Scheme of Evaluation

Name of the Examination: Autumn End Semester-2024

Subject & Code: Differential Equations & Linear Algebra (MA 11001)

Section-A
Question No. Scheme of Mark Distribution
Q.1(a). Correct Auxiliary equation and roots 0.5
Correct general solution 0.5
(b). For the value of 𝐴 0.5
Correct formulation of ODE 0.5
(c). Coefficients of Power Series 0.5
Calculation of radius of convergence 0.5
(d). Correct roots and Auxiliary equation 0.5
Correct ODE 0.5
(e). Correct conversion to Gamma function 0.5
For the value of integration 0.5
(f). Correct conversion to Beta function 0.5
For the value of integration 0.5
(g). Correct eigenvalues of 𝐴 with reason 0.5
For the Eigenvalues of 𝐴−1 0.5
(h). Correct answer 1
(i). Correct 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦). 0.5
Calculation of ODE for OT 0.5
(j). Correct definition of Wronskian 0.5
Correct value of Wronskian 0.5
Section-B
Question No. Scheme of Mark Distribution
Q.2) (a). Reduction to linear form 1
I.F. 0.5
General solution 1.5
Particular solution 1
(b). Correct ODE for RLC circuit 0.5
Correct C. F. 𝐼ℎ 1
Proper choice for P.I. 𝐼𝑝 2
Correct transient current 0.5
Q.3) (a). Correct C. F. 𝑦ℎ 1.5
Correct P.I. 𝑦𝑝 2.5
Correct general solution 1
(b). Reduction to upper-triangular form 3
Calculation of values of variables 2
Q.4) (a). Last step of Gauss elimination and correct matrix 2
Further row operation and correct matrix 2.5
Right inverse matrix 0.5
(b). Modeling of ODE with correct initial conditions 1
 Solution of ODE and particular solution 2.5
Calculation of time 𝑡 for which 𝑇(𝑡) = 22.8 1.5
Q.5) (a). Beta function in terms of Gamma function 0.5
Proper choice of 𝑝 and 𝑞 value in Beta function 0.5
The value of 𝛽(0.5, 0.5) and 𝛤(0.5) 3
For the value of 𝛤(1.5) 1
(b). For C. F. 1.5
For Wronskian 1
For correct 𝑟(𝑥) 0.5
Correct calculation of integration for P. I. & general solution 2
Q.6) (a). Correct Eigenvalues 2
Correct Eigenvectors 3
(b). Verification of Exactness 1
I. F. 1
Correct general solution 2
Correct particular solution 1
Q.7) (a). Eigenvalues 0.5
Eigenvectors and Eigen basis 1.5
Modal matrix and inverse matrix 1.5
Diagonalization 1.5
(b). Correct elementary row operation 2
Correct matrix in the last step of Gauss-elimination 2
Rank of the matrix 1

************************************END*************************************

Dr. Madhusmita Sahoo

(Course Coordinator, MA 11001)
 Solution Manual
Name of the Examination: Autumn End Semester-2024
Subject & Code: Differential Equations & Linear Algebra (MA 11001)

SECTION-A
Q.1) (a). Find the general solution of the ODE (𝐷2 + 7𝐷 + 10𝐼 )𝑦 = 0
Solution: The Auxiliary equation is:

𝜆2 + 7𝜆 + 10 = 0
⇒ 𝜆 = −2, 𝑜𝑟 𝜆 = −5
The general solution is: 𝑦(𝑥) = 𝐴𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 −5𝑥
2
(b). Formulate an ordinary differential equation whose general solution is 𝑦(𝑥) = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑥 ,
where 𝐴 is an arbitrary constant.
2
Solution: 𝑦 ′ = −2𝐴𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 = −2𝑥𝑦
The ODE is: 𝑦 ′ + 2𝑥𝑦 = 0.

(c). Calculate the radius of convergence of the series

(−1)𝑚 2𝑚
∑∞𝑚=0 𝑚 𝑥
𝑘
(−1)𝑚
Solution: In the given series 𝑎2𝑚 = 𝑘𝑚
2 1
⇒𝑅 = = |𝑘 |.
𝑙𝑖𝑚 |𝑎𝑚 |1/𝑚
𝑚→∞
The radius of convergence is 𝑹 = √|𝒌|.

(d). Find the second order linear differential equation for the given solutions
cos 2𝜋𝑥, sin 2𝜋𝑥.
Solution: 𝜆 = ±2𝜋𝑖
⇒ (𝜆 − 2𝜋𝑖 )(𝜆 + 2𝜋𝑖 ) = 0
⇒ 𝜆2 + 4𝜋 2 = 0
The required differential equation is: 𝑦 ′′ + 4𝜋 2 𝑦 = 0.
∞
(e). Evaluate ∫0 𝑥 4 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
∞ ∞
Solution: ∫0 𝑥 4 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 5−1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝛤(5) = 4! = 24.

(f). 1
Evaluate ∫0 𝑥 4 (1 − 𝑥)3 𝑑𝑥.
1 1
Solution: ∫0 𝑥 4 (1 − 𝑥)3 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑥 5−1 (1 − 𝑥)4−1 𝑑𝑥
𝛤(5)𝛤(4) 4!×3! 1
= 𝛽(5, 4) = = =
𝛤(5+4) 8! 280

(g). Find the eigenvalues of 𝐴−1 of the following matrix

3 0 0
𝐴 = (2 1 0)
5 −3 2
Solution: Given matrix is lower triangular.
The eigenvalues of 𝐴 are 3, 1, 2
The eigenvalues of 𝐴−1 are 1/3, 1 and 1/2.
 (h). Is the given set of vectors linearly independent or linearly dependent?
{[2 24 0], [3 −6 21], [0 42 −21]}
Solution: Given set of vectors are L. D. because
2 24 0
|3 −6 21 | = 0
0 42 −21

(i). Find the orthogonal trajectories of the curve 𝑦 = √𝑥 + 𝑐

Solution: Given equation is
𝑦2 − 𝑥 = 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦 2 − 𝑥
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
⇒ 𝜕𝑥 = −1, 𝜕𝑦 = 2𝑦
The differential equation for orthogonal trajectory is
𝜕𝑓
𝑑𝑦 ( )
𝜕𝑦
𝑑𝑥
= 𝜕𝑓 = −2𝑦
( )
𝜕𝑥
The required O.T. is : 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 −2𝑥 .

(j). Determine the Wronskian of cos 2𝑥, sin 2𝑥.

cos 2𝑥 sin 2𝑥
Solution: 𝑊(cos 2𝑥, sin 2𝑥 ) = | | = 2.
−2 sin 2𝑥 2 cos 2𝑥

SECTION-B
Q.2) (a). Solve the initial value problem
2𝑥𝑦𝑦 ′ + (𝑥 − 1)𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 .
𝑑𝑢
Solution: Let 𝑦 2 = 𝑢. Differentiating w.r.to x we obtain 2𝑦𝑦 ′ =
𝑑𝑥
The given equation becomes
𝑑𝑢
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 − 1)𝑢 = 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 1
⟹ 𝑑𝑥 + (1 − 𝑥 ) 𝑢 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 .
This is a linear nonhomogeneous ODE in 𝑢.
1
𝑒𝑥
I.F. is: 𝑒 ∫(1−𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥−ln 𝑥 = 𝑥
.
The general solution is
𝑒𝑥 𝑒𝑥
𝑢( ) = ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 ( ) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥 2𝑥
𝑒 𝑒
𝑢( ) = +𝐶
𝑥 2

𝑥𝑒 𝑥
Hence the general solution of the given ODE is: 𝑦 2 = 2
+ 𝐶𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 .

(b). Find the transient current in the 𝑅𝐿𝐶 − circuit when

𝑅 = 40Ω, 𝐿 = 0.4 𝐻, 𝐶 = 10−4 𝐹, 𝐸 = 220 sin 𝑡 𝑉.
Solution: The ODE for RLC-circuit is
𝑑2 𝐼 𝑑𝐼 1 𝑑𝐸
𝐿 𝑑𝑡 2 + 𝑅 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐶 𝐼 = 𝑑𝑡
′′ ′
⇒ 𝐼 + 100𝐼 + 2500𝐼 = 550 cos 𝑡 (1)
C. F.: 𝑰𝒉 (𝒕) consider 𝐼′′ + 100𝐼′ + 2500𝐼 = 0
Characteristic equation: 𝜆2 + 100𝜆 + 2500 = 0
(𝜆 + 50)2 = 0
⇒ 𝜆 = −50, −50
Basis: {𝑒 −50𝑡 , 𝑡𝑒 −50𝑡 } and
𝑰𝒉 = (𝑪𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒕)𝒆−𝟓𝟎𝒕
P. I.: 𝑰𝒑 (𝒕) Given 𝑟(𝑡) = 550 cos 𝑡
 The particular integral is: 𝐼𝑝 = 𝐴 cos 𝑡 + 𝐵 sin 𝑡
⇒ 𝐼𝑝 ′ = −𝐴 sin 𝑡 + 𝐵 cos 𝑡 and
𝐼𝑝 ′′ = −𝐴 cos 𝑡 − 𝐵 sin 𝑡
Putting 𝐼𝑝 , 𝐼𝑝 ′ and 𝐼𝑝 ′′ in Equation (1), we find:
−𝐴 cos 𝑡 − 𝐵 sin 𝑡 − 100𝐴 sin 𝑡 + 100𝐵 cos 𝑡
+ 2500𝐴 cos 𝑡 + 2500𝐵 sin 𝑡 = 550 cos 𝑡

Now, (𝐴 + 100𝐵 + 2500𝐴) cos 𝑡 + (−𝐵 − 100𝐴 + 2500𝐵 ) sin 𝑡 = 550 cos 𝑡
2501𝐴 + 100𝐵 = 550 and −100𝐴 + 2499𝐵 = 0
Solving the above equations, we find: 𝑨 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝟗𝟓 and 𝑩 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟖.
⇒ P. I. is: 𝑰𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝟗𝟓𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒕 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟖𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕
The transient current is:
𝑰(𝒕) = (𝑪𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒕)𝒆−𝟓𝟎𝒕 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝟗𝟓𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒕 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟖𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕.

Q.3) (a). Solve the ODE 𝑦 ′′ − 16𝑦 = 19.2𝑒 4𝑥 + 60𝑒 𝑥 .

Solution: Given non-homogeneous ODE is
𝑦 ′′ − 16𝑦 = 19.2𝑒 4𝑥 + 60𝑒 𝑥 … … … … … … … … . (1)
Homogeneous ODE corresponding to (1) is
𝑦 ′′ − 16𝑦 = 0 … … … … … … … … . (2)
Auxiliary equation of (2) is
𝜆2 − 16 = 0 ⇒ 𝜆 = 4, −4
Therefore, the complementary function (C.F.) of (1) is
𝑦ℎ (𝑥) = 𝑐1 𝑒 4𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −4𝑥
where 𝑐1 and 𝑐2 are arbitrary constants.
Let, the particular integral (P.I.) of (1) is
𝑦𝑝 (𝑥) = 𝐴𝑥𝑒 4𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 𝑥 , where A and B are constants.
Now, 𝑦𝑝′ (𝑥) = 4𝐴𝑥𝑒 4𝑥 + 𝐴𝑒 4𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑦′′𝑝 (𝑥) = 16𝐴𝑥𝑒 4𝑥 + 8𝐴𝑒 4𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 𝑥
Substituting 𝑦(𝑥) by 𝑦𝑝 (𝑥) in (1), we get
𝑦′′𝑝 (𝑥) − 16𝑦𝑝 (𝑥) = 19.2𝑒 4𝑥 + 60𝑒 𝑥 … … … … … … … … . (3)
Putting the values of 𝑦𝑝 (𝑥) and 𝑦′′𝑝 (𝑥) in (3), we get
(16𝐴𝑥𝑒 4𝑥 + 8𝐴𝑒 4𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 𝑥 ) − 16(𝐴𝑥𝑒 4𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 𝑥 ) = 19.2𝑒 4𝑥 + 60𝑒 𝑥
⇒ 8𝐴𝑒 4𝑥 − 15𝐵𝑒 𝑥 = 19.2𝑒 4𝑥 + 60𝑒 𝑥 … … … … … … … … … . . (4)
Comparing the coefficients of 𝑒 4𝑥 and 𝑒 𝑥 in (4) we get
8𝐴 = 19.2 ⇒ 𝐴 = 2.4 and −15𝐵 = 60 ⇒ 𝐵 = −4
Therefore, the the particular integral (P.I.) of (1) is
𝑦𝑝 (𝑥) = 2.4𝑥𝑒 4𝑥 − 4𝑒 𝑥
Hence, the general solution of the given ODE is
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑦ℎ (𝑥) + 𝑦𝑝 (𝑥)
4𝑥 −4𝑥
( )
⇒ 𝑦 𝑥 = 𝑐1 𝑒 + 𝑐2 𝑒 + 2.4𝑥𝑒 4𝑥 − 4𝑒 𝑥 , where 𝑐1 and 𝑐2 are arbitrary constants.

(b). Solve the system of linear equations by Gauss elimination method

4𝑦 + 3𝑧 = −3
𝑥+𝑦−𝑧 = 9
−𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 20
Solution: The given system of linear equations is

4𝑦 + 3𝑧 = −3
𝑥+𝑦−𝑧 = 9
−𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 20
The augmented matrix of the given system of linear equations is
0 4 3 −3
𝐴̃ = ( 1 1 −1| 9 )
−1 2 −3 20
 1 1 −1 9
~( 0 4 3 |−3), 𝑅1 ↔ 𝑅2
−1 2 −3 20
1 1 −1 9
~(0 4 3 |−3), 𝑅3′ = 𝑅3 + 𝑅1
0 3 −4 29
1 1 −1 9
~(0 4 3 | −3 ), 𝑅3′ = 4𝑅3 − 3𝑅2
0 0 −25 125
which is the row-echelon form of the augmented matrix of the given system of linear
equations.
The coefficient matrix of the given system of linear equations is
0 4 3
𝐴 = ( 1 1 −1)
−1 2 −3
So, the row-echelon form coefficient matrix of the given system of linear equations is

1 1 −1
(0 4 3 )
0 0 −25
So,
𝑅(𝐴̃) = 𝑅 (𝐴) = 3 = 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
Therefore, the given system of equations is consistent and has a unique solution.
So, by the Gauss elimination method and row-echelon form of the augmented matrix,
we can write the reduced form of the given system of linear equations which are as
follows.
𝑥+𝑦−𝑧 = 9
4𝑦 + 3𝑧 = −3
−25𝑧 = 125
Now, we can find the solution to the above system of linear equations using the
back substitution method.
The required solution is
𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 3, 𝑧 = −5

Q.4) (a). 2 0  1
Find the inverse of the matrix A  5 1 0  using Gauss-Jordan method.
 
0 1 3 
Solution: Applying Gauss-elimination to the matrix we get:
2 0 −1 1 0 0
The Augmented matrix is [𝐴 𝐼 ] = [5 1 0 |0 1 0]
0 1 3 0 0 1
2 0 −1 1 0 0
Applying 𝑅2 → 2𝑅2 − 5𝑅1 , [0 2 5 |−5 2 0]
0 1 3 0 0 1
2 0 −1 1 0 0
Applying 𝑅3 → 2𝑅3 − 𝑅2 [0 2 5 |−5 2 0]
0 0 1 5 −2 2
2 0 0 6 −2 2
Applying 𝑅1 → 𝑅1 + 𝑅3 [0 2 5 |−5 2 0]
0 0 1 5 −2 2
 2 0 0 6 −2 2
Applying 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 5𝑅3 [0 2 0 |−30 12 −10]
0 0 1 5 −2 2
1 0 0 3 −1 1
Applying 𝑅1 → 𝑅1 /2, 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 /2, [0 1 0 |−15 6 −5]
0 0 1 5 −2 2
𝟑 −𝟏 𝟏
⇒ 𝑨−𝟏 = [−𝟏𝟓 𝟔 −𝟓]
𝟓 −𝟐 𝟐

(b). A thermometer reading 100 c is brought into a room whose temperature is 230 c . Two
minutes later the thermometer reading is 180 c , How long will it take until the reading
is practically 230 c , say, 22.8 0 c ?
Solution:
Given TS  230 c
dT
 k (T  23), T (0)  10, T (2)  18 .
dt
dT
 T  23 k  dt
 ln T  23  kt  c
 T  23  ce kt
Now, T (0)  10  10  23  c  c  13 .
Hence, T (t )  23  13e kt .
5
Again, T (2)  18  18  23  13e 2 k  e 2 k 
13
1 5
 k  ln    k  0.478 .
2  13 
Therefore, T (t )  23  13e 0.478t .
Now, for T  22.80 c , 22.8  23  13e 0.478t
 0.0154  e 0.478t
 0.478t  ln( 0.0154)
 t  8.731min
Q.5) (a). Find the value of 1 / 2 , hence find out 3 / 2 .
Solution:
 ( p ) ( q )
1


We know that,  ( p, q)  x p 1 (1  x) q 1 dx 
0
( p  q )
1 1
Let, p  , q  .
2 2
1 1
     2
1 1 2   2    1 
1 1 1
 ,    x 2
1
(1  x) 2
1
dx      . (1)
2 2 0
(1)   2 
1 1 1
1 1
Now, x
0
2
(1  x) 2
dx

Let x  sin 2   dx  2 sin  cos d

 Eq. (1) becomes,

1

1

1 2
1 

 x (1  x) dx  2 
0
2 2

0
sin  cos 
sin  cos d  2 02  2. 
2
From Eq. (1), we get
2
  1 
   
  2 
1
     .
2
3 1  1 1 
Now,      1     .
2 2  2 2 2
(b). Find a general solution of the differential equation x 2 y  4 xy  6 y  21x 4 using
variation of parameter method.
Solution:
Complementary function (CF):
x 2 y  4 xy  6 y  0
The auxiliary equation is
m(m  1)  4m  6  0
 m2  3m  2m  6  0
 (m  3)( m  2)  0
 m  2, 3
So, C.F  c1 x 2  c2 x3 .
Basis  {x 2 , x3}  { y1 , y2 } .
x 2 x3
Wronskian: W ( y1 , y2 )  W ( x 2 , x3 )  2
 3x 4  2 x 4  x 4 .
2 x 3x
Now, r (x ) :
4 6
y  y  2 y  21x  6
x x
So r ( x)  21x 6 .

Now, y p  c1 ( x) y1 ( x)  c2 ( x) y2 ( x) .
y2 . r ( x ) y . r ( x)
  y1  dx  y2  1 dx
W W
x3 . 21x 6 2
3 x . 21x
6
  x2  dx  x  x 4 dx
x4
 21x 2  x 7 dx  21x 3  x 8 dx
21 2  6 21 3  7
 x x  xx
6 7
 3.5 x  3x  0.5 x 4
4 4

Therefore, y ( x)  C.F  P.I

y( x)  c1 x 2  c2 x3  0.5x 4 .
Q.6) (a). 5 2 
Find the Eigenvalues and corresponding Eigenvectors of the matrix  .
2 13
Solution:
Eigenvalues: A  I  0
5 2
 0
2 13  
 (5   )(13   )  4  0
 2  18  61  0
18  324  244 18  80 18  4 5
    92 5
2 2 2
For   9  2 5 ,
5  9  2 5 2   x1  0
     
 2 13  9  2 5   x2  0
 4  2 5 x1  2 x2  0
 (1)
2 x1  (4  2 5 x2 )  0
After solving Eq. (1), we get
 x2  (2  5 ) x1
Let x1  t , x2  (2  5 )t .
 x1   t   1 
Therefore, the eigenvector is X 1       t 
 x2  (2  5 )t  (2  5 )
 1 
i.e. X 1   .
2  5 
For   9  2 5 ,
5  9  2 5 2   x1  0
     
 2 13  9  2 5   x2  0
(4  2 5 ) x1  2 x2  0
 (2)
2 x1  (4  2 5 x2 )  0
After solving Eq. (2), we get
 x2  (2  5 ) x1
Let x1  t , x2  (2  5 )t .
 x1   t   1 
Therefore, the eigenvector is X 2       t 
 x2  (2  5 )t  (2  5 )
 1 
i.e. X 2   
2  5 

(b). Test for exactness. If not exact, find an integrating factor and hence solve the initial
value problem (cos wx  w sin wx)dx  e x dy  0, y(0)  1 . (1)
Solution:
Here, M  (cos wx  w sin wx), N  e x .
 M N
 0,  ex .
y x
M N
Therefore,  (Not exact).
y x
M N

y x  e x
Now,  x  1 .
N e
I .F  e
( 1) dx
 e x .
Multiplying the I.F on both the sides of Eq. (1),
(cos wx  w sin wx)e x dx  dy  0 .
Now, M  (cos wx  w sin wx)e x , N  1 .
The solution is  Mdx   Ndy  c
  (cos wx  w sin wx)e x
dx   dy  c


e x
1 w 2
 
 cos wx  w sin wx  w sin wx  w2 cos wx  y  c

 e x cos wx  y  c
Now, y (0)  1  1  1  c  c  0
Hence, the particular solution is y  e x cos wx  0 .

Q.7) (a). Find the Eigen Basis and diagonalize the matrix

3 2
A=[ ]
2 6

Solution: The given matrix

3 2
A=[ ]
2 6

Eigenvalues:
|𝐴 − 𝜆 𝐼 | = 0

|3 − 𝜆 2 |
= 0
2 6−𝜆

(3 − 𝜆)(6 − 𝜆) − 4 = 0

λ2 − 9λ + 14 = 0

λ2 − 7λ − 2λ + 14 = 0

λ(λ − 7) − 2 (λ − 7) = 0

(λ − 7)(λ − 2) = 0

λ = 7, λ = 2
Eigenvector for λ = 2:

1 2 𝑥1 0
[ ] [𝑥 ] = [ ]
2 4 2 0

𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 = 0, 𝑥1 = −2𝑥2

2𝑥1 + 4𝑥2 = 0, 𝑥2 = 𝑡

𝑥1 = −2𝑡

−2𝑡 −2
[ ] = 𝑡[ ]
𝑡 1
−2
𝑋1 = [ ]
1

Eigenvector for λ = 7:

−4 2 𝑥1 0
[ ] [𝑥 ] = [ ]
2 −1 2 0

−4𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 = 0, 𝑥2 = 2𝑥1

2𝑥1 − 𝑥2 = 0,

1
𝑋2 = [ ]
2

Modal Matrix:
−2 1 |X| = −4 − 1 = −5
X=[ ],
1 2
−2 1
−1 2 −1
𝑋 −1 = [ ]= [ 5 5]
5 −1 −2 1 2
5 5

Diagonalization:
−2 1
D = 𝑋 −1 𝐴 𝑋 = [ 5 5] [3 2 −2
][
1
]
1 2 2 6 1 2
5 5

−2 1
= [5 5] [−4 7
]
1 2 2 14
5 5
2 0
𝐷 =[ ]
0 7
 (b). Determine the rank of the matrix

5 −2 1 0
A = [−2 0 −4 1]
1 −4 11 2
0 1 2 0
Solution: The given matrix is

5 −2 1 0
A = [−2 0 −4 1]
1 −4 11 2
0 1 2 0

𝑅2 ⟶ 5𝑅2 + 2𝑅1
𝑅3 ⟶ 5𝑅3 − 𝑅1

5 −2 1 0
≈ [ 0 −4 −18 5]
0 −18 54 10
0 1 2 0

𝑅3 ⟶ 4𝑅3 − 18𝑅2
𝑅4 ⟶ 4𝑅4 + 𝑅2

5 −2 1 0
≈ [0 −4 −18 5 ]
0 0 540 −50
0 0 −10 5

𝑅4 ⟶ 54 𝑅4 + 𝑅3

5 −2 1 0
≈ [0 −4 −18 5 ]
0 0 540 −50
0 0 0 220

𝐫(𝐀) = 𝟒

************************************END*************************************

Dr. Madhusmita Sahoo

(Course Coordinator, MA 11001)