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Per Unit System Explanation Star

The per unit system is a method used to normalize electrical quantities in three-phase systems, simplifying analysis by making values dimensionless and system-independent. Key parameters include base apparent power, base voltage, and relationships between phase and line quantities, which facilitate calculations of power, impedance, and voltage. This system enhances the design of protection and control mechanisms while eliminating complexities from varying voltage levels in multi-transformer systems.

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29 views2 pages

Per Unit System Explanation Star

The per unit system is a method used to normalize electrical quantities in three-phase systems, simplifying analysis by making values dimensionless and system-independent. Key parameters include base apparent power, base voltage, and relationships between phase and line quantities, which facilitate calculations of power, impedance, and voltage. This system enhances the design of protection and control mechanisms while eliminating complexities from varying voltage levels in multi-transformer systems.

Uploaded by

ERASER group
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Per Unit System in Three-Phase Systems

First Image Breakdown


1. Per Unit System Overview
The per unit system is used to normalize electrical quantities like voltage, current, and
impedance for easier analysis. It is applied to a three-phase system.

2. Known Parameters
- S_base: System base apparent power (3-phase).
- V_base: Base voltage, line-to-line (L-L) RMS voltage.

3. Star Connection
In a star configuration, the relationship between phase and line quantities becomes
essential.

Phase Voltage Base:


V_ph(base) = V_base / √3
This derives the phase voltage base from the given line voltage base.

4. Line Current Base


I_L(base) = S_base / (√3 × V_base)
Relates base current to base apparent power and line voltage.

5. Phase Current Base


I_ph(base) = I_base
The phase current base equals the line current base in star configuration.

6. Impedance Base
Z_base = V_ph(base) / I_ph(base)
Substituting V_ph(base) = V_base / √3 and I_ph(base) = I_base:
Z_base = (V_base / √3) / (S_base / (√3 × V_base)) = V_base² / S_base
This defines the base impedance using base voltage and apparent power.

7. Per Unit Voltage


V_ph(pu) = V_ph / V_ph(base) = (√3 × V_ph) / V_base
For a star connection:
V_ph(pu) = V_L(pu)

Second Image Breakdown


1. Power Relationships
Apparent Power (S) in 3-phase system:
S = √3 × V_L × I_L
In per-unit terms:
S_pu = S / S_base
Substituting S = √3 × V_L × I_L:
S_pu = (√3 × V_L × I_L) / (√3 × V_base × I_base)
Cancelling terms:
S_pu = V_L(pu) × I_L(pu)

2. Per Unit Power Equations


For phase power:
S_pu = V_ph(pu) × I_ph(pu)

Active Power (P_pu):


P_pu = V_pu × I_pu × cos(φ)

Reactive Power (Q_pu):


Q_pu = V_pu × I_pu × sin(φ)

3. Key Observations
- Per-unit values simplify analysis, making all quantities dimensionless and system-
independent.
- Impedance and voltage relations remain consistent across transformer windings.

Theory and Application


1. Purpose of the Per Unit System
- Normalize system parameters for comparative analysis and fault calculations.
- Eliminate complexity introduced by varying voltage levels in multi-transformer systems.

2. Advantages
- Simplifies calculations of power, impedance, and voltage levels.
- Makes system protection and control design more intuitive.

3. Formula Recap
- V_ph(base) = V_base / √3
- I_base = S_base / (√3 × V_base)
- Z_base = V_base² / S_base
- S_pu = V_pu × I_pu
- P_pu = V_pu × I_pu × cos(φ)
- Q_pu = V_pu × I_pu × sin(φ)

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