Cell structures and functions in 1.

Nucleus
eukaryotic cells ●​ Present in plant, animal, protist, and
fungus cells.
Eukaryotic Cells ●​ Enclosed within a double membrane
●​ More complex than prokaryotes ●​ Contains chromatin, nucleolus, and
●​ Packed with an array of subcellular nucleoplasm
structures that play an important role ●​ Houses the genetic material
in energy balance, metabolism, and ●​ Source of RNA (Ribonucleic acid)
gene expression.

Key Features
●​ Presence of a membrane bound
nucleus
●​ Presence of membrane bound
organelles
●​ Multiple linear chromosomes

Common cell structures in eukaryotic

cells ●​ Absent in mature RBC.

1.​ Nucleus
2.​ Endoplasmic Reticulum
3.​ Ribosome
4.​ Vesicle, Vacuole
5.​ Golgi Apparatus
6.​ Lysosome *stages of Haemopoiesis
7.​ Mitochondria
8.​ Chloroplast ●​ Absent in mature sieve tubes.
9.​ Centrosome
10.​Cytoskeleton
11.​Cytoplasm
12.​Plasma Membrane
13.​Cell Wall

Parts of the Nucleus

a.​ Chromatin
●​ A genetic material or a
macromolecule comprising of DNA
and proteins
●​ Forms chromosomes within the
nucleus of eukaryotic organisms
 b.​ Nucleolus Types of Endoplasmic Reticulum
●​ Large structure within the nucleus a.​ Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
●​ Functions in synthesis of ribosomes (RER)
●​ Interconnected membrane network
that varies in shape; ribosomes
attached on cytoplasmic surface.
●​ Modifies, transports, and stores
proteins produced by the attached
ribosomes.

b.​ Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

c.​ Nuclear Envelope
(SER)
●​ Double membrane boundary;
●​ Interconnected membrane network
continuous RER (rough endoplasmic
lacking ribosomes.
reticulum)
●​ Synthesizes, transports, and stores
●​ Separates nucleus from cytoplasm
lipids
●​ Metabolizes carbohydrates,
d.​ Nuclear Pores
detoxifies drugs, alcohol, and
●​ Opening through the nuclear
poison.
envelope
●​ Forms vesicles and peroxisomes.
●​ Allow passage of materials between
cytoplasm and nucleoplasm

Medical Applications
●​ Certain mutations in the gene coding
for lamin A are associated with a
subtype of the disorder PROGERIA.

Medical Applications
●​ Quality control during protein
production in the RER is extremely
important and several inherited
diseases result from malfunctions in
this system. OSTEOGENESIS
IMPERFECTA
2. Endoplasmic Reticulum
●​ Present in plant, animal, fungus, &
protist cells.
●​ Complex network of transport
channels.
Protein Synthesis ●​ Modifies, packages, stores, and
●​ The process in which cells make transports materials out of the cell
proteins. ●​ Works with ribosomes and ER.

2 stages of protein synthesis

a.​ Transcription
●​ The 1st part of the central dogma of
molecular biology: DNA → RNA
●​ Takes place in the Nucleus.

b.​ Translation
●​ The 2nd part of the central dogma of
molecular biology: RNA → Protein
●​ Takes place in the Cytoplasm
●​ Where the genetic code in mRNA is
read to make a protein. 5. Vacuoles
●​ Present in animal, plant, fungus, and
protist cells.
●​ Surrounded by a thin membrane and
filled with fluid and any molecules
they take in.
●​ Help in food digestion or helping the
cell maintain its water balance.
3. Ribosomes
●​ Break up old and damaged cell
●​ Present in animal, plant, fungus, and
structures.
protist cells.
●​ Small non-membrane bound
Types of Vacuoles
organelles that contain two subunits.
a.​ Food Vacuoles
●​ Either free-flowing or attached to the
●​ Formed by phagocytosis
Endoplasmic Reticulum
b.​ Contractile Vacuoles
●​ Site of Protein Synthesis’
●​ Found in many freshwater protists,
pump excess water out of cells
Types of Ribosomes
c.​ Central Vacuoles
a.​ Free Ribosomes
●​ Found in many mature plant cells,
●​ synthesize all other proteins
hold organic compounds and water
encoded by the nuclear genome.
b.​ Bound Ribosomes
●​ engaged in the synthesis of proteins
that are being concurrently
translocated into the ER

4. Golgi Apparatus
●​ Present in animal, plant, fungus, and
protist cells.
●​ Series of flattened sacs.
6. Lysosome ●​ Cellular respiration
●​ Present in animal, plant, fungus, and ●​ Produces high energy compound
protist cells. ATP.
●​ Membrane bound organelle
containing a variety of enzymes.
●​ Recycling center
●​ Help digest food particles inside or
outside the cell.

Phagocytosis
●​ Lysosome digesting food.

Autophagy
●​ Lysosome breaking down damaged ●​ Mitochondrial DNA is usually
organelles. inherited only from mothers.
●​ Both egg and sperm cells contain
mitochondria with mitochondrial
DNA, but after fertilization the
mitochondria from the sperm are
most of the time destroyed.

Medical Applications
●​ Diseases categorized as lysosomal
storage disorders stem from defects
in one or more of the digestive
enzymes present in the lysosome.

8. Chloroplast
●​ Present in animal, plant, and protist
cells.
●​ Double membrane containing green
pigment chlorophyll, enzymes, and
7. Mitochondrion other molecules.
●​ Present in animal, plant, fungus, and
protist cells. Types of Plasmids
●​ Double membrane and contain their a.​ Chloroplasts
own DNA ●​ Photosynthesis
 b.​ Chromoplasts 11. Plasma Membrane
●​ Yellow, red, or orange due to the ●​ Present in animal, plant, fungi, and
presence of carotenoid pigments protist cells.
c.​ Leucoplasts ●​ Phospholipid bilayer containing
●​ Colorless storage plastids for cholesterol, proteins, and
nutrients such as starch grains, oil, carbohydrates.
and protein granules. ●​ Forms a selectively permeable
membrane.
●​ A physical barrier that regulates the
movement of materials with cell
communication.

9. Centrosome
●​ Present in animal and higher fungi.
●​ Paired organelles found together
near the nucleus, at right angles to
each other. 12. Cytoplasm
●​ Play a role in cell division and build ●​ Present in animal, plant, fungi, and
cilia and flagella. protist cells.
●​ Contents of cell between the plasma
membrane and nuclear envelope.
●​ Composed of cytosol and
organelles.
●​ Responsible for cellular processes.

10. Cytoskeleton
●​ Present in animal, plant, fungi, and
protist cells.
●​ Organized network of protein
filaments and hollow tubules,
including microtubules, 13. Cell Wall
microfilaments, and intermediate ●​ Present in plant, fungi, and protist
filaments. cells.
●​ Intracellular structural support, ●​ Extra structure surrounding the
maintains cell shape, and plasma membrane in plants.
participates in cell division facilitates ●​ Protects and maintains the rigid
movement. structure of the cells.
Common Cell Structures in Prokaryotic 2.​ Flagella
Cells ●​ Lash or hair-like structure present on
the cell body that is important for
1.​ Cytoplasm different physiological functions of
2.​ Nucleoid the cell.
3.​ Plasmids
4.​ Ribosomes
5.​ Cell Membrane
6.​ Cell Wall
7.​ Slime Capsule
8.​ Flagella
9.​ Pili

3.​ Microvilli
●​ Small finger-like projections found
on cells within the body.
●​ Help cells to get nutrition.

4.​ Shape and Size of Cells

Cell Modifications
1.​ Cilia
2.​ Flagella
5.​ Root Hairs
3.​ Microvilli
●​ Long tubular -shaped outgrowths
4.​ Shape and Size of Cells
from root epidermal cells.
5.​ Root Hairs
●​ Increase root surface area and root
6.​ Cell to Cell Junctions
diameter
●​ Aid plants in nutrient acquisition,
1.​ Cillia
anchorage, and microbe
●​ Tiny hair-like appendages that
interactions.
provide means of locomotion to
different protozoans and animals.
6.​ Cell to Cell Junctions
The Endomembrane System Organelles for Energy Transformation
●​ A group of membranes and a.​ Mitochondrion
organelles in eukaryotic cells that b.​ Chloroplast
works together to modify, package,
and transport lipids and proteins.

Components of the Endomembrane

System
1.​ Nuclear Envelope
2.​ Endoplasmic Reticulum
3.​ Golgi Apparatus
4.​ Lysosomes
5.​ Vacuoles
6.​ Plasma Membrane
*Components are either continuous or
connected via transfer by vesicles.

Protein Synthesis & Transport