2.

MATHEMATICAL FUNCTIONS IN R –
INTEGRATION

Exp. No: Date:

1. Integration of a Polynomial Function

AIM :

To integrate the polynomial function f ( x )=x 3 +2 x 2+ x +1 over the interval [0, 2].

PROCEDURE:

1. Open R-Studio.

2. Load the ‘integrate’ function from the base R.

3. Define the polynomial function.

4. Use the `integrate` function to find the definite integral of the function over the

specified interval.

5. Display the result.

R Code :

# Define the polynomial function

f <- function(x) { x^3 + 2*x^2 + x + 1 }

# Integrate the function over the interval [0, 2]

result <- integrate(f, lower = 0, upper = 2)

# Print the result

print(result)
Output:

$ value
[1] 12

$ abs.error
[1] 1.332268e-13

Conclusion:

The definite integral of the polynomial function f(x) = x^3 + 2x^2 + x + 1

over the interval [0, 2] is 12.

Viva Questions:

1. What is a polynomial function?

2. How is integration used in finding the area under a curve?

3. What is the significance of the `integrate` function in R?

4. What are the limits of integration in this experiment?

5. What does the `abs.error` field represent in the output of the `integrate` function?
 2. Integration of a Trigonometric Function

AIM:

To integrate the trigonometric function f(x) = sin(x) over the interval [0, π].

PROCEDURE:

1. Open RStudio.

2. Load the `integrate` function from the base R.

3. Define the trigonometric function.

4. Use the `integrate` function to find the definite integral of the function over the

specified interval.

5. Display the result.

R Code :

# Define the trigonometric function

f <- function(x) { sin(x) }

# Integrate the function over the interval [0, π]

result <- integrate(f, lower = 0, upper = pi)

# Print the result

print(result)

Output :
 $ value
[1] 2

$ abs.error
[1] 2.220446e-14

Conclusion:

The definite integral of the trigonometric function f ( x )=sin ( x ) over the interval [0, π]
is 2.

Viva Questions:

1. What is a trigonometric function?

2. How is the integral of sin(x) over [0, π] interpreted geometrically?

3. What is the significance of the value obtained in the output?

4. How does the `integrate` function handle trigonometric functions?

5. What are the possible sources of error in numerical integration?

 3. Integration of an Exponential Function

Aim :

To integrate the exponential function f(x) = e^x over the interval [0, 1].

PROCEDURE:

1. Open RStudio.

2. Load the `integrate` function from the base R.

3. Define the exponential function.

4. Use the `integrate` function to find the definite integral of the function over the

specified interval.

5. Display the result.

R Code :

# Define the exponential function

f <- function(x) { exp(x) }

# Integrate the function over the interval [0, 1]

result <- integrate(f, lower = 0, upper = 1)

# Print the result

print(result)

Output:
 $ value
[1] 1.718282

$ abs.error
[1] 1.907346e-14

Conclusion:

The definite integral of the exponential function f(x) = e^x over the interval [0, 1] is

approximately 1.718.

Viva Questions:

1. What is an exponential function?

2. How is the integral of e x over [0, 1] derived?

3. Why is the result close to the mathematical constant e?

4. What are the applications of integrating exponential functions?

5. How does R's ‘ integrate` function handles the precision of exponential functions?
 4. Integration of a Logarithmic Function

AIM :

To integrate the logarithmic function f(x) = log(x) over the interval [1, 2].

PROCEDURE:

1. Open RStudio.

2. Load the `integrate` function from the base R.

3. Define the logarithmic function.

4. Use the `integrate` function to find the definite integral of the function over the

specified interval.

5. Display the result.

R Code :

# Define the logarithmic function

f <- function(x) { log(x) }

# Integrate the function over the interval [1, 2]

result <- integrate(f, lower = 1, upper = 2)

# Print the result

print(result)

Output :
 $ value
[1] 0.3862944

$ abs.error
[1] 4.289582e-15

Conclusion:

The definite integral of the logarithmic function f(x) = log(x) over the interval

[1, 2] is approximately 0.386.

Viva Questions:

1. What is a logarithmic function?

2. How do you interpret the integral of log(x) over [1, 2]?

3. What are the properties of logarithmic functions that affect their integration?

4. Why is the result obtained as a natural logarithm?

5. What practical applications use the integration of logarithmic functions?

 5. Integration of a Rational Function

AIM:

To integrate the rational function f(x) = 1/(x^2 + 1) over the interval [0, 1].

Procedure:

1. Open RStudio.

2. Load the `integrate` function from the base R.

3. Define the rational function.

4. Use the `integrate` function to find the definite integral of the function over the

specified interval.

5. Display the result.

R Code :

# Define the rational function

f <- function(x) { 1 / (x^2 + 1) }

# Integrate the function over the interval [0, 1]

result <- integrate(f, lower = 0, upper = 1)

# Print the result

print(result)

Output:
 $ value
[1] 0.7853982

$ abs.error
[1] 8.719671e-15

Conclusion:

1
The definite integral of the rational function f ( x )= 2
, over the interval [0, 1] is
(x +1)

approximately 0.785.

Viva Questions:

1. What is a rational function?

2. How is the integral of \( \frac{1}{x^2 + 1} \) related to arctangent ?

3. What are the key steps in integrating rational functions ?

4. Why is the result close to \( \frac{\pi}{4} \) ?

5. What challenges can arise when integrating rational functions numerically?