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COMPUTER Science: Cell Reference

The document provides an overview of Excel cell references, detailing types such as relative, absolute, and mixed references, along with their usage in formulas. It also covers basic Excel functions like SUM, AVERAGE, COUNT, and sorting/filtering data, as well as creating and formatting charts. Additionally, it discusses cyber security, common threats, and tips for staying safe online, culminating in guidelines for a Cyber Security Awareness presentation.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
17 views6 pages

COMPUTER Science: Cell Reference

The document provides an overview of Excel cell references, detailing types such as relative, absolute, and mixed references, along with their usage in formulas. It also covers basic Excel functions like SUM, AVERAGE, COUNT, and sorting/filtering data, as well as creating and formatting charts. Additionally, it discusses cyber security, common threats, and tips for staying safe online, culminating in guidelines for a Cyber Security Awareness presentation.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COMPUTER Science

Cell Reference
An Excel cell reference, also known as a cell address, is a mechanism that defines a cell on
a worksheet by combining a column letter and a row number. We can refer to any cell (in
Excel formulas) in the worksheet by using the cell references.
Here the cell in column B & row 3 refer as B3.

Types of Cell Reference in Excel


Ms-Excel allows for various cell referencing methods to refer to cells or a range of cells.
• Relative Cell Reference
• Absolute Cell Reference
• Mixed Cell Reference

• Relative Cell Reference : In Excel, a relative cell reference is used by default. Excel uses a relative reference when-
ever we insert a cell reference or a range within a formula. The relative references, which commonly reflect the
combination of column name and row number, are used normally with the associated cell references. There is no
dollar ($) sign in the relative reference for the cell.
Example : If the formula = C2 / A2 from the cell “E2” to “E3” is copied, the formula in E3 will automatically be-
come =C3/A3.

• Absolute Cell Reference : When copying or using AutoFill, there are times when the cell reference must stay the
same. A column and/or row reference is kept constant using dollar signs. So, to get an absolute reference from a
relative, we can use the dollar sign ($) characters. To refer to an actual fixed location on a worksheet whenever
copying is done, we use absolute reference. The reference here is locked such that rows and columns do not shift
when copied.
Example : When we fix both row & column – Say if we want to lock row 2 & column A, we will use $A$2 as:
G2 = C2/$A$2, when copied to G3, G3 becomes = C3/$A$2
Note: C3 is 4 columns left to G3 in the same row.
Here, original cell reference A2 is maintained whenever we copy G2 to any of the cells. So I3 = E3/$A$2 because E3
comes from the relative reference (4 columns left to the current one) & /$A$2 comes from the absolute reference.
i.e. I3 = E3//$A$2 = 12/10 = 1.2
What Does the Dollar ($) Sign Do?
When the row and column numbers are preceded by the dollar symbol ($), it becomes absolute (i.e., stops the row and
column number from changing when copied to other cells). Dollar ($) before the row fixes the row & before the col-
umn fixes the column.
When to Use Absolute Cell References in Excel?
When you don’t want the cell reference to alter when you replicate formulas, absolute cell references come in handy.
This can be the situation if you have to use a fixed value in the formula.

• Mixed Cell Reference : An absolute column and relative row, or an absolute row and relative column, is a mixed
cell reference. You get an absolute column or absolute row when you individually put the $ before the column
letter or before the row number. Example: $B8 is relative to row 8 but absolute for column B, and B$8 is absolute
for row 1 but relative for column A.
Here, the Dollar ($) before the row number fixes/locks the row & before the column name fixes/locks the column.
Example : When the only row is fixed : If G2 = C2/A$2 then :
The $ is used before the row number, only row locked here. When G2 is copied to G3, G3 = C3/A$2 (not C3/A3)
because the row has been fixed already.

Here, whenever G2 is copied to any other cell, always the divisor will refer to a fixed row 2 (column vary according to
the concept of relative reference)
So, when G2 is copied to I3, I3 = E3/C$2 because E3 comes from the relative refer ence (4 columns left to the
current one) & C$2 comes from the absolute reference for row & relative reference for Column (6 Columns left to the
current one)
Writing formula in Excel :
• Select a cell.
• Type the equal sign =.
• Type or select a cell, or type in a function, like any formula or SUM.
• Enter an operator, like minus -, or select the cells or range that are part of the function.
• Press Enter for the result. The result shows in the cell, but you can always see the formula in the Formula bar.

Formulas in Excel
SUM : The SUM function in Excel is a widely used formula that adds up a
range of cells or numbers. It can be used to calculate the total value of a col-
umn, row, or selection of cells. Type =SUM in a cell, followed by an opening pa-
renthesis (. To enter the first formula range, which is called an argument (a piece of
data the formula needs to run), type A2:A4 (or select cell A2 and drag through cell
A6). Type a comma (,) to separate the first argument from the next.

Average : The average function in Excel! It's a built-in formula


that calculates the average value of a set of numbers.
Type the formula such as =AVERAGE(A2:A7)
Here A2 and A7 is example range of the cells to calculate average.

Count : The COUNT function in Excel is used to count the number of cells within a
specified range that meet a certain condition.
=COUNT(A1:A10). In this example, if six of the cells in the range contain numbers, the result
is 6

The MAX and MIN functions in Excel are used to return the highest or lowest value in a range of cells. The syntax for
these functions is:

=MAX(range) - returns the maximum value in a range of cells


=MIN(range) - returns the minimum value in a range of cells
Sorting : Sorting in Excel enable to organize and arrange data in a specific order. User can sort data
based on one or more columns, such as alphabetically, numerically, or by date.

Steps to sort in Excel : Select the range of cells , go to the "Data" tab, and click on "Sort & Filter". Then,
choose the column you want to sort by and select the type of sort to apply. "Sort by" feature also can
used to sort data in ascending or descending order.

Filter : The FILTER function allows to filter a range of data based on defined criteria. To apply a filter in Excel, follow
these steps:

• Select the data range you want to filter by clicking and dragging your mouse over the cells.
• Go to the "Data" tab in the ribbon.
• Click the "Filter" button in the "Data Tools" group.
• Select the dropdown arrow at the top of each column to apply filters to specific columns.
• Click the filters you want to apply, such as "Equal to," "Greater than," or "Contains."
• Use the filter options to narrow down your data to the desired results.

Charts : An Excel chart or graph is a visual representation of a Mi-


crosoft Excel worksheet's data. These graphs and charts allow you to
see trends, make comparisons, pinpoint patterns, and glean insights
from within the raw numbers. Excel includes countless options for
charts and graphs, including bar, line, and pie charts.
• Steps to Insert charts in Excel :
• Create data sheet/table in Ms-Excel.
• Select desired Table or cell ranges to make the chart.
• Click on insert tab/ribbon.
• Select recommended charts or chart option to insert chart.

Formatting charts : After inserting Chart, the next step is to format it according to data specification to make it look
visually appealing. After insert the chart in excel worksheet, two extra tab named as Chart tools, which contains vari-
ous different tabs such as:

1. Design Tab : This tab has ready-made formats for Chart Layouts and Chart Styles - different options and their im-
pact on the chart by scrolling over the different options are appeared here. User can also select different chart
types or change the data for a chart/graph.

2. Layout Tab : This tab is used to add/remove/edit chart titles, data labels, and Axis titles. We can also insert shapes, pictures
in a chart. Another important use of this tab is 'Trendline'.
1. What is Cyber Security?
Definition:
Cyber security involves protecting computers, networks, programs, and data from unauthorized access, damage, or theft. It en-
sures that our personal information and digital assets are safe from cyber threats.
Why It Matters:
With increasing reliance on technology for communication, learning, and entertainment, understanding cyber security is essen-
tial to prevent issues like identity theft, data breaches, and online harassment.
2. Common Cyber Threats
1. Phishing:
 Description: A deceptive attempt to obtain sensitive information (like usernames, passwords, and credit card details) by
pretending to be a trustworthy source.
 Example: You receive an email that looks like it’s from your bank, asking you to verify your account information.
 Malware:
 Description: Malicious software designed to harm or exploit any programmable device or network. It can include viruses,
worms, and spyware.
 Example: Downloading an app that secretly installs harmful software on your device.
 Social Engineering:
 Description: Techniques used to manipulate people into giving up confidential information. This can include impersonating
someone trustworthy.
Example: A caller pretends to be a tech support agent asking for your password
to fix a problem.
4. Cyber/Digital Arrest : The newest form of cyber scam is digital arrest,
where people are asked to stay on video calls for hours till they transfer
all their money. But, there is nothing called digital arrests in law. Digital
arrests is a word scammers use in cyber frauds and scams. The “Digital
Arrest” scam involves fraudsters who pose as officials from various or-
ganisations, including government agencies and law enforcement, to
intimidate and defraud individuals. The scam typically begins with a vid-
eo call where the scammers falsely accuse the victim of involvement in
illegal activities.

Case Study: The Email Scam


Scenario:
Gaurvi, a 12-year-old student, received an email that appeared to be from her favorite online game. The email said she had won
a special prize and needed to click on a link to claim it. Excited, Gaurvi clicked the link and was directed to a webpage that
looked just like the game’s official site. She entered her username and password to log in.
What Happened Next:
• The website was fake. Gaurvi’s login information was stolen by scammers.
• They used her account to make in-game purchases, costing her parents money.
Gaurvi also began receiving spam emails and messages from unknown users.
Lesson Learned:
Jessica learned that not all emails are what they seem. She should always verify the sender and think twice before clicking on
links, especially when they promise prizes or rewards.
4. Tips for Staying Safe Online
• Use Strong Passwords: Create passwords that are at least 12 characters long, including a mix of letters, numbers, and symbols.
• Be Cautious of Links: Always hover over links to see the actual URL before clicking. If it looks suspicious, do not click it.
• Check for Secure Websites: Look for “https://” in the URL and a padlock symbol in the address bar when entering sensitive
information.
• Don’t Share Personal Information: Never give out your personal details like your full name, address, or phone number online,
especially to strangers.
Educate Yourself: Stay informed about the latest cyber threats and how to protect yourself.
5. Quick Quiz
1. What should you do if you receive an email that seems suspicious? A) Click the link immediately. B) Verify the sender and think
twice before acting. C) Reply to the email asking if it’s real.
What does phishing mean? A) A type of game. B) A way to fish in a river. C) A technique used to trick people into giving up personal
information.
Conclusion
Cyber security is vital for everyone, especially for young users. By being aware of the common threats and following safety tips,
you can protect yourself and your information online. Remember Jessica's story, and always think before you click!
Activity time : Prepare a Cyber Security Awareness power packed PowerPoint presentation . Guildelines are given below
Slide 1: Title Slide
• Title: Cyber Security Awareness
Subtitle: Stay Safe Online!
Slide 2: What is Cyber Security?
Brief definition with visuals (e.g., shield icons).
Slide 3: Why is It Important?
List with engaging images (e.g., padlock, hacker icon).
Slide 4: Common Cyber Threats
• Use icons for phishing, malware, and social engineering.
Include a short description for each.
Slide 5: Tips for Staying Safe Online
• Use bullet points with graphics for each tip.
Example: Show a graphic of a strong password.
Slide 6: Fun Facts
Include interesting statistics and visuals.
Slide 7: Interactive Quiz
• Use a multiple-choice format for questions.
Example: "What should you do if you receive a suspicious email?" with options.
Slide 8: Group Activity
• Activity: Create Your Own Cyber Safety Poster
 Divide students into small groups.
Each group creates a poster with cyber safety tips to display around the school.
Slide 9: Conclusion
• Recap the importance of cyber security.

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