MICROCONTROLLER

& APPLICATIONS
Sub code : 4041

Baiju.G.S
Lecturer in Electronics Engineering

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• Course Objectives:
• To equip students on architecture, interfacing
and Assembly Language Programming
• (ALP) of 8051 microcontrollers.
• To enable students to develop simple
interfacing applications for daily use
• To prepare students for troubleshooting of
microcontroller-based equipment

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• Course Outcomes
• On completion of the course, the student will be
able to:
• CO1 : Explain the features and block diagram of
8051 Microcontroller.
• CO2 : Develop simple Assembly Language
Programs (ALP) for 8051.
• CO3 : Explain interrupts, timer and serial
communication in 8051
• CO4 : Illustrate the interfacing of various I/O
devices with 8051
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 CO1 : Explain the features and block diagram of 8051
Microcontroller.

• M1.01 Compare Microprocessor and Microcontroller -Understanding

• M1.02 List the features of 8051 microcontroller. - Remembering
• M1.03 Explain the block diagram of 8051 microcontroller. - Understanding
• M1.04 Explain the memory of 8051. - Understanding

• Contents:
• Features and Block diagram of 8051
• Introduction to microprocessors and microcontrollers, features of 8051, simple
block diagram of 8051, Data memory organization, program memory
organization, PSW register.

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 Microprocessors and
Microcontrollers

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 Microprocessor
• CPU: Central Processing Unit
• A An integrated circuit that contains all the
functions of a central processing unit of a
computer.

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 General-purpose microprocessor

• Only CPU for Computers

• Commonly no RAM, ROM, I/O on CPU chip itself

Many chips on motherboard

Data Bus
CPU
General-
Serial
Purpose RAM ROM I/O Timer COM
Micro- Port
Port
processor
Address Bus

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 Microcontroller
• A control device which incorporates a
microprocessor.
• A Microcontroller is a IC chip that executes
programs for controlling other devices or
machines. It is a micro (small size as its a
Integrated Circuit chip) device which is used for
control of other devices and machines thats why
it is called 'Microcontroller'. It is
a Microprocessor having RAM,ROM and I/O
ports.
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 • A microcontroller includes a processor, the
ALU, Instruction Decoder, registers, code storage
space(flash memory/ROM), RAM, general purpose
I/O pins, timers, interrupt controller, serial
communication module etc.

 That is, the microcontroller is a

microprocessor with some basic modules.

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 Components of a microcontroller
• CPU: Central Processing Unit
• I/O: Input /Output
• Bus: Address bus & Data bus
• Memory: RAM & ROM
• Timer
• Interrupt
• Serial Port
• Parallel Port

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 Microcontroller

• A single-chip computer ( SoC- system on Chip)

• On-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports...
• Example：Motorola’s 6811, Intel’s 8051, Zilog’s Z8 and PIC 16X

CPU RAM ROM

A single chip
Serial
I/O Timer COM
Port
Port
Microcontroller

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2/11/2023 Baiju.G.S 12
Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller
Microprocessor Microcontroller

• Microprocessors are used • Microcontrollers are used to

for big applications. execute a single task within an
application.

• Its designing and hardware Its designing and hardware cost is

cost is high. low.

• Not so easy to replace. • Easy to replace.

• Its power consumption is It is built with CMOS technology,

high because it has to which requires less power to
control the entire system. operate.
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Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller
Microprocessor Microcontroller

• CPU is stand-alone, RAM, • CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O and timer

ROM, I/O, timer are separate are all on a single chip

Designer can decide on the • Fixed amount of on-chip ROM,

amount of ROM, RAM and
I/O ports. RAM, I/O ports

• versatility • For applications in which cost,

power and space are critical

• General-purpose • Single-purpose (control-oriented)

• Instruction sets focus on • Instruction sets focus on control

processing-intensive and bit-level operations
operations
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 Three criteria in Choosing a Microcontroller

1. meeting the computing needs of the task efficiently and cost

effectively
• speed, the amount of ROM and RAM, the number of I/O ports
and timers, size, packaging, power consumption
• easy to upgrade
• cost per unit
2. availability of software development tools
• assemblers, debuggers, C compilers, emulator, simulator,
technical support
3. wide availability and reliable sources of the microcontrollers.

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 8051 Microcontroller

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 The 8051 microcontroller
• 8051 microcontroller is designed by Intel in
1980. It is an 8-bitmicrocontroller. It is built
with 40 pins DIP (dual inline package), 4kb of
ROM storage and 128 bytes of RAM storage, 2
16-bit timers. It consists of four parallel 8-bit
ports, which are programmable as well as
addressable as per the requirement.
• Harvard architecture (separate instruction/data
memories)
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 Features of 8051 micro controller

• Microcontroller 8051 was first developed by

INTEL, for use in embedded systems.
• It consisted of standard on chip peripherals i.e.
timers, counters, 4k bytes of on chip program
memory and 128 bytes of data memory.
• It has separate spaces for program memory and
data memory ( Harward architecture).
• Its 128 byte of data memory that are accessible
directly by its instructions.
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 Features contd..

 8051 CENTRAL PROCESSING UNITS

 4k Byte ROM
 128 Byte RAM
 Three 16 bit counters/timers.
 Full duplex serial channels
 Boolean processor full static operation

 MEMORY ADDRESSING CAPABILITY

 64k ROM and 64k RAM
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 Features contd..

• POWER CONTROL MODES:-

• - idle mode
• - power-down mode
• CMOS and TTL compatible
• Frequency range of 0 to 33 MHz
• 4 level priority interrupts
• 6 interrupt services
• Four 8 bit i/o ports.
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 Microcontroller Architecture
• Microcontroller architecture refers to the
internal hardware organization of a
microcontroller
• Each hardware architecture has its own set of
software instructions called assembly language
that allows programming of the microcontroller
• Some of the popular microcontroller
architectures
– Intel 8051 - Zilog Z80 -Atmel AVR
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 ARCHITECTURE OF
8051
MICROCONTROLLER

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 Block Diagram
External interrupts
On-chip Timer/Counter

Interrupt ROM for

On-chip Timer 1 Counter
Control program
RAM Timer 0 Inputs
code

CPU

Bus Serial
4 I/O Ports
OSC Control Port

P0 P1 P2 P3 TxD RxD
Address/Data

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 8051 Registers
8 Bit Registers
A
16-bit Registers
B

R0
DPTR DPH DPL
R1

R2 PC PC
R3

R4

R5

R6

R7

24
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• ACCUMULATOR(A / ACC)
It is used for data transfer and arithmetic
operations. After any operation result is stored
in ACC and can be accessed through its SFR
address of 0E0H.

• B REGISTER
It is used to store the upper 8 bit result of
multiplication and divisions. It is used as
temporary register and can be accessed through
its SFR address of 0F0H.
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 PROGRAM STATUS WORD(PSW)
CY AC FO RS1 RS0 OV P

• This special function register and consists of

different status bits that reflect the current state
of microcontroller. It contains carry (CY), the
auxiliary carry(AC), the two registors bank select
bits(RS1 and RS0), the overflow flag(OV), a
parity bit(P), and two user defined status flags.

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 DATA POINTER(DPTR)

 DPTR is a 16 bit register. It consists of higher

byte (DPH) and a lower byte (DPL). DPTR is
very useful for string operations and look up
table operations. With a 16 bit DPTR, a
maximum of 64K of off chip data memory and
64k of off chip memory can be addressed.

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 The Stack and Stack Pointer
• The Stack Pointer, like all registers except DPTR
and PC, may hold an 8-bit (1-byte) value.
• The Stack Pointer is used to indicate where the
next value to be removed from the stack should
be taken from.
• When you push a value onto the stack, the 8051
first increments the value of SP and then stores
the value at the resulting memory location.
• When you pop a value off the stack, the 8051
returns the value from the memory location
indicated by SP, and then decrements the value
of SP.
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• This order of operation is important. When the
8051 is initialized SP will be initialized to 07h. If
you immediately push a value onto the stack, the
value will be stored in Internal RAM address 08h.
This makes sense taking into account what was
mentioned two paragraphs above: First the 8051
will increment the value of SP (from 07h to 08h)
and then will store the pushed value at that
memory address (08h).
• SP is modified directly by the 8051 by six
instructions: PUSH, POP, ACALL, LCALL,
RET, and RETI. It is also used intrinsically
whenever an interrupt is triggered
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 Timers / Counters
• 8051 has two 16-bit on-chip timers that can be
used for timing durations or for counting
external events
• The high byte for timer 1 (TH1) is at address
8DH while the low byte (TL1) is at 8BH
• The high byte for timer 0 (TH0) is at 8CH while
the low byte (TL0) is at 8AH.
• Timer Mode Register (TMOD) is at address
88H

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 Interrupts
• As its name suggests, Interrupt is a subroutine
call that interrupts of the microcontrollers main
operations or work and causes it to execute any
other program, which is more important at the
time of operation. The feature of Interrupt is
very useful as it helps in case of emergency
operations. An Interrupts gives us a mechanism
to put on hold the ongoing operations, execute a
subroutine and then again resumes to another
type of operations. Generally five interrupt
sources are there in 8051 Microcontroller
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 Input/ Output Port

PORT0, PORT1, PORT2, PORT3 LATCHES

AND DRIVERS:- Each latch and
corresponding drivers of port 0-3 is allotted to
the corresponding on chip I/O port.

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 • Memory
• Microcontroller requires a program which is a
collection of instructions.. These programs
require a memory on which these can be saved
and read to perform specific . The memory
which is used to store the program of the
microcontroller is known as code memory or
Program . It is known as ROM memory .. The
data memory of the 8051 is used to store data
temporarily for operation is known RAM
memory. 8051 microcontroller has 4K B of
Program memory, ROM and 128 bytes of data
memory.
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 BUS
• Basically Bus is a collection of wires which work as
a communication channel or medium for transfer of
Data. These buses consists of 8, 16 or more wires.
Thus, these can carry 8 bits,16 bits or more
simultaneously. There are two types of buses in a
Microcontroller , Address Bus and Data Bus

• Address Bus: Microcontroller 8051 has a 16 bit

address bus . It is used to address memory locations
• Data Bus: Microcontroller 8051 has 8 bits of the
data bus, which is used to carry data
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 • Oscillator
• Microcontroller is requires clock pulses for its
operation . For this purpose, microcontroller
8051 has an on-chip oscillator which works as a
clock source for Central Processing Unit of the
microcontroller. The output pulses of oscillator
are stable. Therefore, it enables synchronized
work of all parts of the 8051 Microcontroller.

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 RAM space allocation in 8051
• 8051 has 128 bytes of RAM
• RAM address space is 00H to 7FH
• 8051 RAM is divided into 3 groups
– Register banks and Stack
– Bit-addressable memory
– Scratch Pad memory

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 7F

RAM Space allocation in 8051

Scratch Pad RAM
30
2F
Bit Addressable RAM
20
1F
Register Bank 3
18
17
Register Bank 2
10
0F
Register Bank 1 (Stack)
08
07
Register Bank 0
00
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 8051 Flags and PSW Register
• The flag register in 8051 is called Program Status
Word (PSW)register
• PSW is a 8-bit register
• 8051 has 4 conditional flags – CY(Carry),
AC(Auxiliary Carry), OV(Overflow), P(Parity)

D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
CY AC F0 RS1 RS0 OV -- P

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 8051 Flags
• CY(Carry Flag) is SET
– if a carry is generated after addition
– if a borrow is generated after subtraction
• Can be SET/CLEARED by using
instructions such as
SETB C, CLR C
• AC(Auxiliary Carry Flag) is SET
– If there is a carry from bit D3 to D4
– Used for BCD arithmetic

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 8051 Flags
• P(Parity Flag) reflects no. of 1’s in register A
– SET if ODD no. of 1’s
– RESET if EVEN no. of 1’s
• OV(Overflow Flag)
– Used with signed numbers
– Detects the overflow of the higher-order bit to
the sign bit

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 PSW Register

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 8051 Register Banks
• 8051 has 4 register banks
• Each bank has 8 registers named R0 to R7
• Only one register bank can be accessed by
8051 at a time
• Bits RS0 & RS1 of PSW register are used to
select any one of the four register banks

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 7F

RAM Space allocation in 8051

Scratch Pad RAM
30
2F
Bit Addressable RAM
20
1F
Register Bank 3
18
17
Register Bank 2
10
0F
Register Bank 1 (Stack)
08
07
Register Bank 0
00
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 Register Bank Selection bits
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
CY AC F0 RS1 RS0 OV -- P

Register RS1 RS0 Address

Bank
0 0 0 00 – 07H
1 0 1 08 – 0FH
2 1 0 10H – 17H
3 1 1 18H – 1FH
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 Memory Organization
• Harvard Architecture, in contrast to Von
Neumann Architecture, uses separate memory
for Instruction (Program) and Data. Since the
Instruction Memory and Data Memory are
separate in a Harvard Architecture, their signal
paths i.e. buses are also different and hence, the
CPU can access both Instructions and Data at
the same time.
• Almost all Microcontrollers, including 8051
Microcontroller implement Harvard
Architecture.
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 Harvard Architecture

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 8051 Memory Organization

• The 8051 microcontroller's memory is divided

into Program Memory and Data Memory.
Program Memory (ROM) is used for permanent
saving program being executed, while Data
Memory (RAM) is used for temporarily storing
and keeping intermediate results and variables.

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 8051 Memory Organization..
• The 8051 memory organization is rather
complex.
• The 8051 has separate address spaces for
Program Memory, Data Memory, and
external RAM. Both program memory and
external data memory are 8 bits wide and use
16 bits of address. The internal data memory
is accessed using an 8-bit address.
• Since the same address can refer to different
locations the specific location is determined
by the type of instruction.
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 SFR Memory
• The 8051 provides 128 bytes of memory for
Special Function Registers (SFRs). SFRs are bit,
byte, or word-sized registers that are used to
control timers, counters, serial I/O, port I/O,
and peripherals.

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 Program Memory (ROM) of 8051
Microcontroller

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2/11/2023 Baiju.G.S 52
 External Data Memory
• Access to external memory is slower than access
to internal data memory. There may be up to
64K Bytes of external data memory. Several 8051
devices provide on-chip XRAM space that is accessed
with the same instructions as the traditional external
data space. This XRAM space is typically enabled via
proper setting of SFR register and overlaps the external
memory space. Setting of that register must be manualy
done in code, before any access to external memory or
XRAM space is made.

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 Interfacing External Memory
with 8051 Microcontroller

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 Thank you

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