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Unit 1

The document discusses propositional logic, focusing on the structure and semantics of propositions, logical connectives, and their applications in computer science. It covers concepts such as validity, satisfiability, and logical equivalence, along with various logical operations like conjunction, disjunction, and negation. Additionally, it includes examples and laws related to propositional logic, illustrating how to derive logical statements and their relationships.

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33 views77 pages

Unit 1

The document discusses propositional logic, focusing on the structure and semantics of propositions, logical connectives, and their applications in computer science. It covers concepts such as validity, satisfiability, and logical equivalence, along with various logical operations like conjunction, disjunction, and negation. Additionally, it includes examples and laws related to propositional logic, illustrating how to derive logical statements and their relationships.

Uploaded by

patelsahed87
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ONIT=U PRoOposITIONAL LO@IC ay Synten , fle synantere Ys dle em ov chuthire of, ts expres ions, thalate ments crud, rere” unite To Refine Whic bogie we wot agsiume the cet 4 oporitions . : a) PP = EPIL deny Jha qormules 4 pre pontheral Logie will bee Sbeings owes the alphabet. proportional. pop edu s Ay lune <5 ic impli cahion Atk eee 4k semafics Gre wesariing Ph the exprecions statements ame rye uvik te, Semathes cAofine ates Aakitachoy solation between valuabens anc formulas. “® validity amd fac fiobilily A (emule ew valid a Th tc ue re aul valiies 2) ta chew, Soby{iabilty Acfen to Ste 2rtithance a combinahey FL values fo mater He euprenion hue . vA grporttion «6 cabifiable q Maeve \¢ atleast 4, druerctiulk In Tk south dabl, valid i alf voles one Aue “Ene valid geome “ sabtiable bub vey tabitioble forte $s need not be vatlicl. ¢ pRpeaition or Safement - A ktafement ic ame Geclarabre senlenu chick Je either tue ov fobe Gu. Basic 1 fo France Crue) ee (ratse) ae 4 (qr) 424 (False) Propositions Ore always denoted by amall & capital ehottert- ’ Frome le} AB, PAR (C9) Obie ee. =, Pry, “# pysperttional Soqte amd Tk Importance. “Wr onta 4 mothematict rthot deals with propositions, Thee fropesitbons ove calleal prepositional Aegic (os) Prmpesstored Cala . Unnpextance . — proportional Aoqic peys an \exporbeut $ 2ole fo computer sei pet 4 SChence as well ar ty pecoss hotly Ale. : > We tt value Whoa progifion ic bu, Lenoted. by et? art Ab fs Ante prepedibon, and the uth Vetue *\ a prperiben Ss qabe , denoted by Fr, a TH Te “falc pryeridion- + hogical conneckives prsporitions can be conshucled fo other propentons cating Leqical tonnectver je, athe rr "4 , compound Prpedtens ove fomed by logical Connetbives pekioeen Individual prepen bons. et eA oh connedtives 4. Negation (Wow) hak p be & preposition, ths Negation g P Aenotect by ‘=p’ ato cinoted by ‘up (oe ‘B' fo dhe Afafement, “PP fs wet dhe Care that p & Conjunchion (A) tok r ond gq, ore -two preporitions p ae conjunction >| pend qa is denoted by ‘pag’ ond wad as! pard Wee Wa temjanttion sh p anda (pan) ic tue 4 both pond a ovre fue cmd ic qe ottenwice * “Truth fatole nan Antics | { F ls i _—__ | F F & Pisjunction [vy het p ond q one propesibions , he Licgundion wh pond gy is Aenofed by (pyqy) Te athe Propeaition acacl as"pedyq’ qe dicgunttien Pvq te fabe wokto both pand q ome qabee and fc Amie otaciwise, “ruth Tonle hat pod y ke prepembonr us Curkushee p Ascalled converse of pq 2 De preposition wy ore % callect conba potiive Poe. 2 She prperiton vps we th called inveue oh pa. Croom ple : Kboke the conha petitive | COMVertne awd dhe Sowerac b Hus conchittorol chalement AY Whe Srome feo wint whinemee iy te halving S Conditonal Ghafement wat ge: tb te alning VY home deam wont rea. ate aaining cain drome steann usies cones paace: a hom dean wins hen Ff fs Aainiag: Trwene p> ma? a aE ts wot waining chhan treme eam doesnot wh. tonba peste ng vp: ay home steam Laeewot wig twon ab As wok vainig- z ert Haare is vain thes Aroods Occ us + Bl. Conditional chatoment kot pp. thee YW vain yi {loods occu eomrerige YO Pt A floods ote cthen chere fs rain. conbapewtive ays op “Y feo mot Occux Aere & : wo vain Hovere Mp eqs tf Mune & Wo waln theo floods mao wel ocuux 6 BI- condifimal Klatemenh : <> ai pond a, eve cong chase Stectemenk, ture tte cakemenk Pitadita. pea Ws stad asp andl and only 4” Whe Bie condimal dkatement BK uhbwe hen panda, howe Ma came tout value and te ete oftecutee - ea es] ae nina n \ 5 | \ . | eae ee n probe om : qaanshake athe arllow'ng aryhencs indo she syroboalic Ranguage : 4. Athen steve Ie rain » floeds donot oceur web pr there Ic rain ay: {ook Oceuk Pany & Me agrees will whak ema 1 say: War pt a: say A. Ye agrees Pay 3. dha not Ane that 1 tudy. web pst thudy v. wp: 4. Wak cannot let my suite because th coo \aq- Pp. a} te A00 big ay. my sulle Pey 5 fieods Octur Wh aver there ty vain | y flood occu wrwad 4c. blocked. dence voad ts blocked wohan une Tc vain hot op Thee Te van a, hood occu Nt Rood fs blocked, (psey)a pale « a “tremate athe ollrcuing forme Sato wsaninggul x Enq lit Z Pr Ghee We rato 4: food caus v: croione od © pry tat wtherc ts vain duen qrood otu- \W p> @) y fuore Rovain Litter flved occuns | Oy crops ove qeed (id) npr ry her: Ff +hore fs po rain then tuart ole ne Aweod ocews and 4 compound gropesition tbat § alway! false 5 called a “conbadichen.” + Conbigentg: A compound pepediten etuak W nethien a cleudollogy ner a cooradichen called “conhingencey” 4 prove Hak [n(prady(opng yp i a anetology: ela [ery we] pvp Kena) [vendor [stan 4 T | i | als a) ae |. © . r o. | 4 c a Boas . | ae om & prow Pha oes toa taukolegy. ke al + | ney any pay] pans) aN4 eo [cratement] fiat} ated] ot | F v it ATR e | 4 | a F eee Petey tee | 1 oe As | Te ae | F ff ea F Ir | yi eT | T fe | + x erlelela| 1 ae ek IF Ie | q2(teq | or 1 | Th: F Fy ee |e To eed | 4 Li Aen if | at 3 prove that |( iG rea ssolr 2) Ma A _{~ | eee ay a 4 a e ic Ole jee we | gt | | 4 le Je | og [FIT \7v F ec |F 7 Bele lr if it | 4 |e | | |F ie F 1 | F L Baample fev contaacichen. (€4) (np ana) ea | eng vp [way MPAMY |(PnaYn (pana) a | | Tey 7: | c | F | Fc | Fe Tf Se ie hee | fF Et le yi F F coe | 1 oa a rE Rrampl: for conhigenuy™ 4-Conghuk tue uth fable dor ste gollowing ® (av A (e203) +6 reer: (wn (p> a) 3p aT ai } F | t oo eae ai e a e T | e iT | | § : s Fl 4 Paw = enalp>a)s4) 1 | + | F | E | A hagical eqpivallence:- Lagial eqsvolance is a ye of atlahionthip behoeer whoo sladtements or gontencer tq prpetitional togic ov beokean akathrn. Swo Alakements owe Logically Tequivaleat Y oma only 1 Aare aesulttng pee we Lecgicollley equivalent woken antcal alatement variable: onc aed xo aagresvent cernpensne Statements ie, Hhely Acsalkogy Srith dalola one dontical e wach voriaton s\ Glaleme ak vanalole {rth fable ey a [ pan Tan] i lta 7 ; \t| ¢\ e F : lel + + F | | le | Fr e F {off | | Png cmd qyap haue tee same buth value © stony one Hoqicatly equivolent aud 4. Aencled Py RAV = VAP YL PAQErqap ua sautology. -¥ hows shhogic “hr Asnbity dauss PAT ep PVE =p #* Pominahon fauss ay eS ap PAF EF Sous | At dorpodenk Saw : i PAPEe : : PYPsP 4 Double negation favs vo(~py= rh _y commutative Shows PAYS VAP PVN SQvep Awtociakine Laws (Ya) Vi = pvCav) (Pnayay = pA@Or) at Direbubve Lauss evn) =(pvq) aleve PAG@V™) = (Pq) v (PAY) (Prv)av = (pany van) (prad va 2 palevsalay) + Pemorgaria Raw HV) = GP) VE) “(v4) = (wp) alway -Y Abtorpfion aus ev(enq) =P PaAlpyyd= Pe 4 ke Negation Laws PYNP 2 ot PACE = § a hogical equivalena ‘avalning condi tenal Ualona Pov = wevy POV SE wy aap rpo@v = (pany) = (paw) > % (prajea+ She daaov) Palae) = (pay) ¥ a] hogical eopivaltuce involving Bi-conditowal ttalenents Poe = (pag Mop PSY = (Pad v(mp nna) (pow = pesny Epormphe 4. prove IMAL (png) — (pg) ts a ctartoLoqy: fa (p ra) — (prs) : ~ (prydv vw) Gr Poa = wpa) WW " ( py ov) v (py) (~ Demonqari Law np ay) = opyen) | E wp vey N PNY 4 = (py pV eave) (+: gerade Sow) | w ANT (= Neqakon aun) de a. preve hak (pn adn (wp ard) ta conbadichen . Sh (ra) nbep ang) Acsume An Cenc) = (pra) nop) alpray nes) (2 pickibutive Law) = Pp new awe) A G nov nov) J Gr acacciafine Law) = [e ale pna) ) n (par) (ueqehen dave & rae = [Prop dan) MO © pominakion Laur ancl Aesodative Janet) = (Ena) AF CG Negaten law’) E AF C. Dendinaken Saw) = Gy 3. prove Saf (poy) = prov Mt MPI aE Prog WHS p>) © (weva) (» Pea =~ pYv) " = [ow pd) sew (2 Demorgars aw) q = pana (+ pouble argation Low) = RUS Fie. oe A. prove tak a{pv(epna)) = wn vy Ah" w(pyCwena)) = vp Anvey Ws wfoy (op rad) [ow setup nad] [: bemorgart aw vpn (vovr)v ny’ Coomorgens Saws) by me a(eveq) & poukis eagation)) = (meng) VOPAKa) ka idaibabive saws) MW =F v(~ pana) é Negation ase) = wprow (. Tdonkly Lowe) = RH, 5 Show hat Polar) = pe@y =n 3+ | A" Poon = Po @ VW) ‘ . er(w>1) \y PECVD) (Co psa =~pva’) " ~pY@ayvy) (CF PSY sep va) = @pyeqyy~+ Cr Agoctakve Law) = = w(pna)y (iG Denvorgane Saw) = (pra) Cr mpyd = pra) Lac rola 2 op vas) G pow s npr) =(wpva) vy Cr Awociakve Jaw) (oka heey) ve Lssesuergcint Saat) (pay v4 G . Demedens Sass) " Payorx G psqe wera) 2 RES 2 PP QM) = Pr(way”) =lpaqy> 6. Prlavd =(poy VIPS), pow 4 Ab AHs = pola) supra) (: prv= wpe) = (wpva) v@pVY) — ( Dathbubve Jaws) = (pay (p99) F Pow = spa] e RIN, A prove thal pays p> (pra) Sl. poy = polena) WANs Pa = MAPS wpvg RHS P> er) eapvipvad ( paq = vpva] = PYPYA~WpVA) [. pihdbutive Law) = TACwpvg) (E Negation Law ) = (wpvq) [:: Tdenkty lew Toe =) Luss WHS, & (povoa= prv i. (Psadoa = prq KYS Peay sa = Sava (pays ~pvay) = mlwpve) voy. posas pra) = [olpd s aaq [. Denuosgrns aust NPV) = Op aay = (pana va ( Double nvgabion Law) = |p) A(wayvq) Dibibultve Dow (prq) vs = erpulawnd)) | = OVA) at iG Negakordas) = pry © tdentity tao) (pnt =p) = RH RHO = RELY 4 prov that [(prop) 34] (rveoO3+J= qor- (ro 24) 2 vo) 33) = qs al (wpa) [pepe xy = w[Cprnp)va) (prepa) t: PPYEn pra) = a[na]v (res) © Negahen Jaw pvop et) 2 lwrawa)v@tvr) [> pennant Law poaenpra) 2 Prnaferd) Cmte ds] = nqvy [2 Identity law pre =p) qo a ih RS, TRAG = RHS- 10. Pmt Ga Ganel}> boipangi)ed 294 BV Goer Fo (prap > 139 Male = (4 9) ¥olpnop)) & psa weve) = [wa v(pnug)) v[ns v(ennp)) FE: paae pra) = (wave) or vf) (: alagationtaus pyep=T, prope & = (w (wa) @ vf) v(av) (: vemorgaritann § Idsnbty Jew ) Ely nv aw ie Double Negaken) " ayvnr ( TdonHty Jaw ) ntva (- commubafive Jou) \n " ry (- poae pv) = RU. J. HS = RHE. 11 prove hak ((~sadnw>ay) =(p)> a Gl. (@- a)ne>49)) = (prow KH = (pe Ab >9) = (pv (ovva) © pove wPve) = (wenar) vv Cc Dishhpabive Law g Tnvene cixcckion) = vl(pwyva lt Demorgar’s dauss Anverecdivection) = lea (wpa seea) = Bis fo. prove ov (P29) = (prog) lL a¥s(poy) = (pray has wx —> (p39) = o(nr)v 54) (- pag = very | + ¥(opvay)( Double negahin Sous 4 pre spray) = bv wp) V vq) C DihSbubive Law) = lop) v ler) C+ commutative Lace) = (me vv) vx ¢: Disbib uk ve Sas) = wlpanq)v (Cr Bemngqans Laver) Fp hwy = Rts -- KAS =RHS, 43 Ginen ate truth valu 6h pand aT ond RASA F find the Jouthwoluer sh athe ellowing. a pv Car) +) iG A(aamd]~ o( (vad a(evo) a a) pvlanr) = + v(tae) T WCE) =F le b) [p leary) y ~ Reva) abev d) et n (xae)) voller vT) Ace v6) = \creed) vin (ae) = Ful) noo = ENT = 14. Given that the sbuth valu of PQ OT ane R55 24 F pied dhe ruth values Othe following. 0 [* (v8) v of) {les up) ley) J > (ootevadv 8) sacs og) (Rv 05] =[m od we) v[Gresndo Gye) = @tv) -(Gep—evt)) lev v (F51) yt ty " eel wy (Poe) n(wars) c= (PSR) Arg) = (er) tor) = & Algor) = EAT =z F, a = 1s. dhow sthat the following equi vabence by ing truth ctalle pa@vryeXe 3a) v(P>R) A PQ R BvE PHAvR) Roe PIR aie) APE nee eel T 7 T a Ti oT u fo T i Trae v ee af 1 + Coe if F e E + Eager ina iv rt T as foal eect ‘ Tae T tb og x 1 Ss T + fa Pine i HE tT _ a Logical Amphication - Logical jplication ko Jape al Aclakenship lockween choo statement o» Sentenus. «A Statement ‘A’ % said to be Aoutolag colle. imgtigd a skatement Bo fond only ASBL dautology: And dencted La ASB which §s trad aw ‘A Sen plies eB. peteeminahen a4 Teplicatien- wee A Is called ‘antecedant' and B fs called ‘eee equent. Bin oder do grove omy ro Senplicakion 4h 45 Sugticent ato Ahow dee an astiqnrnent 4 South walue do T tote ankecendint Deads to the | ruth value T fo dhe Concequent- q to thew that ASB axiume Hhak sue conceqaa B Jkas ta druth value £ amd chin slew what assumption trod to A, srawing ete south value & shen A Sp musk howe dts tutth value T Lecurmple- 4. prove that we n( prog) soe SAL Oa (Psa) Sap Assume Khot © n( p36) Jaos the drut value 7, ghen both VO ond (P54) hot value T Hlente Q hor te value F. Sinw p3@ sat buth volue 7 dhe has fied ruth value F amd mp mut be T amd p chad the Aouth value F i Cemgequent wp nut have truth value T i 9. Shou shot Joutohegical Aenglicakon 8s Svante. A’; Awume Sot 438 and BSc ie, APB and Bc one Aautologies ie, (2D B30) Is 4 shoe hogy ult know that >Bra@od B(ADd kha Jautology Hey ge ts a dautohogy 2 ADB XE Leminabien of Biconditional,, An order to amfve of a funchionally complete cet concider Aue egpfivallance Po A> (P78) A(8P) ink an equivalence fore BA Qesk) VRP) taken conch doe nok contein The pt-conditHeral: BL Given pA (aor) v(RoP) paltae)ae>a)) v(e>0 a (e>®) ba Cewa veda (onrayy “{enve) toms)} \ it aS [roe = seve) ~¥ Ruler of Inference — Rule P : A premise may be fnboduce at any poink fo 4 the Qerivakion : — Rute _T A formula S may be Gopoduced $0 0 derveben ff gic Fourkosegicalty fephied by any one oy move +} athe preceding formula % the dervahew. Palle cr {we can derive S and R and a sek oy prremivs den wot can Quive ROS. fron athe sek oh premises salone a 2 Sogo di: eAY Sp . : Te pagan simpli ficabon da: PSPVY : 2 addihen- | Ae: Yd PVYV | | ds: PS pov 3 Te: Y¥DO?V dy! Poa Ss P Is! Poa dy Tq. Py > pag Sot PPA 24 (ditjunchve tyllogim) Tus Pe peavey (modu sponens)) Int @ pea dP (modes toltent) Ip! P2d,43ts por Chypothetieal sedlogiere) dig Pvy, Pt, > >t (didernma’) A. shew Hak &->nCpva) te a valid con dlurien por ha grremiver PVF, Yr, p—?M and et Yeprm Rol P am ute & hip Rulet (a0! Ys paw >dP) Om 4) pvy Rube D4 eats t [Sw: 6. pry de) (24) 6) qx Puke a4 pale T (dus ps P>8 247) (80) De nlpva) eutet (Fe pov > prv Ga @ A.°4,ep2v Se A! a, 934 FF a) pow PuleP & YEP puleT (+: payed vq-sep) & § Rule ep FP Ake Cv BR psy Sq) (2.5) Hence, peed : 3 Shaw othak the onclurien cep falbouss She pyrene HLOpVY Her ANT) and Hh: 7 ot ae wee & (yur) Rubep 3. QT Rule T (Denuergari tov tava Ralat Ceomnmubaive Lous) Bet oagq eulkt (P5Qenpra) 6. wy gale T (4\)) + SPNY Rul P % apn yep Rule T (commutafive Baw) Y aqme RultT ( prec ~pve) to MP RuleT Gu: Pipsa dq) (ea) 4. Show that 35 cam be derived from Abe premises PID. wrvp and yy Al. ule com qek atsuned premises ag pw e a. onvp Rule P 3p paleT (Se: Ps pyrady) (>. 4 po(ass) pale F 5 4S pak TG) 6. 4 Rule P HS Rute T Gn) (se) a ¢os Rule cP Ga) 4 Gabernont P! There war a pow Slakemenk &! Catching ats froin woe Aifiedt gtatemont R” Thay ovrrived om Hove: Ute Jone to prewe P follouss fromthe premect pra tq ade Sas Rubee & sy Rake a. q Rate T Guy. 4 poqy Rule & YP put (pracdna—s vp) 6 pp rolt Gi bs) a eo at Andlinedt makind pf pref: ; an order fo dou skal o condhusion (.fotleus 4 hogically ter Hee Qremlcee A, bh, --- ‘4te8) We odume aihat ¢ 1s gal falbe- and coniider wc at an’ additonal prewcise - eal ond th Wy adina --- Ae, AC is a centsadichon stun ¢ fevlours Boeiicatty tid frome 4), Hh == Hm, Problem Show chat (Pag) ~otlous qo KPNeog GL feume that . 2 (Pad) ts an additonal premise 4 w[apngd) pale p & pra eee tT (Cpoubk Negaben) me ae Rake T Gy: pana SpPYGd NET ey Oak © 5, we Roll T (Ti: env Sp) 6 prep Rulet (qs pay Sena) (35) HF euleT COnepsr) 2. Rw (alpna)) 1s gabe. 4 Quan bi ek, Quankifiens Ow exprenion that indicale rthe Acope Of athe stern cto wskich Hay ave atlached (psedicales )- A predicale tea rety Hae subject of the Galement can have . For example , He sum 6, xaud 4 te greater Athans ene, predicale Fs cam fe areata shan $,% amd y one variables. he Hakment can be represented ar Q(x), “A predicale becomes a repos hen rey be ani token we avoign St qed values. However onotter way 7 make It a4 a proposition i oto Quantify Ht le.) Predicate js Are oF qe gor ot porible vallirer Gn the univee 24 discowte oF re geome values) fo Hho Coninerse 2h discourse - Example: Pe). x te @ sal numbet & an open statement. St by aaing Awe ype > Quankpiew we can ua} 4 Futthential Quanhife- ay te Ainoted by ae and & seo ak pow game 'x” ‘Foy atleart one a Bahar erik a x 4uchthat Fev example. tht statement” qor seme % « poo” cam be uoitten as 34 FOO - ¢ Universal Quantyfier th ih Aenoted by dn omaak sad ar cr x ram zach y" gov att x “fo each x", "for omy e . Fy example, Ae Stalement, for aU % PR) | wort ar Wx Pu: 4 He xidenhal Quan fier A gropesition Yolo on ‘called Quan Her oy ke Unitus eal Quakes Glakement. Thevariable preent tn the Quantified Statement ts calted the loound voralale- Examph problent A. For tHe Unineuse a Roal Numben, heb. Phy x to YO: w>0, Ako Wass =o, SOKO! Ware Ree ie th values Af star otlowing statementt BAR NaBSY i v WY Balpeon aay) wry dat pio 34604 | | CAiwen POY. AZO alos rx 50 A (H) ! V-BW~ 44 =O g(a) 1 -3>0 ) Fav [eo A® ) fi tok m= 3 P= s50.(1) P@)= F>0 > 9>0(T) PH = -3C)-age g-9-4 = 4 10 4) Pe = atea a 29-3 270M) Va POA 30) (1 ag) wa {alee : WO Nx [pr vt] tio nen negative neal number Pov ts rue. amd ay ou) is also True hel X22 Was LPO pwr ym ts toe cy 6 oO nagrbve col numba Pe te gobs ov) ts allways +rue then pad > VOU is alway rue 2s owen Alotement itm - Ri) va [xc > pow} fl vx (xe —> pet] het x= -1 > t(a) = (-- ai-4 = 14954 210 s0 pay =-1 0 fe gale ¥4( 4 > phd) & qeee: 9) Sa [poo ast) a 34 Cero a vo5) het req bi = 4 >0 pro te due. WA) = 47 9(4)-4 = \e-12-420, HO i -bue Dx [pera yC) ts due NE [veov sw] Sov (pov say Wek med YW: t-30)-4 = tag >-of0 2 OW Ke Aol SO) ee 1S > Soo is abe : Na(swv Sey} ic yet: WY valyw seo) flv «Tato sw) hab acl VW = Perro , ald ic due. Su) = B-3 = 1-3: -2<0, spy ie gobee- es “GW ic Rue Souk clay is eve stems Wx [ao €W) i aloe & For She Univerte ~of at indeaert hak phy 070 5 ay): te enon 5 Ww te geet wore 5 SH: We Aiidble by +, Atay a te divi oy 5 Lite Be pptoing -statemenks uoith snbolic eo D wl. Giver pwr x>o aw: 4 ic even slo: x tea pageck square 6: wts Aiviibke log + tw: a & Aivitiblee ey a. a No enn sHreqet ts diviedble by Ss ay va Lae ot | b) the en o poritve integers Aat ts even, SA aa [por ata) ©) ag ite ares cred CAR GURL eplare' Se ae ae divides oy 4° et a [a oans(4)—> sw} A) Atleast one Trey ta puED mr Jaa: ; ag 3. Expren tach 2) chee Aptowing Gn vaerdlk - MD Vx ie w—> pol Qi xa geet Squone then x 1s apreatess thom } W va (sm aw) GAL ag a te Aivisiolt by 4 then 2% eren. Wh) S34 (sw onto) SS). for some x bs Aieible by 4 teen x & not dividhlk ley Ss Ww S+ [swan oreo) FAY Jhon enih a fe dietbe boy 4 and x & nota poet suo ~H Logical Ceyutvolence gt Quanhtiest 4 Ba ews yoo) <> 3x porn dx aon a va (Poo nageo) SS Nx gon a > pan | s 34 [pws qos) @ 3 x[epoy aso} 4 hogical enpticotions 44 POV Vr aye) ee Vx[ eco veroo | fe sleqabier a ae 4 w [vo poo] = x > Pw 8. w(x Ra =S Vx POW) 3 KWt> PW]= 3x bo 4 0 [3x7 pool = Wx ply pooblen Not, Bee validity oy ae qollousing va [peov a6] wale poo nayta}—> ¥ 00 J Re TRO — POD iat Vat [poovayes) 4. due wheo iV pol) Is Bue ey OD fs tue vale payday) ) fs due when poo ts abe ata) fe ue Uncare [eo nos) 3s due den + OO neutt lec due ube gk wu (wpe abt} 1oO $s ve Hun Wx vx) — PbO fe due eo eM abone Statement: AY x00 ts true Dav (x) fs folic w(x) ply ts Aue ad any cost . + Per} Techniqhta =i or qs a volid axgumenk cat establishes Ha shuth sf 0 mothematical Statement - dle omg tinea Use Introduce ore Sue by fret Gres) anions . Aheoven « his ts he application a vertfing aH compu Preranus ane contct ov not. emuinolloyy. Dheorem , prrenciiet , omclivsien , anions of postulate diene: (proposed 4p lee a true Statement?) Confuttone en conguichwe a foe shah that fs ask a eon) iii i prev} Methods cad Sbateqies. 4. Forware reek i) Diveeh peek @ bree by tmbadicben 3. Pret by Conba position 4. Peet by necenily and aufftency pelle dios ro 3. Dikeck peng, Ditch proek Shou that a conditional clatement poy ts true by showing dhat pi due then a nuit be due Laample 3.34 0 % an odd integer sth N* fe odd. Shy tab neakt) , kez Sqparing sr looth sider 0 (ak + y n= 4k 44k +) = a (2b42k)! dot apriok-ch hrs ah! rw. te ato anodd number. ak 5 mand 0 ove loth poet sqpranes mn ts alo o geet Eqpart X. grow te dain eae SAL -Acsume saat maudn one perfect square which mea ankeqees aad b ent guch that mea , nz b> mxn = (ah)(6) =n Ge witha prodcck eb? tedhe square o the product ab Sp man one gertect Squond Alen mo & ako a pate squares ———————— 8&8 | 3. prve Haak alee sun s\ wo vokimal numbeu y a vakynal number - Saft het afb amd c[d be two vakenal nambeu ephert aibicid one fokeget amd bid ove net equal -to Ze70 = pee _ ote sung a = ad cle yattonal rumber a ba vedional numba. Hace. a,b,c add ave inteqens , Whe sum ad+cb ts also an Toteger- bd te net equal do zer- eae & also a vatimal numbew. 4. Ay mama 1 ove thuo odd Wwheqow then or prove drok man Ts o omen Finkeger: Bh nek M=a0t1 , N=Sb4) wohusr a and b ove integers: mn = (sa +1) +(b+1) = da4abt+e = a(atbtt) et atbty sc? =8c Sine ‘o” te ran ‘integer ~ BC Ts: even. y 5: Ifm and n one duo odd ieee chon prove that van i also an odd inbegesu - a me aatl, n= 2bt+! oho arb One integer mo = (9041) (2b+1) > 4ab+ 204+ 1b+) = ababta+b)t) dot gabsatb=c = actl, mn tc also an odd toleqa oF Pres by Conbradition (dodinect method ef prea ) an hic ed tnt we anum wp a -bre to eer p ts Aue. dhs we cenduds Aheat vp te due as a cembradithor, thon we £44 Pp fe ve: dre Rather dHhran L pre that 5 fe hrational FAL Aawume that B ts a rational hen fet 15 = t Sqptoning on beth eidlas fe wr. & » 20 abt =a? wey > Ue eren amd 2]a> Sra $0, Q=ak eC some ke (aky = ab 4k = ab? ak? = b> b> is abo 200 z s|b> >2\b 2. 8a eed aie But pov Tee yakenal number get Carb) =3 “NE Ys a vational number ts a Uombadicioy +. JE As an trakenal numb Q prove that andr ts odd then ‘a’ fs odd . ay Sapper B47 te odd. out n fs Qe seppet n= &k gubstitute azale fo an+2 ant2 = a(2k) +2 os Ge F2 = o(aker+n ant_ = ah ankr Is alto an eneg numba | Attra conbadichen 2. O42 § Odd Stan n 4c Bad: Show thot the Taheqerus ‘nl! one cupedatont Para ts een Paras te odd paint Hh even, ef) Panic Quen Po. W-1 %& odd Ps. nt fc eddenon Wok ur ariume n-1 ic een N-\s ak Ns akt+) chan 9 ts odd tt ze a tonbadichen te pi tone} fe add- Par nr is evon anume n fs odd Nak +) c me = (ok+1) 2 AK eak sd = o(ok?+2k}\ ” shat (7 fake 242k a b) => r ts odd bt a cenlwadichen 2 rts even i 2. Prost by Combapodkon : jhe eee} by tembsaboa en make wet She | ee dhat conditional statement P+ fe eapsivalagk | to Sh conbapontive do xy Ove: i ram 4 prove that ab whee awand b are posibve nbegou shan a2 @b 2%- +) P: n=ab WY: asin oo bes anume WoO Dann o b> dhan ab> Gy : ab>n chun ab dn by P Ib gives oP ny —> wp which Is a Combpaposiivte to P>4 N=ab then aLIH o belo % prove trot vi Nite an integer awd o* te od Se n tc odd: _ Ay Given on fs on tateqer we weeol to proeve mn? trodd shen nts odd Boon tk odd a: 1 todd Auume thak wasn is an even anzak or some kKEZ wate = a(rk>) We sh (here he ak ez) 2. ts abo cm even at ares wp Le, Se Oye ts Ahe combapositive +9 p> PF odd chen n % odd. A Prorf of necentity and Suffenctency A necessary and sufficient condifiens seqptired Hua both sf the implicabiens GON and NSS. We eer mplicabion suger Shak eta reficient tonditien gor Ny wohile Hue 2° implication augger chat € (co necemany uoncliten Ne on S fe necetang and ful fieiewt Ae expremed aud wad at Sif acl YN condlition 4 Ny sean a Necemf hy Z Shue dogcal alaken belween pand Q 4s entree ox A p wean @ avd dincled by P24 ( Sopliag), Ab may also enprers a4 amy ofp only a‘ "9 7 y. and "Q uhen Pp’. “Q whine P ’ erample 4. ®2 Sohne a bachelor gh fe nece sary thak teumarnied fe adult fs male & Uulhele numbert greeter than & fotiqodd is necemany cto being pame- ist ise, 3. Dhundles neceany 407 Lighting: 4. Being atlecut 20 yes old % Mecexsary Yor sewing Gr dhe UC senate: 4 Sujficiency- at pis aufpicient {ov Q , Bhan we knowing P do be tue We adequate het qrounds fo conde that & te tue - Howerser Knowing P tp be Jobe oes nek mene atet a acinjnral need to conclude Q to be qabse- 2 “ay Pp then 8" "pa ," Ponty doy a * Pp rmplties a! Cromple 4. whats Aivicible by 4 is bfficient ger Ht 2 John de A Aeing Ferpliet that ohn % male 3 Ocurance of thunder sugftciast for ceenaines of daghting A. Gentrving & He Ut senale te the “ufficien’ corditen sev alone “thirky tor ol. HSinvultaneouily Necerrany aud £u{picient Conditions PEO, QP pis necessary for 8 and & & fufidemt cha le | Bl p i necesany and fuffidlenk (rr Q then | Qty necercony and tufficieak for Q we can wale pag = ROP Examole, 4. B® number % locing divicible by at necerconny -fo4 a to beeen wad a number te be oe ever ik Ricertony e cia being divisible og 2- “pil Subsel hai a cht se © es a ioackc an ck worsistt he oll peat bhee ‘cot ndldg ik clument acd Ray the an set. Afi23y 4 “The Pcie On f os ff dr J, £33, £47, {ri M309 BABY C44 F424, {aan fia44 {34}, {2344 £9 Praha dex. aia subselz doy 0 sek veroin a “n ooef climente 4 2. “Type ob sukeele + = Sass “axe doutthid 0 pops subeeks ara ey subsets - aaaale A={yyi6} Pinel prepisbscl O20) = 249-127 ard those We t V4, fu4, fe, LK £464 So 6] hey A pope thick cot wehéch | contour er one _ theneak abysenc fer sopout i 7 ae.. ©) =. b| yr a) Ne, Nie ie ae Pt vy arin eg @) oo eg a 2 yey, Bur OG bor 4 pabve Thun tue enictad ungee') gen. 4 is pes G ts £12 s Nee 953=3-El4+4n Bee Y>3: Fix} a kor. 4, : W6)= a-mpd 42) 2 ee %z=2) rR 40 = B*D)4AF Vz a % =7 A\= 3%4++4+0

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