
A AgCl 6.52×10-9 mol2/L2
10
mol2/L2

1.08×10-
B BaSO4 2.90×10-8 mol2/L2
10
mol2/L2

2.53×10-
C PbSO4 5.64×10-10 mol2/L2
8
mol2/L2

5.61×10-
D Mg(OH)2 8.26×10-11 mol3/L3
12+
mol3/L3
In which solution can more of the substance be
dissolved?
a) D
b) B
c) A
d) C

19
46) What is the solubility product value of aluminum
hydroxide , its solubility degree is 10-6 mole/L?
a)1x10-12
b)1x10-24
c)2.7x10-23
d)4x10-18

47) What is the solubility degree of barium iodate Ba

(IO3)2 in pure water at 250c , if the solubility product is
1.57x10-9?
a)1.2x10-5 M
b) 1.7x10-5 M
c) 7.32x10-4 M
d) 8.4x10-4 M

48) Find Ksp for Al2S3 by dissolving it to give the

concentration of Al3+ = 2x10-4 mole/L in a saturated
solution.
a)4.12x10-17
b)1.08x10-18
c)2.76x10-19
d)3.65x10-15

20
49) Solubility product of magnesium phosphate is
calculated from the relation …………………..
a) Ksp = [Mg2+] [PO43-]
b) Ksp = [Mg2+]3[PO43-]2
[𝑀𝑔+2 ][𝑃𝑂4 ]−3
c) Ksp = [𝑀𝑔3(𝑃𝑂4)2]
[Mg2+]2[PO43−]
d) Ksp = [𝑀𝑔3(𝑃𝑂4)2]

50) On increasing the concentration of products for

exothermic reaction So, ………
a) Reaction shifted backward
b) The value of Kc decreases
c)The value of Kc doesn’t change
d)Both a and c are correct

21
 Model answer

Question Answer Question Answer

1 C 26 B
2 C 27 A
3 D 28 A
4 D 29 D
5 D 30 C
6 B 31 C
7 C 32 A
8 A 33 C
9 C 34 A
10 B 35 A
11 D 36 D
12 D 37 C
13 B 38 B
14 A 39 C
15 A 40 C
16 D 41 A
17 B 42 A
18 B 43 D
19 D 44 D
20 A 45 D
21 C 46 C
22 D 47 C
23 A 48 B
24 A 49 B
25 C 50 D

22
Reasons :
1)Irreversible chemical reactions (Complete reactions)
()
Type of reaction goes in one direction only because one
of the products escape from the reaction medium in the
form of gas or solid precipitate. So, the products can’t
react again to form the reactants under the same
reaction conditions.
a) silver nitrate solution reacts with barium chloride
solution to form barium nitrate solution and white
ppt. of AgCl so, choice a is excluded.
b) neutralization reaction between strong base
(Barium hydroxide) and strong acid nitric acid goes
to completion (Complete reaction) so, choice b is
excluded.
c) Reaction between iron III chloride (FeCl3) pale
yellow solution and ammonium thiocyanate to
produce blood red solution of Iron III thiocyanate
(Fe (SCN)3) and ammonium chloride solution, no
products escape from the reaction in the form of
solid ppt. or gas so, the reaction is reversible
(Incomplete) reaction. So, choice c is the correct
choice.
d) Iron dissolves in diluted mineral acids producing
iron II salts and hydrogen gas (H2 ↑) , Which escape
from the reaction medium (Complete reaction) so,
choice d is excluded.
***
Complete (irreversible) reaction :
23
 1- Solid ppt
2- Gas
3- Neutralization reaction between (strong acid –
strong base )
Incomplete (reversible) reaction :
1- No ppt
2- Gas ( closed vessel )

2) Factors affecting the rate of chemical reaction

(‫ بسرعه‬NCTPLC‫)تحب‬:
1)Nature of reactants
2)Concentration of reactants
3)Temperature
4)Pressure
5)Light
6)Catalyst
The reaction is fastest in tube (3)
In this experiment we will concern about temperature
and nature of reactant:
a) Nature of reactants (Surface area of the reacting
molecules)
When the surface area of the reactants increases, the
rate of chemical reaction increases, As the surface area
of reactants exposed to chemical reaction increases.
So, powder reacts faster than block.
So, both choices 2 and 4 are excluded.

24
b) Temperature:
A rise in temperature increases the rate of chemical
reaction. as the number of activated molecules
increases, increasing the chance of collision between
reacting molecules which increases the rate of chemical
reaction.
Then the reaction is fastest in test tube (3).

3) for the following reaction:

2NH3(g) ⇄N2(g) +3H2(g) kp1= (4.2x102)
Then for:
𝟏 𝟑
N2(g) + H2(g)⇄ NH3(g) kp2
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
We reversed the equation so, New Kp =
𝑲𝒄𝟏
𝟏
𝟏
Also, we multiplied the equation by ½ so, Kp2= ( )𝟐
𝑲𝒄𝟏
𝟏 1
𝟏 1
Kp2= ( )
𝟐 , Kp2 =( ) 2 = 0.0487
𝑲𝒑𝟏 4.2𝑥102
1
So, choice d is correct as = 0.04879
√4.2𝑥102

4) Steps:
[𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡]
Kc =
[𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡]
[𝑆𝑂3 ]2
Kc=
[𝑆𝑂2 ]2 [𝑂2 ]
𝑁𝑂.𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
Concentration =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
Where the number of moles of sulphur dioxide and
sulphur trioxide is equal and the volume is constant,
then the concentration of both sulphur dioxide and
sulphur trioxide is equal
[SO3] = [SO2] = x

25
 [𝑋]2 1 1
Kc= , Kc = ,8= , [O2]= 0.125 molar
[𝑋]2 [𝑂2 ] [𝑂2 ] [𝑂2 ]
𝑁𝑂.𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
[O2] =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
0.125 molar = , No of moles of oxygen gas =0.25
2
moles

5) Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide(H2O2):

2H2O2(l)  2H2O(l) +O2(g)
(Remember in chapter 1 : MnO2 (Manganese dioxide) is
used as a catalyst in decomposition of hydrogen
peroxide)

The opposite graph for explanation

only
Assume that experiment (1) needs 6
seconds for decomposition of
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
While experiment (2) needs 11 seconds for
decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
Then experiment (1) is faster than experiment (2).
“El a2rab howa el asra3”
Factors affecting rate of chemical reaction: (NCTPLC):
1)Nature of reactant
2)Concentration
3)Temperature (As mentioned in the question we use
two different temperatures in both experiments which
effects the rate of the chemical reaction)
4) Pressure
5)Light

26
6)Catalyst
Then choices (a) and (c) are excluded
As in both choices, experiment (2) is faster than
experiment 1
“El a2rab howa el asra3”
Difference between choice b and d is the quantity of
evolved oxygen gas:
Factor affecting quantity (Amount) of products
(evolved oxygen gas) :
No. of moles of reactants.
we use the same number of moles in both experiments
(1) and (2).
𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
Concentration =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
No. of moles = Concentration X volume in liters (mL X10-3 L)

= 1 x (100x10-3) = 0.1 mole

So, The quantity of oxygen gas evolved in both
experiments must be equal because we used the same
no. of moles of reactants in both experiments.
So, choice D is correct, choice B is excluded because no.
of moles of evolved oxygen gas is higher in experiment 2,
which is wrong.

27
6) B
Remind that:
The concentration of water in liquid state and the
concentration of pure solid substance will not be written
in the calculations of Kc because their values are
constant and fixed whatever their quantities.
El waterl lw liquid w ay 7aga solid ‫الااااااااااااااااااااااااا تكتب‬

[𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡] [H3 O][HCO3 ] [1.1𝑋10−5 ][7.1𝑋10−1 ]

Kc = = = = 2.37X10-4
[𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡] [H2 C𝑂3 ] [3.3𝑋10−2 ]

7)C
Nitrous acid (HNO2) is (weak acid )
pH=-log[H+] ,
[H+] = [H3O+] = Shift log –pH = Shift log -5
= 1x10-5 M
[H+] = [H3O+] for weak acid = √𝐾𝑎 × 𝐶𝑎
[𝑯𝟑 𝑶]𝟐
Ka=
𝑪𝒂
[1𝑥10−5 ]2
Ka= =2x10-8
0.005
𝐾𝑎
α=√
𝐶𝑎

Ca(Concentration of acid) = 0.005M

Ka(Ionization constant of acid ) = 2x10-8
Ionization degree(α) = X
𝑲𝒂
α=√
𝑪𝒂

𝟐𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟖
α=√ = 2x10-3 =0.002= 0.2%
𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟓

note “to convert number to %  (X 100) “

28
8) a
[𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡]
Kc =
[𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡]

[𝐶𝐻4 ][𝐻2 𝑂] [𝟎.𝟎𝟑𝟖𝟕][𝟎.𝟎𝟑𝟖𝟕]

Kc= [𝐶𝑂][𝐻2 ]3
= [𝟎.𝟎𝟔𝟏𝟑 ][𝟎.𝟏𝟖𝟑𝟗]𝟑 = 3.92
Kc >1
If the value of Kc is more than 1 (Kc>1) it means that the
concentration of the products is more than the
concentration of the reactants, Which means that, the
reaction is shifted forward so the forward reaction is the
predominant reaction
Kc kbeeraaa y3ny products kberaaa
a) Choice a is the correct answer as concentration of
product is more than concentration of reactants

b) Choice b , is wrong as concentration of product is

less than the concentration reactants

29
 c) Choice C is wrong as it represents a reaction at
equilibrium, where Kc = 1, the mentioned reaction
reaction is not at equilibrium “Kc
not equal 1 )

****notes of Kc
Kc> 1 so (conc. Of product > conc. Of reactant – forward –
graph a )
Kc <1 so ( conc of rectant > conc. Of product – backward
– graph b )

9) C
pure liquids, and the concentration of pure water as
solvent
, are not included in the equilibrium expression.
(𝑷𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕 ) (𝑯𝟐 𝑶𝟐 )𝟐
Kp = , Kp= ,
(𝑷𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕) (𝑯𝟐 𝑶)𝟐 (𝑶𝟐 )
𝟏
0.2 = ,
(𝑶𝟐 )

PO2 =5 atm

‫الااااااااااااااااااااااااا تكتب‬

30
10) b
(𝑷𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕 ) (𝑶𝟐 )𝟑
Kp1 = =
(𝑷𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕) (𝑶𝟑 )𝟐

(𝑷𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕 ) [𝑶𝟑 )𝟐 𝟏
Kp2 = = =
(𝑷𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕) (𝑶𝟐 )𝟑 𝑲𝒑𝟏

1
Kp1 x Kp2 = Kp1 x =1
𝐾𝑝1

11) d
To have a chemical reaction, the reactant molecules
must collide with each other, but only molecules of very
high energy can react as their kinetic energy is high
enough to break bonds between the molecules so that
the chemical reaction can take place
Therefore, the molecule must have a minimum amount
of kinetic energy (Activation energy) to react during
collision.
Activation energy The minimum amount of energy
that must be gained by a molecule to react at collision
Activated molecules  They are molecules, which have
kinetic energy equals or exceeds activation energy
Unactivated molecule  They are molecules, which
have kinetic energy less than the activation energy
Then N2(g) , O2(g) can react as they are activated
molecule
While H2(g) will not react

31
 H2(g) + N2(g) +O2(g) ⇄ ……………. +…………….
Inactivated molecules Activated molecules

Then N2 and O2 only will react.

N2(g) +O2(g) ⇄2NO(g)
(𝑷𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕 )
Kp =
(𝑷𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕)
(𝑷𝑵𝑶 )𝟐
Kp =
(𝒑𝑵𝟐 )(𝒑𝑶𝟐 )

12) d
From the opposite graph we conclude that
the reversible reaction is endothermic
reaction
Endothermic reaction: it is the reaction
which accompanied by heat absorption
(Heat in reactant)
Heat +A+ B⇄C+D
Kc value changes only with changing temperature
[𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕]
Kc=
[𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕]
The relation between Kc and temperature in endothermic
reactions is directly proportional.
EnDDDDothermic DDDDirectly proportional
As the temperature increases, the reaction is shifted
forward , the concentration of product increases and
then Kc value increases.
Therefore, choice D is correct.
***( any K is constant as Temperature is constant
doesn’t change

32
And the relation between K and T depends on type of
reaction )
If (Endo ) : T. & K ‫زي بعض‬
If (Exo ) : T. & K ‫عكس بعض‬

13) B
We need equation to shift backward to inc. amount of
hydrogen
The opposite equilibrium reaction is exothermic reaction,
H = -ve , the reaction accompanied by heat liberated
(Heat in product)
N2(g) +3H2(g) ⇄2NH3(g) + Heat
4 moles 2 moles
No.of moles of reactants < No. of moles of products so,
By increasing pressure = Decreasing the volume of
container
The reaction will shift Forward so, quantity of hydrogen
gas decreases.
By decreasing pressure = Increasing the volume of
container
The reaction will shift backward so, quantity of
hydrogen gas increases.
To increase the quantity of hydrogen the reaction
should be shifted in the backward direction.
a) Incorrect as, on adding ammonia the reaction will
shifted backward
But on decreasing the volume of container reaction
will be shifted forward.

33
 b) Correct, as by withdrawal (removal) of nitrogen the
reaction will shifted backward as the reaction will
be shifted to direction which decreases or cancel
the effect of this change
And by increasing the volume of container
(Decreasing pressure), the reaction will be shifted
backward.
c) Incorrect, by decreasing the temperature or
addition of nitrogen gas, the reaction is shifted
forward.
On adding nitrogen, the reaction shifted forward
d) Incorrect, by increasing the temperature, the
reaction is shifted backward, while by withdrawal
of ammonia (Removing ammonia), the reaction
shifted forward as the reaction will be shifted to
direction which decreases or cancel the effect of
this change.

14) a
pH +pOH =14
If the value of pOH is less than 7 then the value of pH is
greater than 7
pH >7  Basic solution
a) Basic salt as:
Potassium acetate (CH3COOK)
CH3COOK ⇄ CH3COO- + K+
H2 O ⇄ H+ + OH-
CH3COOK + H2O ⇄CH3COOH + K+ +OH-
(Weak acid) (strong base)

34
 Weak acid + Strong base = Basic salt (pH>7 and
pOH<7)
Potassium acetate (CH3COOK) ionizes in water to
give weak acid (CH3COOH) and strong base (KOH)
Since the concentration of hydrogen ion (H+)
decreases as it combines with acetate (CHCOO-)
forming weak acid (CH3COOH)
So, the reaction of water ionization is shifted forward
according to le chatelier’s principle
So, the concentration of OH- increases which is
responsible for the basicity of the solution.
Potassium hydroxide (KOH) is not formed because
it is a strong electrolyte (Completely ionized)

b) Neutral salt as:

Ammonium acetate (CH3COONH4):
CH3COONH4⇄ CH3COO- + NH4
H2 O ⇄ H+ + OH-
CH3COONH4+ H2O ⇄CH3COOH + NH4OH
(Weak acid) (weak base)

Weak acid + Weak base = Neutral salt (pH=7 , pOH=7)

Ammonium acetate (CH3COONH4) is ionized in water
giving weak base (NH4OH) and weak acid (CH3COOH)
As the concentration of hydrogen ion formed from the
ionization of the weak acid equals the concentration of
hydroxide ions formed by ionization of weak alkali
Therefore, the solution is neutral.

35
 c) Acidic salt:
Ammonium sulphate ((NH4)2SO4)
(NH4)2SO4⇄ 2NH4+ + SO4-
H2 O ⇄ H+ + OH-
(NH4)2SO4+ 2H2O ⇄ 2H++ SO42-+ 2NH4OH
(strong acid) (weak base)

Strong acid + Weak base = Acidic salt (pH<7 , pOH>7)

Ammonium sulphate ((NH4)2SO4) is ionized in water to
give strong acid (H2SO4) and weak base (NH4OH).
Since the concentration of hydroxide ion (OH-)
decreases as it combines with Ammonium (NH4+)
forming weak base(NH4OH)
So, the reaction of water ionization is shifted forward
according to le chatelier’s principle.
So, the concentration of H+ increases which is
responsible for the acidity of the solution.
Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) is not formed because it is a
strong electrolyte (Completely ionized).

d)Acidic salt
Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3):
NH4NO3⇄ 2NH4+ + NO3-
H2 O ⇄ H+ + OH-
NH4NO3+ H2O ⇄ H++ NO3-+ NH4OH
(strong acid) (weak base)

Strong acid + Weak base = Acidic salt (pH<7, pOH>7)

Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) ionizes in water to give
strong acid (HNO3) and weak base (NH4OH)

36
Since the concentration of hydroxide ion (OH) decreases
as it combines with Ammonium (NH4+) forming weak
base (NH4OH)
So, the reaction of water ionization is shifted forward
according to le chatelier’s principle
So, the concentration of H+ increases which is
responsible for the acidity of the solution.
Nitric acid (HNO3) is not formed because it is strong
electrolyte (Completely ionized)

15) a
At constant temperature the value of Kc (Equilibrium
constant) remains constant (Doesn’t change):
For experiment 1:
[𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡] [𝑃𝐶𝑙3 ][𝐶𝑙2 ] [0.23] [𝟎.𝟎𝟓𝟓]
Kc = = = = 0.55
[𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡] [𝑃𝐶𝑙5 ] [𝟎.𝟎𝟐𝟑 ]

For experiment 2:
Kc =0.55
[𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡] [𝑃𝐶𝑙3 ][𝐶𝑙2 ]
Kc = =
[𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡] [𝑃𝐶𝑙5 ]
[0.15][0.37]
0.55=
𝑋
[0.15][0.37]
X = [PCl5]= = 0.1 M
0.55

37
16) d
Factors affecting the rate of chemical reaction
(‫ بسرعه‬NCTPLC‫)تحب‬:
1)Nature of reactants
2)Concentration of reactants
3)Temperature
4)Pressure
5)Light
6)Catalyst
Note: active metal(s) and mineral acid(aq)

As : Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2 + H2

So
a) not correct as pressure has no effect on (solid) or
(aq )only on gases
b) not correct as volume of acid not factor but the
concentration of the acid
c) not correct as decreasing temperature decreases
the rate
d) correct answer as decreasing size of solid will inc.
surface area and inc the rate

38
17) b
Ka (Equilibrium constant of ionization)
The higher the Ka, the stronger the acid will be
High Ka = Stronger acid
The correct arrangement of the following acids
descendingly according to their strength:
Acid Ka value
HCOOH 1.7 x 10-4
HC2H3O2 1.8 x 10– 5
HCN 4.9 x 10–
10

18) b

pH value is a method used to express the acidity or

basicity of the solution using numbers from 0 to 14

pH<7  solution is acidic

pH>7  solution is basic

All values should be converted into pH value

a) [H+] = 2x10-4

pH=-log[H+]

pH=-log[2x10-4] = 3.69

pH<7 , solution is acidic

b) [OH-]=2x10-4

pOH=-log[OH-] = -log[2x10-4]= 3.69

39
pH +pOH =14 , pH = 14-pOH

pH=14- 3.69 =10.3

pH>7 solution is basic

Another solution:
10−14
[H+] x [OH-]= 10-14 , [H+] =
[𝑂𝐻 − ]

10−14
[H+] = = 5x10-11M
2𝑥10−4

pH=-log[H+]

pH =-log[H+] = -log[5x10-11] =10.3

c)pH= 2.1

d) pH=8.7

The higher the pH , the stronger the base will be choice B

19) d
Notes class sheet lesson 3
Due to the graph the only factor occurs at T1 : adding
reactants

40
20) a
For C5H11COOH:
1 mole molar mass (116 gm)
X mole  11 gm
Molar mass of C5H11COOH (C6H12O2) = (12x6) + (1x12)
+(16x2) = 116 grams
X mole = 0.094 moles
𝑁𝑂.𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 0.094 moles
Concentration (Ca) = = = 0.094 M
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 1
pH = -log[H+] ,
[H+]= 10-pH “Shift log-pH”
[H+] =1.148x10-3 M
[H+] =[H3O+]= √𝐾𝑎 𝑥𝐶𝑎
[𝐻3 𝑂]2
Ka(ionization constant of the acid ) =
𝐶𝑎
[1.148x10¯³]2
Ka = = 1.4x10-5
0.094

21)C
Iron III nitrate is acidic salt
Fe (NO3)3 ⇄ Fe+ + 3NO3-
H2 O ⇄ H+ + OH-
Fe (NO3)3 + 3H2O ⇄Fe(OH)3+ 3H+ + 3NO3-
(Weak base) (strong acid)

Strong acid + Weak base = Acidic salt (pH<7, pOH>7)

Both litmus solution and Methyl orange gives red color
with acidic solutions so, choice c is correct.
a) Choice a, is incorrect as phenolphthalein is colorless
in acidic medium
b) Choice b, is incorrect as bromothylmol blue gives
yellow color with acidic medium

41
d) Choice d, is incorrect as bromothymol blue gives
yellow color in acidic medium.

22) d
Neutral salt doesn’t change color or ph of the solution
But acid decrease ph
And base increase ph
1)CH3COOK (Potassium acetate):
Basic salt as:
Potassium acetate (CH3COOK)
CH3COOK ⇄ CH3COO- + K+
H2 O ⇄ H+ + OH-
CH3COOK + H2O ⇄CH3COOH + K+ +OH-
(Weak acid) (strong base)

so basic salt

2) MgCl2
MgCl2⇄ Mg+2 + 2Cl-
H2 O ⇄ H+ + OH-
MgCl2+ 2H2O ⇄ Mg(OH)2 +2H+ +2Cl-
(weak base) (Strong acid)

So acidic solution salt

3) FeCl3(Iron III chloride):

Acidic salt as:
Iron III chloride (FeCl3)
FeCl3⇄ Fe+ + 3Cl-
H2 O ⇄ H+ + OH-
FeCl3+ 2H2O ⇄ Fe (OH)3 +H+ +3Cl-
42
 (Weak base) (Strong acid)

So acidic salt solution

4) Neutral salt as:

(NH4)2CO3(Ammonium carbonate):
Neutral salt as:
(NH4)2CO3 ⇄ 2NH4+ + CO3-2
H2 O ⇄ H+ + OH-
(NH4)2CO3 + 2H2O ⇄2NH4OH + H2O + CO2
Weak (Unstable acid)

(Weak base) (Weak acid)

, the salt solution is neutral

23) a
Imp. Note :
-On adding acid : increase {H+} So {OH-} decrease and
Ph value decrease
-on adding base : increase {OH-} so decrease {H+} and
ph value increase
-On adding neutral salt : no effect on PH

43
24) A
A) is correct : K is constants as Temperature constant
and on adding water (dilution ) conc {H+} decrease so
Ph increase
Imp.note : adding water (dilution ) :
to acid  decrease conc of acid {H+} SO Ph increase
to base  decrease conc of base {OH-} SO Ph decrease

25)C
Mg(s) +2HCl(aq)  MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Factors affecting rate of chemical reaction:
NCTPLC
1)Nature of reactants
2)Concentration
3)Temperature
4)Pressure
5)Light
6)Catalyst

a) Choice a represents a correct information because,

by crushing of magnesium block, the surface area
exposed to reaction increases then the rate of chemical
reaction.
b) Choice b represents a correct information because,
raising the temperature at the beginning of the reaction
increases the rate of chemical reaction. as the number
of activated molecules increases, increasing the c.hance
of collision between reacting molecules which increases
the rate of chemical reaction.
44
c)Choice C is incorrect because only some chemical
reactions are affected by light
d) Choice d represents a correct information because,
Adding excess of HCl (Increasing in the no. of reacting
molecules which increases chances of collision )
increases the rate of the chemical reaction.

26) B
Rate F. decrease = rate B increase= backward
NH2 – NH2(g) ⇄N2(g) +2H2(g) H = (-Ve)

NH2 – NH2(g) ⇄N2(g) +2H2(g) + Heat

1 mole 3 moles
For pressure:
Increasing pressure =Decreasing the volume of
container
Shift the reaction backward
Decreasing pressure = increasing the volume of
container
Shift the reaction forward
For heat:
By heating  The reaction shifted backward
By cooling  The reaction shifted forward

a) Is incorrect, as by cooling the reaction shifted forward

b) Correct, as by increasing pressure the reaction shifted
backward (Direction in which No. of moles is less)
By heating, the reaction will shifted backward
El na7ya ely nzwd feha el reaction yro7 3ksaha
45
c) Incorrect, decreasing the pressure will shift the
reaction in the direction in which the number of moles is
more, Shifted forward
d) Incorrect, decreasing the pressure will shift the
reaction forward.

27) a
as on decreasing pressure and increasing temperature
the reaction will shifts forward that increase the yield
Note ; class sheet lesson 3

28) a
Heat+ 2NO(g) ⇄N2(g) + O2(g)
2 moles 2 moles
a) Is in correct as the number of moles of both
reactants and products are equal
Pressure effects only:
1- Reversible reaction
2- Gaseous reaction
3- When the number of moles in reactant and product is
different (not equal)

b) Withdrawal (Removal) of nitrogen, will shift the

reaction forward
c) Adding excess amount of oxygen will shift the
reaction backward.
d) By cooling (decreasing the temperature) , the
reaction shifted backward

46
29) To increase the concentration of sulphr trioxide
[SO3], the reaction should be shifted in forward
direction.
2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇄2SO3(g) + Heat
3 moles 2 moles
For pressure:
Increasing pressure =Decreasing the volume of
container
Shift the reaction forward
Decreasing pressure = increasing the volume of
container
Shift the reaction backward
For heat:
By heating  The reaction is shifted backward
By cooling  The reaction is shifted forward
a) Choice a is incorrect, as by heating (increase
temperature) , the reaction shifted backward ,
decreasing concentration of [SO2] , will shift the reaction
backward.
b) Choice b is incorrect as decreasing concentration of
[SO2] , will shift the reaction backward and also By
decreasing pressure, reaction shifted backward
(Towards the increase of number of moles).
c) Choice c is incorrect:
Increasing the concentration of SO2 , shifts the reaction
forward
El na7ya ely azwd feha el reaction yro7 3aksaha
Also, By increasing the temperature, the reaction shifted
backward
47
And By decreasing pressure, reaction shifted backward
(Towards the increase of number of moles)
d)Choice d is correct answer,
Increasing concentration of SO2 , will shift the reaction
forward
Decreasing temperature, Will shift the reaction forward
Increasing the pressure, Will shift the reaction forward
(To decrease the number of moles).

30) C
Titration process is calculation process of unknown
concentration of solution by using another solution of
known concentration (Standard solution)
To determine the concentration of HCl (Acid)
The standard solution must be a base or a basic salt
(Basic solution pH>7)
a) sodium nitrate (NaNO3) , pH=7
Neutral salt
NaNO3 ⇄ Na+ + NO3-
H2 O ⇄ H+ + OH-
NaCl+ H2O ⇄ Na++ OH - +H+ +NO3-
(Strong base) (Strong acid)

Strong acid + Strong base = Neutral salt (pH=7 , pOH=7)

b) HCN  inorganic acid so, it can’t be used to titrate

HCl
c) Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3): pH>7
Basic salt
Na2CO3 ⇄ 2Na+ + CO3-
48
 H2 O ⇄ H+ + OH-
Na2CO3+ 2H2O ⇄ 2Na++ 2OH - +H2O +CO2
Weak acid + Strong base = Basic salt (pH>7)

d) Ammonium acetate (CH3COONH4):

Neutral salt as:
CH3COONH4 ⇄ CH3COO- + NH4+
H2 O ⇄ H+ + OH-
CH3COONH4 + H2O ⇄CH3COOH + NH4OH
(Weak acid) (weak base)

Weak acid + weak base = neutral salt (pH=7)

49
31)By pushing the piston inwards the pressure
increases:
Pressure affects only:
a) Reversible reactions
b) Gaseous reactions
c)When the number of moles of reactants and products
are not equal (Different)

e) 2H2O(g) ⇌2H2(g) + O2(g)

2 moles 3 moles
f) ClF5(g) ⇌ClF3(g) + F2(g)
1 mole 2 moles
g) CS2(g) + 4H2(g)⇌CH4(g) + 2H2S(g)
5 moles 3 moles
h) 2NO(g) ⇄N2(g) + O2(g)
2 moles 2 moles
Increasing pressure shifts the equilibrium position
towards the side which has smaller no. of moles
In equations a, b
The number of moles of gases in product > Number of
moles of gases in reactants
By increasing the pressure (Pushing the piston) the
reaction shifted backward
In reaction d
Number of moles in both sides (reactants and products)
is equal, so pressure has no effect on this reaction
In reaction c,
Number of moles of reactants > number of moles of
products
50
By pushing the piston (Increasing pressure)
The reaction shifted forward
So, choice C is correct.

32) a
The following table illustrates that the relation between
Kc and temperature is directly proportional.
(By increasing the temperature the value of Kc
increases)
Then the reaction is endothermic.
Kc in EnDDDDothermic reaction is DDDDDirectly
proportional with Temperature
Heat +X2(g) + Y2(g) ⇄2XY(g)
[𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕]
Kc=
[𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕]

By increasing the temperature from 200oc to 400oc,

The reaction shifted forward
The concentration of product increases
The value of Kc increases
Kc value changes only with changing the temperature.
At the same temperature, the value of equilibrium
constant (Kc) does not change, regardless changing the
concentrations of reactants and products.
a)Correct , as by heating the value of Kc increases
b)Incorrect , as by colling the reaction shifted backward
the concentration of products decreases and the value
of Kc decreases
c)Increasing the concentration of X2 , doesn’t affect the
value of Kc

51
as At the same temperature, the value of equilibrium
constant (Kc) does not change, regardless changing the
concentrations of reactants and products
d)Increasing the concentration of Y2, doesn’t affect the
value of Kc
as at the same temperature, the value of equilibrium
constant (Kc) does not change, regardless changing the
concentrations of reactants and products.

33) c

Iron II hydroxide is weak base so weak electrolyte

According to Ostwald dilution law concentration

decreases and ionization degree increases by dilution

52
34) a
-Factors affecting the rate of chemical reaction
(‫ بسرعه‬NCTPLC‫)تحب‬:
1)Nature of reactants
2)Concentration of reactants
3)Temperature
4)Pressure
5)Light
6)Catalyst

-Factors affecting the equilibrium position(equilibrium

state )
(CPT ‫ )مجنون عنده‬:
1- Concentration
2- Pressure
3- Temperature

-Factors affecting the equilibrium constant (Kc) :

Temperature only

53
 35)a
2NaOH +H2SO4  Na2SO4 +2H2O
Acid Base
(H2SO4) (NaOH)
Ma= 0.1 M Mb= 0.2 M
Va=20 x10-3 L Vb=15x10-3 L
na=1 nb=2

𝑀𝑎 𝑋𝑉𝑎 𝑀𝑏 𝑋 𝑉𝑏
:
𝑛𝑎 𝑛𝑏
0.1𝑋 20𝑥10−3 0.2 𝑥 15𝑥10−3
:
1 2
2x10 > 1.5x10
-3 -3

Solution is acidic
To return back to neutralization we must add basic
solution
Acid Base
(H2SO4) (NaOH)
Ma= 0.1 M Mb= 0.2 M
Va=20 x10-3 L Vb=X L
na=1 nb=2

𝑀𝑎 𝑋𝑉𝑎 𝑀𝑏 𝑋 𝑉𝑏
=
𝑛𝑎 𝑛𝑏
0.1𝑋 20𝑥10 −3 0.2 𝑥 𝑉𝑏
:
1 2
(0.1)(20𝑥10−3 )(2)
Vb= = 0.02 liters
(0.2)(1)

Added volume of base = Total volume of acid – initial

volume = 0.02 – (15x10-3 ) = 5x10-3 liters = 5 mL
So, choice a is correct.

54
36) d
Confirmatory test for Cl , Br and I is silver
nitrate(AgNO3):
NaCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) NaNO3(aq) +AgCl(s)
White ppt. (AgCl) is formed soluble in ammonia
NaBr(aq) + AgNO3(aq)  NaNO3(aq) + AgBr(s)
Yellowish white (AgBr) is formed, slowly soluble in
ammonia solution
NaI(aq) +AgNO3(aq)  NaNO3(aq) + AgI(s)
Yellow ppt. (AgI) is formed which is insoluble on
ammonia solution
Curve (C) represents AgI as AgI is insoluble in ammonia
solution
Choices A , C are excluded
AgBr is slowly soluble in ammonia
According to chapter 3, el a2rab ll x-axis howa el asra3
Then curve (A) represents addition of ammonia solution
to AgCl as it takes less time for AgCl to dissolve.
While curve (B) represents addition of ammonia solution
to AgBr as it takes more time (Slowly soluble) for AgBr to
dissolve.
Therefore, choice d is correct.

55
37) C
Ag + , Hg+ and Pb2+ belongs to the first analytical group.
The metal chloride of the first analytical group which are
(AgCl , HgCl and PbCl2) are sparingly soluble in water so
they can be precipitated in form of chlorides so they can
be detected.
So, choice A,B and d are excluded.
Choice C is correct because
NaCl + KNO3 → NaNO3 + KCl
we has a piece of information that all PAS salts
(Potassium, ammonium and sodium) are soluble in
water so, both NaNO3 and KCl are soluble in water.

38) C
Barium chloride with phosphate, forms a white
precipitate of barium phosphate (Ba3(PO4)2) which is
soluble in dil.HCl
2Na3PO4(aq) + 3BaCl2(aq)  6NaCl(aq) + Ba3(PO4)2(s)
Phosphate folla fel dawaban
So, both choice c and d are excluded.
- BaCl2 with sulphate anion forms a white ppt. of
barium sulphate (BaSO4) which is insoluble in
dil.HCl
Then the anion of the salt is sulphate (SO4)2-
When sodium hydroxide (NaOH) reacts with Iron III salt a
reddish brown of (Fe(OH)3) will be formed.
FeCl3(aq) + 3NH4OH(aq)  3NH4Cl(aq) + Fe(OH)3(s)
Then the salt is Iron III sulphate ( Fe2(SO4)3)

56
39) C
Concentrated sulphuric acid is the main reagent for:
Chloride
Bromide
Iodide
Nitrite (NO3)
When sulphuric acid reacts with chloride salt, A colorless
gas (HCl) evolves
2NaCl + H2SO4(l) Na2SO4(aq) + 2HCl(g)
Conc
.
(HCl) gas gives white fumes (White clouds) on passing it
over a glass rod wetted with ammonia.
HCl(g) + NH3(g) NH4Cl(s)
So, anion of this salt is Cl-
-When sodium hydroxide reacts with aluminum salt a
white gelatinous ppt. of aluminum hydroxide (Al (OH)3) is
formed
AlCl3(aq) + 3NaOH(aq) 3NaCl(aq) + Al(OH)3(s)
Aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3) is soluble in excess
sodium hydroxide and the white gelatinous ppt.
disappears forming colorless sodium meta aluminate
(NaAlO2)
So, cation of this salt is Al3+ So, choice c is correct.

57
40) C
-All metal carbonates are water insoluble
Except sodium, Potassium & Ammonium carbonates
- we has a piece of information that all PAS salts
(Potassium, ammonium and sodium) are soluble in
water.
-All bicarbonate is soluble in water
a) Incorrect, soluble in water (Sodium carbonate)
b) Incorrect, soluble in water (Ammonium carbonate)’
c) Correct, iron II carbonate is insoluble in water
d) Incorrect, Magnesium bicarbonate is soluble in water
as all bicarbonates are soluble in water

41) a
MgSO4.XH2O MgSO4 +H2O
1.687 g  0.824 g +0.863 g
Mass of water = Mass of hydrated sample – Mass of
anhydrous sample
Mass of water = 1.687 - 0.824 = 0.863 grams
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
% of water = x100
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒
𝟎.𝟖𝟔𝟑
% of water = x100 = 51.16%
𝟏.𝟔𝟖𝟕
MgSO4  H2O
0.824 g  0.863 g
Molar mass(120 g)  X 18
Molar mass of magnesium sulphate (MgSO4)
= (24) + (32) +(16X4) =120 grams
(𝟎.𝟖𝟔𝟑)𝒙 (𝟏𝟐𝟎)
No. of water of crystallization = X = (𝟎.𝟖𝟐𝟒)𝒙(𝟏𝟖) = 6.98= 7

58
 42) a
Na2CO3 +2HCl 2NaCl + H2O +CO2

Acid Base
(HCl) (Na2CO3)
Ma= 0.1 M Mb= X M
Va=25 x10-3 L Vb=25x10-3 L
na=2 nb=1

𝑀𝑎 𝑋𝑉𝑎 𝑀𝑏 𝑋 𝑉𝑏
=
𝑛𝑎 𝑛𝑏
−3
(0.1)𝑥 (25𝑥10 ) (𝑀𝑏 ) 𝑥(25𝑥10−3 )
=
2 1
(0.1)𝑥 (25𝑥10−3 )(1)
M b= = 0.05 M
(25𝑥10−3 )(2)

For Na2CO3:
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
-Concentration =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
Number of moles = Concentration x volume in liters
Number of moles = 0.05 x 1 = 0.05 mole
- Number of moles = (M / MM)

1 mole  molar mass (106 gm)

0.05 mole  Xg
0.05 𝑥 106
X grams = =5.3 grams (Mass of Na2CO3)
1
Na2CO3.XH2O Na2CO3 + H2O
14.3 g  5.3 g + 9 gm
Mass of water = Mass of hydrated sample – Mass of
anhydrous sample
Mass of water = 14.3 - 5.3 = 9 gm
𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓
%of water = x100
𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒉𝒚𝒅𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆
𝟗
% of water = x100 = 62.93%
𝟏𝟒.𝟑

59
43) d
Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
Has a very irritating smell
Turns a paper wet with acidified potassium dichromate
(K2Cr2O7) from orange to green.
3SO2(g) + K2Cr2O7(aq) +H2SO4(aq)  K2SO4(aq) +Cr2(SO4)3 +
H2O(l)
Dil. HCl used to detect anions of:
1)Carbonate (CO3)2-
2)Bicarbonate(HCO3)-
3)Sulphite (SO3)-2
4)Sulphide(S)2-
5)Thiosulphate(S2O3)-2
6)Nitrite (NO2)-1
d) Correct as:
Sodium sulphite reacts with dil.HCl and SO2(g) evolves.
Na2SO3(s) + 2HCl(aq)  2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + SO2(g)
Sodium thiosulphate reacts with dil. HCl and SO2(g)
evolves in addition to yellow ppt. (as a result of
suspend sulphur in the solution)
Na2S2O3(s)+2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + SO2(g) + S(s)

a) Incorrect,
Sodium carbonate reacts with dil.HCl and CO2(g) evolves
Eff.
Na2CO3(s) + 2HCl 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

b) Incorrect,
Sodium bicarbonate reacts with dil. HCl and CO2(g)
Eff.
evolves.
60
 NaHCO3(s) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) +H2O(l) +CO2(g)

c) Incorrect,
Sodium carbonate reacts with dil.HCl and CO2(g) evolves
Eff.
Na2CO3(s) + 2HCl 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

44) d
d)Correct answer
Dil. HCl can’t be used to differentiate between sodium
carbonate and sodium bicarbonate as in both cases
carbon dioxide gas which causes effervescence and
causes turbidity of lime water.
Sodium carbonate reacts with dil.HCl and CO2(g) evolves
Eff.
Na2CO3(s) + 2HCl 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Sodium carbonate reacts with dil.HCl and CO2(g) evolves
Eff.
Na2CO3(s) + 2HCl 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
SO, we use magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) to
differentiate between the two salts.
In case of sodium carbonate white ppt. (MgCO3) is
formed on cold.
Na2CO3(aq)+ MgCO3(aq)  Na2SO4(aq) + MgCO3(s)
In case of sodium bicarbonate, a white ppt of (MgCO3)
is formed after heating
2NaHCO3(aq) + MgSO4(aq)  Na2SO4(aq) + Mg(HCO3)2(aq)
Mg(HCO3)2(aq) MgCO3(s) +CO2(g)+H2O(l)

a) Incorrect answer
Dil. HCl can be used to differentiate between sodium
sulphite and sodium thiosulphate:
61
Sodium sulphite reacts with dil.HCl and SO2(g) evolves.
Na2SO3(s) + 2HCl(aq)  2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + SO2(g)
Sodium thiosulphate reacts with dil. HCl and SO2(g)
evolves in addition to yellow ppt. (as a result of
suspend sulphur in the solution)
Na2S2O3(s)+2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + SO2(g) + S(s)
b)Incorrect:
Dil. HCl can be used to differentiate between sodium
sulphide and sodium nitrite.
Dil. HCl reacts with sodium sulphide and hydrogen
sulphide gas (H2S) evolves which has bad smell
Na2S(s) + 2HCl(aq)  2NaCl(aq) + H2S(g)

H2S gas turns a paper wet with lead acetate

(CH3COO)2pb(aq) to black.
H2S(g) + (CH3COO)2pb(aq)  2CH3COOH(aq) + PbS(s)
Dil. HCl reacts with sodium nitrite forming HNO2 , which
decomposes forming colorless nitric oxide (NO)(g)
evolves
(NO) noooo color
NO gas turns to reddish brown NO2(g) at the mouth of the
test tube due to oxidation of (NO) by O2 of air
NaNO2(s) +HCl(aq)  NaCl(aq) + HNO2(aq)
3HNO2(aq) HNO3(aq) +H2O(l)+2NO(g)
2NO(g) + O2(g)  2NO2(g)

c)Dil. HCl can be used to differentiate between sodium

sulphite and sodium chloride:
Sodium sulphite:
62
Sodium sulphite reacts with dil.HCl and SO2(g) evolves.
Na2SO3(s) + 2HCl(aq)  2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + SO2(g)
Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
Has a very irritating smell
Turns a paper wet with acidified potassium dichromate
(K2Cr2O7) from orange to green.
3SO2(g) + K2Cr2O7(aq) +H2SO4(aq)  K2SO4(aq) +Cr2(SO4)3 +
H2O(l)

Sodium chloride:
Dil.HCl can’t react with a salt containing chloride anion.

63
45) d
As Ksp > conc of ions
Remember note :
Ksp = conc of ions  saturated solution
Ksp > conc of ions  More of the substance will dissolve
Ksp < conc of ions  A precipitate starts to form.

46) c

Al(OH)3⇄Al3+ + 3OH-
X 3X
Ksp = [Al3+][OH-]3
Ksp=[X][3X]3
Ksp = [X][27X3]
Ksp=27X4
Ksp = 27(10-6)4 = 2.7x10-23

47)C
Ba (IO3)2⇄Ba2+ +2IO3-
X 2X
Ksp = [Ba2+][IO3-]2
Ksp=[X][2X]2
Ksp = [X][4X2]
Ksp=4X3
1.57x10-9 = 4X3
𝟑 𝟏.𝟓𝟕𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟗
X= √ = 7.32x10-4 M
𝟒

64
48) b
Al2S3⇄2Al3+ + 3S2-
2X 3X
2X = 2x10-4 mole/L
X = 1x10-4 mole/L
Ksp = [Al3+]2[S2-]3
Ksp=[2X]2[3X]3
Ksp = [4X2][27X3]
Ksp=108X5
Ksp=108(1x10-4 )5 = 1.08x10-18
49)b
Mg3(PO4)2(s)⇄3Mg+2(aq) + 2PO43-(aq)
Ksp = [Mg2+]3[PO43-]2

50) d
The following reaction represents exothermic reaction
A+ B ⇄ C+D +Heat
On increasing the concentration of products, the
reaction shifted backward
El na7ya ely azwd feha el reaction yro7
3aksaha
Kc value changes only with changing the temperature.
At the same temperature, the value of equilibrium
constant (Kc) does not change, regardless changing the
concentrations of reactants and products so, choice B is
excluded.
So, both choice a and c are correct.

65
 Everyday’s reminder :
Our greatest glory is not in
never falling, but is rising
every time we fall.

66