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MA2014E Tutorial 1

This document outlines a tutorial for the MA 2014E Mathematics II course at the National Institute of Technology Calicut for the Winter Semester 2024-25. It includes problems related to supremum, infimum, completeness properties of real numbers, basic topology, sequences, convergence, bounded sequences, and Cauchy sequences. The tutorial is structured into sections A through F, each addressing different mathematical concepts and theorems.

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30 views3 pages

MA2014E Tutorial 1

This document outlines a tutorial for the MA 2014E Mathematics II course at the National Institute of Technology Calicut for the Winter Semester 2024-25. It includes problems related to supremum, infimum, completeness properties of real numbers, basic topology, sequences, convergence, bounded sequences, and Cauchy sequences. The tutorial is structured into sections A through F, each addressing different mathematical concepts and theorems.

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jaychandraofficial
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CALICUT

Department of Mathematics
MA 2014E: Mathematics II
Winter Semester 2024-25: Tutorial 1

A Supremum, infimum and completeness property of R. (Ref: Bartle-Sherbert-2.3)


1. Let S1 := {x ∈ R : x ≥ 0}. Show in detail that the set S1 has lower bounds, but no upper bounds. Show that inf
S1 = 0.
2. Find the infimum and supremum, if they exist, of each of the following sets.
√ √
(a) {x ∈ R : 2x + 5 > 0}, (f) { n1 − 1
k : n, k ∈N}. (k) { n + 1 − n : n ∈ N}.
(g) { n1 + √1 : n ∈ a

(b) x ∈ R : x + 2 ≥ x2 , n
N}. (l) { a+1 : a > 1}.
√ a
(c) = {x ∈ R : x < 1/x}, (h) { n 2, : n ∈ N}. (m) { a+1 : a ∈ R \ {−1}}.

(d) = x ∈ R : x2 − 2x − 5 < 0 . (i) {n + 1
n: n ∈ N}. (n) {x ∈ R : x2 < 2x}.
(e) { n1 + 1
k : n, k ∈ N}. (j) {n + 1
k: n, k ∈ N}. (o) = {1 − (−1)n /n : n ∈ N}

3. Let S be a nonempty subset of R that is bounded below. Prove that inf S = − sup{−s : s ∈ S}.
4. If a set S ⊆ R contains one of its upper bounds, show that this upper bound is the supremum of S.
5. Show that if A and B are bounded subsets of R, then A∪B is a bounded set. Show that sup(A∪B) = max{sup A, sup B}.
6. Let S be a bounded set in R and let S0 be a nonempty subset of S. Show that inf S ≤ inf S0 ≤ sup S0 ≤ sup S.

B Basic topology; open sets and closed sets in R. (Ref: Bartle-Sherbert-11.1)


7. Show that the intervals (a, ∞) and (−∞, a) are open sets, and that the intervals [b, ∞) and (−∞, b] are closed sets.
T∞
8. Prove that (0, 1] = n=1 (0, 1 + 1/n).
9. Show that the set N of natural numbers is a closed set in R.
10. Show that A = {1/n : n ∈ N} is not a closed set, but that A ∪ {0} is a closed set.
11. Show that the set Q of rational numbers is neither open nor closed.
12. A point x ∈ R is said to be an interior point of A ⊆ R in case there is a neighborhood V of x such that V ⊆ A. Show
that a set A ⊆ R is open if and only if every point of A is an interior point of A.

C Sequence, convergence. (Ref: Bartle-Sherbert-3.1)


13. Determine whether the sequence converges, and if so find its limit.
o+∞
(a) {2}+∞ (k) {ln n − ln(n + 1)}+∞
n 3
n=1 (f) (−1)n n2n
3 +1 n=1
 ln n +∞ n=1 n o+∞
(b) n n=1
 πn +∞ (l) (3n + 5n )
1/n
(g) 4n n=1 n=1
+∞
(c) n sin nπ n=1

+∞ +∞
n2 e−n n=1

(h)
 n!
(m) 3n n=1
+∞
(d) {1 + (−1)n }n=1 √ +∞
(i) n2 + 3n − n n=1 (n) {sinh(ln n)}+∞
n=1
n n+1
o+∞
(e) (−1)
 ln n +∞
n 2
n=1
(j) n1/n n=1 (o) {tan−1 n}+∞
n=1

14. Consider sequences {an } and {bn }, where an → 2 as n → +∞ and bn = (−1)n . Determine which of the following
sequences converge and which diverge. If a sequence converges, indicate its limit.

(a) {bn } (c) {an + bn } (e) b2n
n o
(d) a21+3 bn

(b) {3an − 1} n
(f) 1000
n o+∞
n
15. Find the limit L = 1 of the sequence n+1 . In each part, for the given value of ϵ, find the smallest value of N
n=1
such that |an − L| < ϵ when n ≥ N .

(a) ϵ = 0.25 (b) ϵ = 0.1 (c) ϵ = 0.001

16. Let xn := 1/ ln(n + 1) for n ∈ N. (a) Use the definition of limit to show that lim (xn ) = 0. (b) Find a specific value of
K(ε) as required in the definition of limit for each of (i) ε = 1/2, and (ii) ε = 1/10.
17. Prove that lim (xn ) = 0 if and only if lim (|xn |) = 0. Give an example to show that the convergence of (|xn |) need not
imply the convergence of (xn ).
√ 
18. Show that if xn ≥ 0 for all n ∈ N and lim (xn ) = 0, then lim xn = 0.
19. Prove that if lim (xn ) = x and if x > 0, then there exists a natural number M such that xn > 0 for all n ≥ M .
 
20. Show that lim n1 − n+1 1
= 0.
√ 
21. Show that lim n2 + 1 − n = 0.

D Bounded sequences, Limit theorems, Monotone sequences. (Ref: Bartle-Sherbert-


3.2, 3.3)
22. If (bn ) is a bounded sequence and lim (an ) = 0, show that lim (an bn ) = 0. Explain why Theorem 3.2.3 cannot be used.

23. Use the Squeeze Theorem to determine the limits of the following:
 2
  2

(a) n1/n , (b) (n!)1/n .

24. Let X = (xn ) be a sequence of positive real numbers such that lim (xn+1 /xn ) = L > 1. Show that X is not a bounded
sequence and hence is not convergent.
25. Let x1 := 8 and xn+1 := 21 xn + 2 for n ∈ N. Show that (xn ) is bounded and monotone. Find the limit.

26. Let x1 > 1 and xn+1 := 2 − 1/xn for n ∈ N. show that (xn ) is bounded and monotone. Find the limit.
√
27. Let x1 := 1 and xn+1 := 2 + xn for n ∈ N. Show that (xn ) converges and find the limit.
28. Let (an ) be an increasing sequence, (bn ) be a decreasing sequence, and assume that an ≤ bn for all n ∈ N. Show that
lim (an ) ≤ lim (bn ).
29. Let A be an infinite subset of R that is bounded above and let u := sup A. Show there exists an increasing sequence
(xn ) with xn ∈ A for all n ∈ N such that u = lim (xn ).

E Subsequences, Bolzano-Weierstrass Theorem. (Ref: Bartle-Sherbert-3.4)


30. Give an example of an unbounded sequence that has a convergent subsequence.
31. Suppose that xn ≥ 0 for all n ∈ N and that lim ((−1)n xn ) exists. Show that (xn ) converges.
32. Show that if (xn ) is unbounded, then there exists a subsequence (xnk ) such that lim (1/xnk ) = 0.

F Cauchy sequence, R is complete. (Ref: Bartle-Sherbert-3.5, 11.4)


33. Give an example of a bounded sequence that is not a Cauchy sequence.
34. Show directly from the definition that the following are Cauchy sequences.
n+1 1 1
 
(a) n , (b) 1 + 2! + ··· + n! .

35. Show directly from the definition that the following are not Cauchy sequences.
 n

(a) ((−1)n ), (b) n + (−1)n , (c) (ln n)

36. Show directly from the definition that if (xn ) and (yn ) are Cauchy sequences, then (xn + yn ) and (xn yn ) are Cauchy
sequences.
√
37. If xn := n, show that (xn ) satisfies lim |xn+1 − xn | = 0, but that it is not a Cauchy sequence.
38. Let (xn ) be a Cauchy sequence such that xn is an integer for every n ∈ N. Show that (xn ) is ultimately constant.

39. If 0 < r < 1 and |xn+1 − xn | < rn for all n ∈ N, show that (xn ) is a Cauchy sequence.

*****

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