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Motion Physics

The document discusses the concepts of motion, rest, position, and the distinction between scalar and vector quantities. It explains various types of motion, including uniform and non-uniform motion, as well as speed, velocity, and acceleration, with definitions and examples. Additionally, it covers graphical representations of motion and equations of motion, providing a comprehensive overview of kinematics.

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80 views16 pages

Motion Physics

The document discusses the concepts of motion, rest, position, and the distinction between scalar and vector quantities. It explains various types of motion, including uniform and non-uniform motion, as well as speed, velocity, and acceleration, with definitions and examples. Additionally, it covers graphical representations of motion and equations of motion, providing a comprehensive overview of kinematics.

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Adithi jane
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, Fastracl« Revision > Motion: A body is said to be in a state of motion when its position changes continuously with reference to a point, eg, vehicles moving on road, flying birds, etc. > Rest: A body is said to be in the state of rest when its position does not change with respect to a reference point, eg. tree, building, ete, > Position: It is the location of an object with respect to a particular point called reference point or origin » Scalar Quantity: Physical quantities with which only magnitude can be associated, e.g, mass, time, distance, etc, » Vector Quantity: Physical quantities with which both magnitude and direction can be associated, e.g, displacement, velocity, ete » Distance: It Is the actual path or length travelled by an object during its journey from its inital position to Its Final position, tis a scalar quantity and its SI unit is metre (rn). > Displacement: It is the shortest path measured in the direction from initial position to the final position of the object. itis a vector quantity and its SI unit Is metre (rn). fcueaien BOOSTER Re distance Is always less tatio of displacement and 2 than or equat to 1. > Uniform Motion: A body is sald to be in uniform mation IF it travels equal distances In equal intervals of time irrespective of direction, eg.,a car moving along astraight line path covering equal distances in equal intervals of time. > Non-uniform Motion: A body is sald to be In non-uniform motion if le travels unequal distances In equal intervals of time Irrespective of diraction, e.g, a car moving through a crowded market, > Rate of Motion: It Is the ratio of distance travelled by an object and time taken. > Speed: It is the measurement of distance travelled by an object per unit tlme. its a scalar quantity and its SI unit is metre per second (m s”") stance Time Spee ‘Types of Speed > Uniform Speed: An objects said to be moving with uniform speed if it covers aqual distances in equal intervals of time. > Non-unlform Spoed: An object Is sald to be moving with non-uniform speed IF it covers equal distances In unequal intervals of time or vice-verse. > Average Spood: It is the ratio of total distance covered by the body to the total time taken, Total distance travelled Total time taken Average speed = inowledge BOOSTER For non-uniform motion, average speed will describe @®) one single value of speed throughout the motion of| vik the body. » Instantaneous Speed: It refers to the speed of an object at a particular instant of time or at a particular point ofits path > Velocity: It is the displacement of the body per unit time. Its a vector quantity and its SI unit is metre per second (m s-"). It can be positive, zero or negative. Displacement (d) Time (t) ‘Velocity (v) = > Types of Velocity > Unlform Velocity: It is the velocity of a body when it moves along a fixed direction and covers equal distances in equal intervals of time. > Non-uniform Velocity: It is the velocity of a body when it covers unequal distances in equal intervals oF time along a Fixed direction, > Average Velocity:ltisthe ratio oFtotal displacement oF the object to the total time taken. For uniformly changing velocity, Initial velocity + Final velocity 2 Average velocity » > Instantanoous Velocity: It refars to the velocty oF a body at a particular instant of time or ata particular point of its path > Acceleration: It is the rate of change of velocity of a moving body with respect to time. It is a vector quantity ‘and its SI unit Is metre per second square (ms~*) Changein velocity (av) _v-u ‘Acceleration (2) Time taken t) 7 where, v2 initial velocity and v= Final velocity, nowledge BOOSTER Deceleration Is seen In non-uniform mation during ‘SQ decrease in velocity with time. Since v Typos of Acceleration > Uniform Acceleration: Acceleration In which velocity of an object increases or decreases by equal amounts in equal intervals of time. > Non-uniform Acceleration: Acceleration in which velocity oF an object increases or decreases by ‘unequal amounts in equal intervals of time. ee RE IEEE EEE EEE EE IEEE EI EI III II III II III IDI II IDI II II IID II IEE NEEDED EO ST > Graphical Representation of Motion > Distance-time Graph: In this graph, time is an independent variable plotted along Xaxis and distance is a dependent variable plotted along Yaxis. The results obtained are: * The graph is a straight line parallel to time axis when the abject Is at rest. © The nature of graph is a straight line when the object isin the state of uniform motion, Distance dm) ° 20 40 60 Time (min) * The nature of graph is a curve having varying slope when the abject has non-uniform motion. a HA Distance (rn) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Time (s) * The slope of graph gives the speed of object. > velocity-time Graph: In this graph, time is plotted along X-axis and velocity of the body Is plotted along Y-axis. The results obtained are: © The graph is a horizontal line parallel to the time axis if the velocity of a body remains constant. 50° Zao ce 220 Zio rf oso Time th © The graph is a straight line if the velocity of a body changes uniformly at a constant rate. 60 rrr “i 50 = 40 & = 30 g 3 2. 8 10 i chi 5 1 1s 2 25 30 Time (9) * The graph Is @ curve having increasing slope IF the velocity of body changes non-uniformly. Velocity (ms o 4 8 Io mw i 2 Timo (s) © The area enclosed by the graph and the time axis represents the displacement. * The slope of the graph gives the acceleration, > Equations of Motion: When a body is moving along a stralght line with uniform acceleration, the relation con be established between velocity of the body, acceleration of the body and the distanco travelled by the body in a particular time interval through a set of equations called {as equations of motion, Tho three equations of motion are: 1.veutat 1 2seut+ = at? 2 3.v2au2+2os where, u Is the initlal velocity of the body which moves with uniform acceleration afor time t, visthe Final velocity and sis the distance travelled by the body in time ¢: > Uniform Circular Motion: When a body travels along a circular path of constant radius with a constant speed, then its motion is uniform clrcular motion, ¢.g, motion of moon and earth, motion of a car on a circular path with constant speed, etc. The linear velocity of a body moving along a circular path of radius ‘r‘in time interval ‘t’is given as, Linear votocty = Cltcumference ., 2er Ime. ee x Practice Exercise i . QUL Acaraccelerates uniformly from 18 kmh" to 36 km h- ) Multiple choice Questions w in 5 s. Calculate the acceleration. aims? bSms? cams? dims? QL Aphysical quantity which cannot be negative Is: 9 42, The nature of the distance-time graph for a car © 58 kmjh 4. 444 kmh €.an Inclined tine d, None of these Q10. If the displacement of an object is proportional to 916. The distance-time graph of an object is shown In square of time, then the object moves with: ‘graph. The object: 4 (NCERY EXERSPLAN) a. Is at rest a uniform velocity bs, moves with a constant speed b. uniform acceleration c. moves with a variable velocity « Increasing acceleration d, moves with a constant d. decreasing acceleration acceleration. Time (8) Distance (m) - | | | | | & sHcRENT ba velacty ‘moving with non-uniform speed | < acceleration 4d. distance n ) Q2. The numerical ratio of displacement to distance for z =z | a moving object is: (NCERT EXEMPLAR) 2 of { Sialwayelaas chan © bualwaywaqualtal a5 : ) c always more than? — d. equal or less than 1 a a { 3. If°¥'s displacement and'd'Is distance between two Time (=) oo) p48 tical A ¢ | ased bsod Z| al cdos d. None of these cE ae ) Q4. If the motion is in straight line without change in z . 2 { direction then: Time (3) Time (3) pen ace ee ) b eterna kiencer ent moving on a levelled road. = p | distance <| displacement = ) 4. distance » | displacement | dks co, chen in fure g a QS. When an object travels equal distances in equal Chaiathe ouactsaerenn 8 ) intervals of time, howsoever small the interval may wears { be, the motion of the object is said to be: etaeaiaectencerh Time () a. uniform b. non-uniform 5 Cao inthe slaneat ] . drcular motion 4. oscillatory motion .Car Dis faster than car C | Q6. In which of the following cases of motions, the 4, Car Cis the slowest. ) distance moved and the magnitude of displacemant —Q 14. Which of the following figures represents uniform | are equal? (NCERT EXEMPLAM) ‘motion of a moving object correctly? a. If the car is moving on straight road. (Ncenrexcunan) | b. if the car is moving in circular path. t 4 | The pendulum Is moving to and fro. e z ) . The earth Is revolving around the sun, a g| bg | Q7. If an object is moving with constant velocity, thon, a 5 the motion is ¥ 3 | a. speed b. uniform acceleration Time (s) > Time (3) > uniform motion d. non-uniform motion 4 ] QB. When a body covers unequal distances in equal t e | intervals of tima, it Is sald to bo in: =| £ a. near mation b. uniform mation og ag | ] non-uniform mation — d. vibratary mation £ B | Q9. A bus moves from stop ‘A’ to stop ‘s' with a speed ocmes ° time ) of 40 km/h and then from stop 'B' to stop'A’ with a . | speed of SO km/h. Its average speed is: 15. Displacement-time graph of a uniformly accelerated a. 48.5 km/h b. 52 km/h a. parabola b, straight line | | | | | | ee qu. Qs. Qs. Q20. Qal. Q2z. Qaa, Qe, 926, Q26. Qa7. Q26. , From the given vet graph, it can be inferred that the object is: (NCERT EXEMPLAR) a. in uniform mation t bat rest v c. in non-uniform mation d. moving with uniform acceleration Slope of a velocity-time graph gives: (NCERT EXEMPLAR) b. the displacement d. the speed Area under a wt graph represents a physical quantity which has the unit: (NCERT EXEMPLAR) am cm Area under velocity-time graph gives: a. displacement b. acceleration «. velacity 4, time The velocity-time graph of a moving body is shown in the figure. t Which of the following statement ¥ istrue? a. The acceleration is constant and positive bb. The acceleration Is constant and negative c. The acceleration is increasing and positive d. The acceleration Is increasing and negative The velocity-time graph of a particle is not a straight line. Its acceleration is: a. zero. b. constant c. negative d. variable Aball is dropped from a height of 20m. If its velocity increases uniformly at the rate of 10 m/s?, after what time will it strike the ground? alas b.2s cas dis A car with speed 72km/h suddenly applies break. The break has maximum ability to decelerate with ‘5m/s?,Find time taken to stop the car after applying brakes. a28 bas cas a56 Find the average speed of a bicycle if it completes two round of a circular track of radius 140m twice in Smin 52 sec. a.10m/s b Sms c2ms d, 4s An athlete completes one round of a circular track of radius R in 40 s. The displacement at the end of 2 min 20 sec will bo: zero -b.2R caf 0. 7nR Aparticle is moving in a circular path of radius r, The displacement after half a circle would be: {NCERT EXEMPLAR) d.2nr a. the distance . the acceleration bm dams = azo ber © 2r Ina uniform circular motion both: ‘a. acceleration and speed changes b. acceleration and speed are constant acceleration and velocity are constant d. acceleration and velocity changes Qzs. Suppose a boy is enjoying a ride on a merry-go-round Which is moving with a constant speed of 10 m 5-1. It implies that the boy is: (NCERT EXEMPLAR) aatrest b. moving with no acceleration «. inaccelerated motion d. moving with uniform velocity - Assertion & Reason Type Questions W Directions (Q, Nos. 30-39): Each of the following questions Consists of two statements, ane is Assertion (A) and the other is Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (o), (0), (c) ond (2) as given below Q.30. qa. q32. q33. Q34, Q35. 936. a. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) Is the correct explanation of Assertion (A). Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A), . Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false. d. Assertion (i) Is false but Reason (R) is true. ‘Assertion (A): When an object changes its position While moving, it gets displaced Reason (R): Displacement is the shortest distance between the initial and final position of the moving object. Assertion (A): If the displacement of the body is zero, the distance covered by it may not be zero, Reason (R): Displacement is a vector quantity and distance is a scalar quantity. Assertion (A): The displacement of an object can be either positive, negative or zero. Reason (R): Displacement has both the magnitude and direction. Assertion (A): The ratio of displacement to distance is equal to or less than 1. Reason (R): The displacement is the longer distance between initial and final positions. Assertion (A): Motion with uniform velocity Is always along a straight line path. Reason (R): In uniform velocity, speed is the magnitude of the velocity and Is equal to the instantaneous velocity. Assertion (A): The position-time graph of a uniform motion in one dimension of a body can have negative slope, Reason (R): When the speed of body decreases with time, the position-time graph of the moving body has negative slope. Assertion (A): If velocity of the object changes at a uniform rate, then the average velocity of a moving body can be zero. ee Reason (R): Average velocity Is the velocity of body when it covers unequal distances In equal intervals of time along a fixed direction. Q37. Assertion (A): The average speed of a body over a given interval of time Is equal to the average velocity of the body in the same interval of time if a body moves in a straight line in one direction. Reason (R): Here, the distance travelled by a body is equal to the displacement of the body. Answers vi 1. (¢) distance Distance is the actual path travelled by an object during its journey from its initial position to its final position. Distance Is scalar quantity which cannot be negative 2. (#) equal or less than 1 Distance is always be equal to or greater than the displacement, so the ratlo of displacement to distance for moving object will be always less than or equal to 1 3. ()d>s 4, (d) distance « | displacement | 5. (a) uniform 6. (a) IF the car Is moving on stralght road 7. (0) uniform motion In uniform motion, a body travels equal distances in equal intervals of time Irrespective of direction 8. (c) non-uniform mation 9. (0) 44.4 km/h Let the distance from stop A to stop 8» D. then distance from stop 6 to stop As: O Total distance « D+ Dw» 20 Total distance Average speed » TA tan 20___20 _ 400 sag A keh “0*S0 2000 10. (b) Uniform acceleration M. (a) Imo We are given that vo lB kmh Sms" vo 36 km bs 10. ms"! and teSs From first equation of mation. we have Q.38. Assertion (A): A particle can have acceleration even, if its velocity is zero at an instant. Reason (R): Acceleration Is the rate of change of velocity. Q.39. Assertion (A): A body can have acceleration even its speed is constant. Reason (R): In uniform circular motion, speed of body is constant but its velocity continuously changes. 12. (a) £ z & Time) 12, (b) Car Bis the slowest 14. (a) Distance (m) > | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Time () > | 15. (a) parabola { 16. (a) sat rest When the objects at rest the graph isa straight line | parallel to time axls. 17. (a) in uniform mation 18. (c) the acceleration | The rate of change of veloclty Is called acceleration. 19. (b)m { ‘Area under a v-t graph represents a physical quantity Which Is called distance and unit of distance Is. | metre (m). 20. (a) displacement | 21. (c) The acceleration Is Increasing and positive. | 22. (d) variable 23. (b) 2s | Given, u2 0,02 10 m/s? and 5 = 20m. Using second equation of motian, | | | | | | | | | Lint Souttxar 2 > 206 poy? fed = to2s 24, (0) 45 Given, u ® 72 km/h oTaxe mis © 20 mis veo 02-5 myst Using first equation af motion. veurat 25. 26. 21. 29. 30, a 32. 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38. 39. , ) 28. (bo) Sms Total distance = 2x 2 ar Time taken, ¢=5min 525 25x 60+5263525 760 Avera jo 260 erage speed ==> Sms (b) 28 Total time «= 2 min 20 sec = 2 x 60 + 20 10s founds completed bythe eos 8235 So, athlete would be on opposite side of starting point, Thus, the displacement will be the diameter or aR (2 Displacement after half a circle Is the dlameter of the circular path, Le. 2r. (@ acceleration and velocity changes (c) in accelerated motion (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true bout Reason (R) Is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A), (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) Is the correct explanation of Assertion (A). As distance being a scalar quantity is always positive bout displacement being a vector quantity may be positive, zero and negative depending on situation, (2) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (A) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A). () Reason (R) is false because displacement is the shortest distance between the Initial and final positions, (v) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (A) are true but Reason (R) Is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A) (0) Assertion (A) Is true but Reason (R) Is false The negative slope of the position-time graph represents that the body is moving towards the negative direction but if the slope decreases with time then it represent the decrease in speed /e. retardation in motion. So, the constant negative slope of the position-time graph cannot represent the decrease in speed (0) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) Is false, (@) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (A) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A). (0) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (A) are true and Reasan (A) Is the correct explanation of Assertion (A). (2) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) Is the correct explanation of Assertion (A). y Case Study Based Questions y Case Study 1 Suppose the boy first runs a distance of 100 m in 50 seconds in going from his home to the shop in the East direction and then runs a distance of 100 m again in 50 seconds in the reverse direction from the shop to reach back home from where he started. Home Shop 4 Ac Read the given passage carefully and answer of the following questions: Q1. Find the speed of the boy. a. Imis b.2mis c amis 4. None of these Q2, Find the velocity of the boy. a. Imis b.2mis © amis 6. O m/s Q3. If the Initial velocity of an object is equal to final velocity, then the acceleration is equal to: a. negative b. positive zero 6. infinite 4, If the boy is running from West to East at an average speed of 120 km/h, then how far does thls boy run In 6 s? 220m b. 200m © 800m 4. 500m Q5. Aboy walks on a straight road from his home toa shop 2.5 km away with a speed of 5 km/h. Finding the shop closed, he instantly turns and walks back home with a speed of 7.5 km/h. The average speed of the boy over the interval of time 0 to 40 min is equal to: a. Skmv/h ». Bian 30 45 « Bien 4 Sin —— Answers 7 1 (o)2mis Total distance travelled is 100 m + 100 m » 200 m and the total time taken in 50 s+ 50s 100s Distance travelled | 200m Dislancatraya an o2m/s Speedathay« Time taken “00s 2. (8) 0 m/s ‘The boy runs 100 m towards East and then 100m towards West and reaches at the starting point. So, the displacement will be 100 m= 100 m = Om OO Oe eg The total time taken is 50.5 + 50s © 100s Displacement __Om Velocity of boy = 2SPacement __Om 9 locity of boy Timetaken 1005 ns 3. (¢) zero Given that v=u v-u_u-u oe. 4, (b) 200m Given v= 120 km/h = 1203-3 m/s = 3333 m/s Displacement « 33:33 x 6 = 200m 45 5. (@) Simin ® = Speed of bay from his home to shop is § km/h. Distance » 254m and ime »2.«23..4n and he returns back with speed of 7.5 km/h In rest of time of 10 min. 10 Distance=7.5 x= 0 125km ce = Total distance Total time - = (25+125)km _ 45 Gorsoyh “8 So. Average speed km/h Case Study 2 One day Radhika decided to go her office by her cur, She is enjoying the driving along with tening the old songs. Her car is moving along 4 straight road at a steady speed. On a particular moment, she notices that the car travels 150 min S's Read the given passage carefully and give the answer of the following questions: Q1. What is its average speed? a20m/s b30m/sc 10m/s 6. 40m/s 2. How far does it travel in 1 s? 220m 630m c10m 3. How far does it travel in 6 s? a.20m b130m c 180m 4.0m How tong does it take to travel 240 m? 2.28 bos c6s das Which of the following statement is correct regarding velocity and speed of a moving body? a. Velocity of a moving body Is always higher than Its speed b, Speed of a moving body is always higher than Its velocity © Speed of a moving body Is Its velocity in a given direction 4. Velacity af a moving body Is its speed in a given direction 440m Q4 Qs. - Answers * 1 (b) 30 mvs Average speed « tatal distance travelled/total time taken 5150/5 = 30 m/s 2 (b)30m Time = 1s Distance » average speed x time 30 mis x 1s = 30m 3, () 18Om Time = Bs Distance » average speed x time =30 m/s x65 180 m 4 (J) 8s Distance = 240 m Time = Distance/Average speed © 240/30, =85 5. (d) Velocity of a moving body Is its speed In a given direction. Case Study 3 Amir started driving his car. He increases the speed till 4 seconds and then he kept his ear in constant speed for 6 seconds. Then after he decreased the speed of the car up to unother 6 seconds. After reaching at the sturting place, he draws the speed-time graph of his 16 seconds driving as shown belo oa 10 16 Time (6) ae Read the given passage carefully and give the answer of the following questions: QL What type of motion Is represented by OA? a, Uniform velocity b. Uniform acceleration c. Negative acceleration d. No acceleration Q2. What type of motion Is represented by BC? a. Uniform velocity b. Uniform acceleration c Negative acceleration d. No acceleration Q.3. Find out the acceleration of the body. a. 1.5 mis?b. 2/5? c. Im/s? dd. Tens? Q4, Calculate the retardation of the body. a. LS mys? b2mis? © 3mjs? dims? Q6. Find out the distance travelled by the body from Ato B. alm 30m 36m 660m ee Answers 1. (b) Uniform acceleration (A is a straight line graph between speed and time and itis sloping upwards from Oto A Therefore, the graph line OA represents uniform acceleration. 2. (0) Negative acceleration BC is a straight line graph between speed and time which is stoping downwards from B to G Therefore, BC represents uniform retardation (or negative acceleration). 3B, (a) 1S m/s? ‘The slope of speed-time graph OA will give us the acceleration of the body. Thus, acceleration = Slope of line OA ~ AD/OD From the graph AD= 6 m/s and OD= 45, Acceleration = 6 m/s / 45 = L5 m/s? 4 (d) Imis? The slope of speed-time graph BC will be equal to the retardation of the body, So, retardation = Slope of line BC= BE/EC From the graph BE = 6 m/s and EC =16 ~10 = 6 seconds Retardation = 6m/s / 6 5 = 1mis? - 5. (c)36m Distance travelled from A to 8 = Area under the tin AB and the time axis = Area of reciangle DABE = DA x DE pO emi an ce-10-a 6s ) Therefore, Distance travelled from Ato 8=6 «6 1m Case Study 4 The change in the position of an object with time can be represented on the distance-time graph adopting a convenient scale of choice. In this graph, time is taken along the X-axis and distance is taken along the Y-axis. This graph shows that the distance travelled by the trains is directly proportional to time taken. Study the graph related to distance-time graph of ovo trains and answer the questions that follow y A Distance (km) —> 50: oT 2 3 Time (hr) —> Read the given passage carefully and give the answer of the following questions: Q1. How much ahead of B when the motion starts? Q2. What is the speed of B? Q3. When and where will A catch 8? Q4. What is the difference between the speeds of A and B? Q5. Is the speed of both the trains uniform? Justify your answer. - Answers * 1. Bis 100 km ahead of A. Time (hr) —* QR _ 150-100 _50 2. Speed of = G8. EO- 0 _ = = 25 kmihr 3. Awill catch B after 2 hours ata distance of 150 km. Q5_ 150-0 _160 4 fan 25. 50 75 4 Speed of A~2= =A 5 ker Difference = 75 ~ 25 = 50 km/hr 5. Yes, because both are straight line graphs, Case Study 5 The variation in velocity with time for an object moving in a straight line can be represented by a velocity-time graph. In this graph, time is represented along the x-axis and velocity is represented along the y-a is. f° L A aa 3 22 8 z! : 01234567869 10N 12 Time (s) —> Study the above graph carefully and give the answer of the following questions: Q1. Identify the type of motion represented by lines PLand AY. Q2. What is the velocity of object at t - 3.7 s? ee Q3. Calculate acceleration: (i) between 4th and 9th second. (ii) during Last 2 seconds. Q4, Based on the data represented in the graph below, find the displacement of body in first 8 seconds. t Jamis g Z| 3 24 6 810 Time (3) Q5. InQ.4, what is the acceleration of the body? v QL Ans. Q2 Ans. Answers 7 PL represents uniformly accelerated motion. AY represents uniformly retarded motion At t=3.75, velocity of abject is 5 rs (i) Between 4th and 3th second, 0» O (i) During last 2 8 0-5 5 zi acceleration (o)=>—=> = -25 mis Displacement = Area under v-t graph w Area of rectangle ABCD 2 00x AB= 18 m/s x8 52 144m iS YY, Yj Y Yj Yj Yj Yj Yj g AX |. From the graph as shown in Q.4, It Is clear that the velocity Is not changing with time, Le, acceleration Is zero. Very Short Answer type Questions y How do we often perceive an object to be in motion? We often perceive an abject to be In motion when its position changes with respect to a fixed reference point/observer, Give an example where the object Is at rest and also in motion at the same time. A passenger travelling in a bus Is at rest with respect to the fellow passengers but is In motion with respect to the surroundings |. Under which condition do the displacement and distance have the same magnitude? . When the object is In uniform motion, the magnitude of displacement and distance are the same. Q4. A boy hits a football high up in the alr. He runs and catches the football before it hits the ground. Which of the two, the boy or the football, has had a greater displacement? Both have the same displacement, although the distance travelled by the football is greater than the distance travelled by the boy. When Is an object in motion considered to be 2 point object? An object in motion is considered to be a point object ifthe distance covered by Its very large as compared to the dimensions of the object. ‘What Is the shape of the path of a body when it is in uniform motion? ‘The path wall be a straight line ‘An object travels 16 m in 4 and then another 16 m in 2 s, What Is the average speed of the object? (NCERT EXEMPLAR) Ans. Q5. Ans. 96. Ans. Q7. Sol. Total distance travelled by the object 216m +16m=32m Total time taken 45%2565 Total distance travelled Average speed « vera Total time taken 32m 6s 533m Therefore. 533amst What determines the direction of motion of an object: velocity or accoleration? Velocity determines the direction of motion of an object Can a body have a constant speed and still be accelerating? Yes. when the body moves along a circular path with a uniform speed. it possesses centripetal acceleration. jowledge BOOSTER AR, Centripetal acceleration is the property of motion of 0 ‘$2 body traversing a circular pth. Quo. the average speed of the object is QB. Ans. Qo. Ans. If the displacement of a body is proportional to the square of the time elapsed, what type of mation does the body possess? The body possesses a unlfarm accelerated motion. What can you say about the motion of an object Whose distance-time graph is a straight Line parallel to the time axis? ‘The abject is stationary. Figure shows the displacemont-tima graph of four children A, B,C and D. Which child has the highest velocity? Ans. qu. Ans. gz | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | sf Ans. qs. Ans. Qua Ans. qus, Ans. Q16. Ans. Qu, Ans. que. Ans. Qus. Ans. , Displacement —> 2 Tine— Velocity = Slope of displacement-time graph. Since, the slope of child B Is greater than other children, so, child B has the highest velocity. What is the slope of the displacement-time graph when the body is in uniform motion? The slope of the displacement-time graph shows the value of the uniform velocity, ‘What is the quantity which is measured by the area occupied below the velocity-time graph? Displacement Is the quantity which is measured by the area under velocity-time graph. Velocity-time graph of a body is shown in figure. What conclusion can be drawn about the type of motion? Time Gi ‘The body Is In uniform mation. Velocity-time graph of a body is shown in figure. What conclusion can be drawn about the velocity of the body from this graph? ts vat torn Fab 15 20 25 30 tome The body Is moving with a constant velocity of ams" Can a body have constant speed but variable velocity? Yes, a body in uniform circular motion has constant speed but due to the change in direction of motin its velocity changes at every point. If the acceloration of a particle is constant in magnitude but not in direction, what type of path is followed by the particle? The particle falloves a circular path. Why|s the motion of a circulating fan non-uniform? The mation of a circulating fan is non-uniform because the direction of motion changes at every point. ~{) Short Answer type-i Questions y QL Distinguish between distance and displacement. Ans. Distance: The length of the actual path between the ill (ee Storing eferance pat) and he rat Boston GF a ov obit te gven the terval is known as the distance travelled by the object. Diaplacement: The shortest dstance between the initial position and the final position of a moving abject in the given interval of time is known as the displacement of the object Q2. Two cars moving in opposite directions cover the same distance ‘d' in one hour. If the cars were moving In north-south direction, what will be thelr displacement in one hour? Ans. Since both the cars are covering the same distance ‘d' In one hour. their velocity will be the same. Hence. the displacement of each car will also be ‘d’ along north and south respectively, Q3. The displacement of a moving object in a given interval of time is zero. Would the distance travelled by the object also be zero? Justify your answer. fans. No. even though the moving oblect comes back ots Ila postion the eletance avelled snot oro Q4, What is meant by uniform motion? Can you think of an example of a body in uniform motion? ‘Ans. A body is sald to be in uniform mation If it covers eaual stances In caus Intervals of tine, 29.0 ear troving 9 SUaigM Une shows uniform motion if cavers a dtares in aqua tervals of ime Q5. Usha swims in a 90 m long pool. She covers 180 m in one minute by swimming from one end to the other and back along the same stralght path. Find the average speed of Usha, (NCERT EXAMPLE) Sol. Total distance covered by Usha In 1 min is 180 m. Displacement of Usha Is 1min » Om Total distance covered aattineaker Average spect 180m _ 180m, Imin Tmin Tmin “60s sams! Q6. The odometer of a car reads 2000 km at the start of a trip and 2400 km at the end of the trip. If the trip took & h, calculate the average speed of the car in km h~ and m s-4, (cen EXAMPLE) Sol. Distance covered by the car. 5 » 2400 km ~ 2000 km = 400 km Time elapsed. t= 8h Average speed of the car & s,400km SO kmh" ken, 1000 2m The average speed of the car Is 50 km hor vag ms"! ee Q7. Ans. ge. Ans. Q9. Ans. Quo. Ans. qu. Ans. quz. Ans. Qs. Ans. , Distinguish between speed and velocity. (cent rext) Speed is the rate of change of distance. It is a scalar Quantity and is always positive Velocity Is the rate of change of displacement. It is a vector quantity and can be positive. negative or zero, Abody is moving with a uniform velocity of 10 m s-*. Find its velocity after 10 s. As the motion Is uniform, therefore the velocity of the body will remain the same even after 10 s. Therefore, the velocity of the body will be 10 ms"! Give one example each to differentiate between uniform acceleration and non-uniform acceleration. The object has a uniform acceleration if its velocity changes by an equal amount in equal intervals of time, eg. the motion of an object falling freely from the top of a building On the other hand. if velocity of an abject changes by an unequal amount in equal intervals of time. then it has a non-uniform acceleration, eg, the motion of a bus ona hilly track. An object P is moving with a constant velocity for 5 minutes. Another object Q is moving with changing velocity for $ minutes. Out of these two objects, which one possesses acceleration? Explain. Acceleration =Changein velocity Time taken Since, the velocity of object P Is not changing or change in velocity of the object 's zero. therefore, gblect Phas no acceleration. On the other hand, there isa change in velocity of the ‘object This indicates thaklt possesses ecceleration. What is the nature of the distance-time graphs for uniform and non-uniform motion of an object? The distance-time graph for uniform mation Is a straight line, not parallel to the time axis ‘The Astance Eine graph for nar-onlfown mation bs not a straight line. It can be a curve or 0 zigzag line. ‘not parallel to the time axis Plot velocity-time graph of a body moving with a constant or uniform velocity. Velocity-time graph: Velocity (m=) —> a 2345 Time (s) —> How do the equations of motion for moving with a uniform velocity change? Given, a= 0, Veutoteu an object Seut+l/2at? out and Vv out42osau? orveu Q14. A car starts from rest and attains a velocity of 410 ms in 40 s. The driver applies brakes and slows down the car to 5 ms! in 10s. Find the acceleration of the car in both the cases. Sol First case: Initial velocity. u= 0 final velocity. v= 10 ms. Time, t=405 a=? vou Using (l0-0)ms* ‘i 2 oe 025m Second case: Initial velocity, u= 10 m 5: Final velocity, Time, Using = ~05ms? 10s 0 In first case. car is accelerating while in the second case, the car is retarding, What is uniform circular motion? How Is uniform circular motion ragarded as an accelerated motion? Explain. ‘Ans. The circular motion of a body with a uniform speed is known a5 uniform clrcular motion. When a body possesses a uniform circular motion, its valocity changes due to the continuous change in the direction of te motion. Hence. the body ts In accelerated motion, Qs. 16. What is the difference between uniform mation In a straight line and uniform circular motion? ‘Ans, Basis of | Uniform Motion in| Uniform Circular Differance | a Straight Line Motion. Effectan —|Thedirection |The direction, direction of |of motion of an jaf motion of an motion of Jobjectremains {object changes object lunchanged. continuously. effecton [if an object In uniform crcular acceleration |moves witha {motion tho object constant speed. |moves vith a laccoloration of the|constant speed but lobjectis zero. the motion ofthe object's accelerated Imation “Y Short Answer typ2-ti Questions QL. A taxi driver noted the reading on the odometer fitted in the vehicle as 1052 km when he started the Journey. After a 30 minutes drive, he observed that the odometer reading was 1088 km. Find the average speed of the taxi, Sol. Distance travelled by the taxis: (1088 ~ 1052) km © 36km ee EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EE EE EEE EE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EE SEE EEE EEE IEEE EEE EEE EE EIDE EI EI EI II II IDI I III II IIE Time taken « 30 min ©$h Average speed of tax 36m 1 3h Distance Ta 72kmbr raxSms!a20ms Hence, the average speed of the taxi Is 20 m s~! Q2. Acar moves with a speed of 30 km h~ for half an hour, 25 km h-? for one hour and 40 km h~? for two hours. Calculate average speed of the car. Given, time taken, fu 05h. ty 1h, fe 2h ©. Total time. Sol fete gs =05+14+2=35h Now, speed, vj » 30 km h}, vp = 25 km br! v,=40 km ho! . Distance, dye vyt,@ 30x05 = 15 km d= Vpty 2 25 x 1225 km and dye Vat, « 40 x 2© 80 km #. Total distance. do dy dy + dy © 15-425 +80 » 120 km Total distance A ida Leaetence erage specd= Fatal time d 120 2b 20, 34 3km ht Sze 2 343m Hence. the average speed of the car is 34.3 km hl Define speed and velocity. Write their SI units. A body is moving with a velocity of 15 m s~t. If the ‘motion Is uniform, what will be the velocity after 10 s? Speed Is the distance travelled by an object in a given timg Its SI unit is ms" Velocity is the speed of an abject moving ina direction or the displacement of an object in unit time. St unit of velocity 1s m 5 Since, the mation is uniform. therefore there will be ‘no change in the velocity of the body and hence its velocity will remain 15m sol Velocity-time graph for the motion of a body is shown below: Q3. Ans. Q4. (ms ov2z 4 6 8B ()—> ‘Answer the following questions: (i) Which part of the graph shows accelorated motion? Also calculate the acceleration. Wo 12 14 16 (ii) Which part of the graph shows retarded motion? Also calculate the retardation. (iil) Calculate the distance travelled by the body in first 4 seconds of the journey. () QApart of the graph shows accelerated motion as velocity of the body is increasing with time. Acceleration, Ans. oe wledge BOOSTER If velocity of an object decreases with time, then it is said to have negative acceleration. Negative rv acceleration is also called retardation or deceleration. (il) 8C part of the graph shows retarded mation as velocity of the body Is decreasing with time. Retardation, Here, negative sign shows retardation, (lil) Distance travelled by the body in first 4 seconds » Area under OA part of the graph © Area of A OAD 1 xbase xhelghto dic 4's34 mer! © Bm 2 Hence, the distance travelled Is 8 m. Q5. Agirl walks along a straight path to drop a letter in the letterbox and comes back ta her initial position. Her displacamant-tima graph is shown in figure. Plot a velocity-time graph for the same. (NCERT EXEMPLAR) 30100 Time (5) some Velocity from 0 to 50 sis 4s _ 100-0 -1 ieee Ans. 30-0 0-100 yo0-50 o-2ms" and velocity from 50 s to 100 s Is v, Velocity-time Graph: 2 a0 |é0 80 foo Tim (3) , 6. Make a velocity-time graph from the following distance-time graph. Es I yx Ox x 24 6 8 10 Ans. From the graph, we have velocity after 25 = velocity after 45 and velocty after 65= 3255 ms" Since velocity is constant, acceleration will be O. So. velocity-time graph ll be a straight ine parallel to time axis, m ae 4 € 6 Ba 3 2 a 4 6 8 10 Tima (3) =» Q7. Starting from a stationary position, Rahul paddles his bicycle to attain a velocity of 6 m s~! In 30 s. Then he applies brakes such that the velocity of the bicycle comes down to 4 m s-1 in the next 5s. Calculate the acceleration of the bicycle in both the cases, (CERT EXANPLE) Sol. In the first case: inital velocity. u = 0 final velocity, v= 6 ms“! time, to306. We know that. Substituting the given values of u. v and t in the above equation, we got (mst 308 a2ms2 In the second case init velocity, final velocity, v= 4 m 6"! time, tes Then, ae 4 5s Dams? ‘The acceleration of the bieycle in the first case In 0.2 ms and in the second case, It's -0.4m s~® 8. A driver applies the brakes and slows down the velocity of the bus from 80 km h~! to 60 km h~ in 5 s. Calculate the acceleration of the bus. Sol. Given, initial velocity, u» 8 km ht 200% msto2222m51 1B and final velacity, v= 60 km Hr! Smarty : 60: w™® =16.67Ms Tietess Acceleration, a=? We know that (18.67- 2222) ms! -5.55ms" 5s 5s =-I1l ms? Le, negative acceleration Hence, acceleration of the bus Is LN m s-2 Q9. A car starts from rest and acquires a velocity of 54 km h~! in 2 minutes. Find: (i) the acceleration and (ii) distance travelled by the car during this time, Assume, motion of the car Is uniform. Sol. Here, initial velocity, u = Final velocity. v © S4km hr! = 54 xaims! =15mo7 Time tu 2 mina 2x 60 « 1205, 007,50? (Using v=us ot we get vu _(15-O)mo"! 1g t mos a (W Using seutsdot? we gat s20+dxbms?x(I205)? 2*6 1 97g 120x120m9 900m 10. A child drops a ball from a height of 10 m. Assume that its velocity increases uniformly at a rate of 10 m s"?, Find: (i) the velocity with which the ball strikes the ground and {{i) the time taken by the ball to reach the ground. Sol. Here, se 10m.a¥1Oms@ ued (* ball was simply dropped) verte? (V) Using v2«u2 = 2 os, we get =O 2x10 ms2x 10m or 2s 200m? or ve ¥200m's? « 14.14me! (W) Using v= u+ at, we get ee EE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EE EEE EE EEE EEE EE EE EEE EEE EE Q1L A car starts from rest and moves along the X-axis with constant acceleration 5 ms~? for 8 seconds. IF it then continues with constant velocity, what distance will the car cover in 12 seconds since it started from the rest? (NCERT EXEMPLAR) Sol. The distance travelled in first 8 seconds i or Ft5)(e) 160m At this polnt, the velocity veu+ot= 0+ (5x8) 4oms? Therefore, the distance covered in last 4 seconds, x; = (40 x 4) m= 160. m Thus, the total distance. X= + X= (I60 + 160) m =320m QJ2. An artificial satellite is moving in a circular orbit of radius 42250 km. Calculate its speed if it takes 24h, to revolve around the earth. Sol. Given, radius of the circular arbit, r= 42250 km Time taken to revolve around the earth. f= 24 h Speed of a circular moving object. y-2RE_ 2x34 «42250 t 24 = 1055.42 km h7 Hence, the speed of the artificial satellite is 1055.42 km ht km! Long Answer type Questions y Q1. Using following data, draw time-displacement graph for a moving object: (NCERT EXEMPLAR) Time(s) _|0|2/4|6|8|10|12/14] 16 Displacomant (m)|0|2|4|4|4| 6 | 4| 2] 0 Use this graph to find average velocity for first 4 5, for next 4s and for last 6 s. Ans. We know that. - Locty = Changeindsplacemant erage velocRY =Total time taken Average velocity for first 4s, , (As xremains the same from 4 to 8 seconds. velocity is zero) For last 6 5. Q2. The velocity-time graph of a body is shown in the following figure. Answer the following questions. x ao Zot A E 2 a cy Fob b> © Time 5)» (i) State the kind of motion represented by OA and (ii) What is the velocity of the body after 10 s and after 40 s? Calculate the negative acceleration of the body. (iv) Calculate the distance covered by the body between 10th and 30th second. ‘Ans. (|) OA represents uniform acceleration and Ag Tepresents zero_acceleration or constant velocity. (il) Velocity of the body after 10 s = 20 ms“! and after 40, It will be O Le, body comes to rest. (il) Negative acceleration (Retardation) 0-20 “40-30-10 e- 2/9 (iv) Distance between 10th and 30th second (30-10) x 20ms" © 400m 3. An insect moves along a circular path of radius 10cm with a constant speed. It takes 1 min to move from a polnt on the path to the diametrically opposite point. Find: (i) the distance covered (li) the speed (ili) the displacement (iv) the average velocity Sol. Let the insect was at A initially and it moves along ACB to reach the opposite point B in 1 min, (i) The distance covered in 1 min » nr 314 x 10. 314 cm SS 4 © 314 cm min! (li) Olsplacoment, AB» 2re 2x10» 20 em (iv) Average velocity. v,, « Displacement . 20cm * Time min » 20cm min" (i) Speed w: Multiple Choice Questions QL. Aquality has a value of ~6 m/s. It may be the: a. speed of a particle b, velocity of a particle € position of a particle d. displacement of a particle Q2. Calculate the speed of the tip of second’s hand of a watch of length 1.5 cm, a. 314 emis b. O16 crys coms 0.05 cms - } 93. Whats the St unit of acceleration? cmt ame | A Acceleration Is a vector quantity which indicates ) 2 eanaeanie a dis always positive ] Assertion and Reason Type Questions Directions (Q, Nos. 5-6): Each of the following questions consists of two statements, one is Assertion (A) ond the other is Reason (R). Select the correct answer fo these questions from the codes (0), (b), (6) and (d) as given below: a, Both Assertion (A) and Reason (f) are true and Reason (A) is the carrect explanation of Assertion (A) b, Both Assertion (A) and Reason (A) are true but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A). ¢. Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false. 4d. Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true QS. Assertion (A): An object may have acceleration even if it is moving with uniform velocity. Reason (R): An object may be moving with uniform velocity but it may be changing its direction of motion Q6. Assertion (A): Velocity-time graph of a particle in uniform motion along a straight path is a tine parallel to the time axis Reason (R): In uniform motion the velocity of a particle increases as the square of the time elapsed Caso Study Based Question Q7. Rahul was driving on a bicycle along a straight road, first, he rides towards the east and then comes back to ils initial position and the below graph is x Chapter Test used to represent this change in displacement with respect to time Displacement (mn) 234567 8 9101112 Time (s) ——> Read the given passage carefully and give the answer of the following questions: (I) From the given graph the velocity between Aand Bis.. a. 01 km/hr boimis 20 ms d= 1s From the given graph the velocity between C and Dis a. O1 km/s b.1mis c.-Im/s d.-20 ms (lil) In the given case which of the following graph correctly represents relation between velocity and time? 4 ’ . o 3s iw P » ie . el ic os 7 ‘ ‘ A aot ¢ cmsP 5 © 0M +s L___, I 3 ' than © greater than 1 d. None of the above Very Short Answer Type Questions 6. Can the speed of a body be negative? Q9. Define the term velocity. ee EE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EE EEE EE EEE EDIE EDIE EE EEE EE EE | Short Answer Type-I Questions | “Gio. State if the following situations are possible by Qu qu2. giving an example of each of these: {i) A body is moving with a constant acceleration but with zero velocity. (ii) A body is moving horizontally with an acceleration in vertical direction. The data regarding the motion of two different objects A and B are given in the table. Time | Pistance travelled] Distance travelled by A (inm) by 8 (inm) 9:30 AN 5 2 9:35 AM 0 10 9:40 AN 5 19 9:45 AM 20 25 9:50 AM 25 25 Examine them carefully and state whether the motion of objects is uniform or non-uniform. Atrain travels the first 30 km of 120 km track with a uniform speed of 30 km h-. What should be the speed of the train to cover the remaining distance of the track so that its average of the track so that its average speed is 60 km h? for the entire trip? Short Answer Type-II Questions qs, au. qs. Joseph jogs from one end A to the other end B of a straight 300 m road in 2 minutes 30 seconds and thon turns around and jogs 100 m back to point Cin another 1 minute, What are Joseph's average speeds and velocities in jogging: (i) from Ato Band (ii) from Ato @ A stone tied to one ond of a string is rotated in a circle. Explain what happens when the stone Is released. {a) Identify the following graphs and answer the questions : t t E| g| 2 2 3 2 "oO Time (s}—> "0 Time (s)— (a) {b) locity (m/s)—> Ve (OTime (> © (i) Which of the graphs acceleration? Why? (i) What do you Infer from the graph where velocity-time graph is parallel to the time axis? (i) Which of the graphs represent a body moving with initial velocity not equal to zero but with constant acceleration? Justify your answer. indicate negative Long Answer Type Questions qs. Qu. Following figure shows the distance-time graph of throe objects 4,8 and C.Study the graph and answer the following questions: 5S Distance (kr) —» po a4 08 12 16 Time (hx) ——+ (i) Which of the three is travelling the fastest? (ii) Are all three objects ever at the same point on the road? (lil) How far has C travelted when 8 passos A? (iv) How far has 8 travelled by the time it passes C? A car starts from rest and attains a velocity of 10. ms} in 40 s. The driver applies brakes and slows down the car to 5 ms"1in 10s, Find the acceleration of the car in both the cases. ° ee

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