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Unit2 Part2

The document outlines the basic operations of TCP server and client communication, detailing functions such as socket(), bind(), listen(), accept(), connect(), read(), and write(). It explains the role of the socket address structure, connection errors, and the use of fork() for handling multiple clients. Additionally, it covers error codes related to socket operations and the process of closing a TCP connection.

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sharada
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15 views20 pages

Unit2 Part2

The document outlines the basic operations of TCP server and client communication, detailing functions such as socket(), bind(), listen(), accept(), connect(), read(), and write(). It explains the role of the socket address structure, connection errors, and the use of fork() for handling multiple clients. Additionally, it covers error codes related to socket operations and the process of closing a TCP connection.

Uploaded by

sharada
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TCP Server

socket()

bind()

listen()

accept()
TCP Client
socket() Block until connection from client
Connection Established
connect()
Data Request
write() read()

Process Request

Data (reply)
read() write()

end-of-file notification
close() read()

close()
Socket Function

• To perform network I/O .

• Family specifies the protocol family.


 The connect function is used by a TCP client to
establish a connection with a TCP server:

 Sockfd is a socket descriptor returned by the socket


function

 Second & Third arguments are a pointer to the socket


address structure and its size.
The socket address structure must contain –

 IP address
 Port number

The client does not have to call bind.

The kernel chooses both an temporary port


and the source IP address if necessary.
Connection Error
Client TCP
No Response
ETIMEDOUT

ECONNREFUSED Server’s response to client’s SYN is a reset

EHOSTUNREACH Host is down.


• Assigns a local protocol address to a socket.

• With IP, the protocol address is the combination of 32-bit IPv4 or


128-bit IPv6 address, along with a 16-bit TCP or UDP port
number.

#include <sys/socket.h>
int bind(int sockfd, const struct sockaddr *myaddr,
socklen_t addrlen);
• Servers bind to their well-known port when they
start.

• A process can bind a specific IP address to its socket.

• A client does not bind an IP address to its socket .


• EACCES The address is protected.

• EADDRINUSE The given address is already in use.

• EBADF The sockfd is not a valid descriptor.

• EINVAL The socket is already bound to an address.


 The listen function is called only by a TCP server and it performs two
actions:

• Converts an unconnected (active) socket into a passive socket.

• Specifies the maximum number of connections .

#include <sys/socket.h>
int listen(int sockfd, int
backlog);
• Called after both the socket and bind function .

• Backlog - for a given listening socket, the kernel maintains 2


queues:

• An incomplete connection queue - Contains an entry for each


SYN that has arrived from a client .

• A completed connection queue, entry for each client with whom


3-way handshake has completed.
• Accept is called by a TCP server

#include <sys/socket.h>
int accept(int sockfd, struct sockaddr
*cliaddr, socklen_t *addrlen);

• The cliaddr and addrlen args are used to return


the protocol address .
• Fork() function is the only way in Unix to create a new process

#include <unistd.h>
pid_t fork(void);

• Called once but returns TWICE


• Once in the parent process (returns child process id),
• and once in the child process (return of 0)
• Used for multitasking .

• The process want to handle another program .


• Used when multiple clients are accessing a single
server .

• fork() is used in such cases to handle each client.


• Used to close a socket and terminate a TCP
connection
#include <unistd.h>
int close(int sockfd);

• Socket descriptor is no longer usable to the app


process.

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