Duhok Polytechnic University

Technical College of Administration

Information Technology management
DPU

Subject: Data Base

Stage:3

Report About

Network Database

Student`s Name
Blnd Abdullah Ibrahim

Supervisor`s Name
Nareen Obedullah Muhamad

2022-2023
Table of Contents
Table of Contents ................................................................... 1
 What is a Network Database? ........................................... 2
 How Does a Network Database Work? .............................. 2
 Network Data Model Pros and Cons .................................. 3
 Pros ................................................................................. 3
 Cons ................................................................................. 3
 Hierarchical vs Network Model vs Relational Database
Model ..................................................................................... 4
 ............................................................................................ 4
 Network Database vs Graph Database .............................. 4
 Database Systems Using the Network Model .................... 5
 Integrated Data Store ...................................................... 5
 IDMS ................................................................................ 5
 Raima Database Manager ............................................... 6
 Network Database with Raima .......................................... 6
 References ......................................................................... 7

1
 What is a Network Database?
A network database management system (network DBMS) is based on a
network data model, which allows each record to be related to multiple primary
records and multiple secondary records. Network databases allow you to create
a flexible model of relationships between entities. The network model was
proposed in 1969 by Charles Bachman, as an extension of the hierarchical
database model.

The word “network” in network databases does not refer to connections

between different computers and software (known as networking), but rather
about relations between different data entities.

 How Does a Network Database Work?

A network database is based on a traditional hierarchical database, except it
allows each object to have multiple parents instead of a single parent. This
allows you to model more complex relationships.

Network databases can be represented as a graph instead of a tree structure. The

graph is defined by a schema, which is a list of data nodes and the relationships
between them. This provides a data structure which, in a regular relational
database, can only be accessed by inference.

Network databases provide a lot of flexibility, but are still limited to access
patterns and design limitations of hierarchical databases. These limitations were
later overcome by relational database management systems.

2
 Network Data Model Pros and Cons
 Pros

 Simple concept—like a hierarchical database, network databases are

conceptually simple and easy to design.
 Multiple types of relationships—network models can support one-to-
many and many-to-many relationships, which is useful for capturing real
life relationships between entities.
 Data integrity—the network model does not allow members to exist
without an owner.
 Data independence—the network model is superior to the hierarchical
model in separating data processing from the details of physical storage.
 Data access—data access is faster and easier than in a hierarchical
database.

 Cons

 Complex implementation—all records must be stored using pointers,

making database structure much more complex than in a hierarchical
database.
 Inefficient operation handling—insertion, deletion and updating
operations require many pointer adjustments, which can hurt
performance.
 Non-flexible structure—it is difficult to change the structure of a
database once it is already populated.

3
 Hierarchical vs Network Model vs Relational Database Model
Below is a summary of the differences between a traditional hierarchical data model, a network
data model, and the modern relational data model.

Hierarchical Model Network Model Relational Model

Organizes data in a tree Organize data into a graph Stores data in tables
structure structure

Represents one-to-many Represents many-to-many Supports one-to-many and

relationships relationships many-to-many relationships
Inefficient access to data Efficient access to data Efficient access to data

Inflexible Flexible when designing the Flexible both during design

database, less flexible after and after loading data
data is populated

 Network Database vs Graph Database

Network databases are similar to a new type of non-relational database, the graph
database. Here are some of the differences between network databases and graph
databases.

Network Database Graph Database

Uses a schema that specifies which record No restriction, any vertex can have an edge
type can be nested in which other record to any other vertex
type
The only way to access a record is through Possible to refer directly to all vertices with
one of the access paths for that record unique IDs, or use an index to find vertices
with a specific value
The children of each record have a preset Vertices and edges are not sorted, only
order, and the database has to maintain that results are sorted when running a query.
ordering.

Uses SQL query language Supports declarative query languages like

Cypher and SparQL

4
 Database Systems Using the Network Model
Well-known database systems that use the network model include;

 Integrated Data Store

Integrated Data Storage (IDS) was an early network database management
system known for its high performance.

IDS was designed by Charles Bachman at General Electric, and won the
Computer Society's Turing Award in 1973.

IDS aims to maximize performance using available hardware, which was

extremely limited at the time, so was not easy to use or implement applications
using IDS. However, smart implementation of IDS type databases (such as
British Telecom's large CSS project) demonstrated a level of performance on
terabyte-scale data unmatched in any modern relational database
implementation.

 IDMS
The Integrated Database Management System (IDMS) used the CODASYL
network model. Originally developed by B.F. Goodrich, since 1989 it was
owned by Computer Associates, who renamed it CA IDMS.

Today CA IDMS is used as part of IBM z Systems as a high-performance

database management system, and is used by hundreds of large enterprises and
government agencies around the world. CAI IDMS/DB is a powerful database
engine that provides both network and relational access, and uses the latest
hardware to achieve high performance, including the IBM z Systems Integrated
Information Processor (zIIP).

5
 Raima Database Manager

Raima Database Manager (RDM) is an embedded relational database optimized

to run on resource-constrained IoT edge devices requiring real-time responses.

RDM supports noSQL (record and cursor level database access), SQL database
design and SQL-like data manipulations. Non-SQL functions are very important
in an embedded system environment with highly limited resources. In such an
environment, high performance and very small footprints come first. SQL is
important for providing standard database access methods.

 Network Database with Raima

Raima Database Manager, also called RDM, is an RDBMS (Relational

Database Management System) developed for IoT Edge use cases. By
combining the network and relational model technologies in a single system,
RDM lets you organize and access information efficiently, regardless of the
complexity of the data. The Raima database system is optimized to run as both
an in-memory DBMS with the ability to persist data to disk or as a fully disk
based database system. It is highly performant with low I/O latency and
minimal processing overhead.

Raima Database Manager gives developers a rich set of database features,

including multiple APIs and indexing methods requiring minimal resources. A
great DBMS for embedded devices and applications running on real-time
operating systems.

Explore the power of Raima Database Manager and get your free trial.

6
 References

 Anderson M. Staniszkis W., (1979) System Development Facility-Long

Range Design Report. Logica Ltd., London. Internal Report

 Bernstein, P.A. et. al. (1981) Query Processing in a System for

Distributed Databases(SDD-1) ACM Transactions on Database
Systems,Vol. 6,N. 4, Dec.1981.

 Blasgen, M.W. et. al. (1981) System R:An Architectural Overview, IBM
System Journal, Vol. 20,n. 1, 1981
 Chamberlain,D.D. et. al. (1986) SEQUEL 2: A Unified Approach to Data
Definition Manipulation and Control. IBM Journal of Research and
Development, Nov. 1976.
 Date, C.J. (1981) An Introduction to Database Systems, Addison-Wesley,
Reading, Mass. 1981
 Davenport, R.A. (1981) Design of Distributed Database Systems, The
Computer Journal, Vol. 24, N. 1, 1981.