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Per Unit System Basic

The per-unit (pu) system is a normalization method used in power system analysis to simplify calculations by expressing electrical quantities as fractions of predefined base values. It is applicable to both single-phase and three-phase systems, allowing for easier comparison and analysis of voltage, current, power, and impedance across different levels. The document outlines the formulas for calculating per-unit values and the advantages of using the per-unit system in power system design and analysis.

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28 views

Per Unit System Basic

The per-unit (pu) system is a normalization method used in power system analysis to simplify calculations by expressing electrical quantities as fractions of predefined base values. It is applicable to both single-phase and three-phase systems, allowing for easier comparison and analysis of voltage, current, power, and impedance across different levels. The document outlines the formulas for calculating per-unit values and the advantages of using the per-unit system in power system design and analysis.

Uploaded by

ERASER group
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Per-Unit System Explanation

Introduction
The per-unit (pu) system is a normalization method used in power system analysis. It
represents electrical quantities such as voltage, current, power, and impedance as fractions
(or multiples) of predefined base values. The per-unit system simplifies calculations,
especially in large interconnected networks, by making quantities dimensionless and
consistent across different voltage levels.

The general formula for the per-unit system is:

pu value = Actual Value / Base Value

Quantities in the Per-Unit System


1. Voltage (V ∠ δ): Voltage is expressed in magnitude and angle. Its per-unit value is:

V p u=V / V b ase

2. Current (I ∠ φ): Current has magnitude and angle. Its per-unit value is:

I_pu = I / I_base

3. Impedance (Z = R + jX): Impedance consists of resistance (R) and reactance (X). Its per-
unit value is:

Z_pu = Z / Z_base

4. Power (S = P + jQ): Power includes real power (P) and reactive power (Q) as a complex
value. Its per-unit value is:

S_pu = S / S_base = (P + jQ) / S_base

Base Values
The base values are reference values for normalizing other quantities. Typically, S_base
(base apparent power in MVA or kVA) and V_base (base voltage in kV or V) are predefined.
From these, other base quantities are derived as follows:

1. Base Current ( I b ase ) : I b ase=S b ase / V b ase

2. Base Impedance (Z_base): Z_base = V_base^2 / S_base

Per-Unit Quantities in a Single-Phase System


1. Voltage: V_pu = V / V_base

2. Current: I_pu = I / I_base


3. Power: S_pu = S / S_base = (P + jQ) / S_base

4. Impedance: Z_pu = Z / Z_base = (R + jX) / Z_base

Advantages of the Per-Unit System


1. Simplified Calculations: Different voltage levels are normalized, removing the need to
repeatedly convert between units.

2. Dimensionless Quantities: Easier to compare values as they are expressed in a consistent


format.

3. Uniformity: Impedance and voltage drops are expressed in percentages, making systems
more intuitive to analyze.

Per Unit System in Three-Phase Systems

First Image Breakdown

1. Per Unit System Overview


The per unit system is used to normalize electrical quantities like voltage, current, and
impedance for easier analysis. It is applied to a three-phase system.

2. Known Parameters
- S_base: System base apparent power (3-phase).
- V_base: Base voltage, line-to-line (L-L) RMS voltage.

3. Star Connection
In a star configuration, the relationship between phase and line quantities becomes
essential.

Phase Voltage Base:


V_ph(base) = V_base / √3
This derives the phase voltage base from the given line voltage base.

4. Line Current Base


I_L(base) = S_base / (√3 × V_base)
Relates base current to base apparent power and line voltage.

5. Phase Current Base


I_ph(base) = I_base
The phase current base equals the line current base in star configuration.

6. Impedance Base
Z_base = V_ph(base) / I_ph(base)
Substituting V_ph(base) = V_base / √3 and I_ph(base) = I_base:
Z_base = (V_base / √3) / (S_base / (√3 × V_base)) = V_base² / S_base
This defines the base impedance using base voltage and apparent power.

7. Per Unit Voltage


V_ph(pu) = V_ph / V_ph(base) = (√3 × V_ph) / V_base
For a star connection:
V_ph(pu) = V_L(pu)

Second Image Breakdown

1. Power Relationships
Apparent Power (S) in 3-phase system:
S = √3 × V_L × I_L
In per-unit terms:
S_pu = S / S_base
Substituting S = √3 × V_L × I_L:
S_pu = (√3 × V_L × I_L) / (√3 × V_base × I_base)
Cancelling terms:
S_pu = V_L(pu) × I_L(pu)

2. Per Unit Power Equations


For phase power:
S_pu = V_ph(pu) × I_ph(pu)

Active Power (P_pu):


P_pu = V_pu × I_pu × cos(φ)

Reactive Power (Q_pu):


Q_pu = V_pu × I_pu × sin(φ)

3. Key Observations
- Per-unit values simplify analysis, making all quantities dimensionless and system-
independent.
- Impedance and voltage relations remain consistent across transformer windings.

Theory and Application

1. Purpose of the Per Unit System


- Normalize system parameters for comparative analysis and fault calculations.
- Eliminate complexity introduced by varying voltage levels in multi-transformer systems.

2. Advantages
- Simplifies calculations of power, impedance, and voltage levels.
- Makes system protection and control design more intuitive.
3. Formula Recap
- V_ph(base) = V_base / √3
- I_base = S_base / (√3 × V_base)
- Z_base = V_base² / S_base
- S_pu = V_pu × I_pu
- P_pu = V_pu × I_pu × cos(φ)
- Q_pu = V_pu × I_pu × sin(φ)

Explanation of Per Unit System and Formulas

Per Unit System for a 3-Phase System


Key Concept: 3-Phase System Per Unit Quantities
In a three-phase system, the base quantities for power, voltage, current, and impedance are
interrelated.

1. Known Base Values


- Base Power ( Sbase ) : Defined for the 3-phase system.
- Base Voltage( V base ) :Line-to-line RMS voltage.

2. Line Current Base


From the three-phase power equation:
S= √ 3 V L I LThe base line current is:
I L (base)=S base / ( √ 3 V base )

3. Phase Current Base


For a balanced three-phase system:
I ph( base)=I L (base ) / √ 3

4. Delta Connection
For a delta-connected load:
- Phase Voltage Base:
V ph (base )=V base- Phase Current Base:
I ph( base)=I base / √ 3

5. Impedance Base
Impedance base for a delta connection:
Z base=V ph (base) / I ph (base )Substituting V ph (base )=V baseand I ph( base)=I base / √ 3 :
Z base=V base / ( I base / √ 3 ) =√ 3 × ( V base / I base )

Using I base =Sbase / ( √ 3 V base ):

Z base=( √ 3 V base ) / ( S base / √ 3 V base )=3 V base / S base


2

Step-by-Step Explanation
1. Compute line current base from I L (base)=S base / ( √ 3 V base ) .
2. Compute phase current base from I ph( base)=I L (base ) / √ 3.
2
3. Compute impedance base using Z base =3 V base / Sbase .

First Image: Change of Base in Per Unit System


Key Concept: Per Unit Representation
The per-unit system simplifies power system calculations by normalizing quantities (like
impedance, current, voltage, and power) with respect to a chosen base. Changing the base in
the per-unit system involves transforming the per-unit values from one base set to another.

1. Per-Unit Impedance (Old Base)


The per-unit impedance on the old base is given by:
Z pu ( old )=Z ( Ω ) / Z base ( old )Where:
- Z(Ω): Actual impedance in ohms.
−Z base( old ) : Base impedance for the old base, calculated as:
2
Z base ( old )=V old / S old

2. Per-Unit Impedance (New Base)


The per-unit impedance on the new base is given by:
Z pu ( new )=Z ( Ω ) / Z base ( new )Where:
−Z base( new) : Base impedance for the new base, calculated as:
2
Z base ( new )=V new / S new
3. Change of Base Formula
To convert Z pu from the old base to the new base:
Z pu ( new )=Z pu( old ) × ( Z base (old ) / Z base (new )) Substituting base impedances:
Z pu ( new )=Z pu( old ) × ( V 2old / S old ) / ( V 2new / Snew )Simplifying:
2
Z pu ( new )=Z pu( old ) × ( V old / V new) × ( S new / Sold )

Step-by-Step Explanation
2
1. Calculate the base impedance for the old base using Z base ( old )=V old / S old . 2. Calculate the
2
base impedance for the new base using Z base ( new )=V new / S new .
3. Use the transformation formula to compute Z pu ( new )by scaling Z pu ( old ) with the ratio of base
impedances.

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