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Physics Project 2.0

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7 views18 pages

Physics Project 2.0

Uploaded by

singhjayant849
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DAV PUBLIC SCHOOL

SAIL -RMD BOLANI

INVESTIGATORY PHYSICS PROJECT ON


PROJECTILE MOTION

NAME: AVIPSHA BISWAS BAGCHI


CLASS:XI SCI
ROLL NO:04
SESSION:2024-25

SUBMITTED TO: SARTHAK NAYAK


SUBMITTED BY: AVIPSHA BISWAS BAGCHI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to convey my heartfelt
gratitude to Mr.sarthak nayak for his
tremendous support and assistance in
the completion of my project. I would
also like to thank our Principal,
Mrs.Rajashree Mohapatra for
providing me with this wonderful
opportunity to work on a project with
the topic ‘PROJECTILE MOTION’. The
completion of the project would not
have been possible without their help
and insights.
Secondly, I would like to thanks my
parents and friends who helped me a
lot in finalizing the work within limited
time frame.
CERTIFICATE
It is hereby certified that ‘AVIPSHA
BISWAS BAGCHI ’ of Class XI-SCI
has completed the project titled
‘PROJECTILE MOTION ’ in the
subject of Physics to the satisfaction
of DAV Public school,Bolani. The
project was developed under the
guidance of ‘Mr.Sarthak nayak’
during the academic year 2024-25.

Internal signature
External signature

PRINCIPAL SIGNATURE
DECLARATION
I AVIPSHA BISWAS BAGCHI , a
student of class XI SCI of DAV PUBLIC
SCHOOL, SAIL-RMD BOLANI do
hereby solemnly declare that this
project entitled as “PROJECTILE
MOTION ”.Submitted for physics
internal assessment 2024-25 consists
of original work done by me under
guidance of our physics teacher Mr.
Sarthak nayak.

Name- Avipsha Biswas


bagchi
Class- XI sci
Roll no-04
INTRODUCTION
Sound can travel through air, water and
solids but not through a vacuum, as it
requires a medium to propagate. Speed
can vary with changes in temperature
and humidity.Sound can travel through
most materials – the most commonly
known being air (gas), water (liquid)
and steel (solid). However, it does not
travel at all in a vacuum, because the
sound waves need some kind of
medium in which to travel. In addition,
some materials absorb, rather than
reflect or pass, sound waves. This is the
basis of soundproofing. The speed of
sound can vary at different altitudes
due to changes in air pressure and
temperature, typically decreasing with
altitude in the Earth’s atmosphere.
OBJECTIVE –
To study the Speed of sound waves
travel through different mediums.

APPARATUS –
stop watch, measuring tape, ruler,
tuning fork or a speaker, water
container, metal rod.

THEORY-
1. Nature of Sound Waves:
Sound is a mechanical wave that requires a
medium (solid, liquid, or gas) to propagate. It
travels as a longitudinal wave, where particles
of the medium vibrate back and forth in the
direction of the wave’s travel.

2. Medium Properties:
The speed of sound depends on the
properties of the medium:
- Density: Generally, the denser the
medium, the faster sound can travel. In solids,
particles are closely packed, allowing sound
waves to transfer energy quickly.
- Elasticity: This is the ability of a medium
to return to its original shape after
deformation. Higher elasticity means sound
can travel faster. Solids are typically more
elastic than liquids and gases, which
contributes to their higher sound speeds.

3. Speed of Sound:
The speed of sound can be calculated using
the formula:
- In gases: v = sqrt(B/ρ), where B is the
bulk modulus (a measure of elasticity) and ρ is
the density of the gas.
- In liquids: sound travels faster than in
gases due to closer particle arrangement.
- In solids: sound travels fastest because
particles are tightly packed and can transmit
vibrations efficiently.
FORMULA USED –

1. Speed of Sound:

In gases: v = sqrt(B/ρ)

In liquids: v = sqrt(E/ρ)

In solids: v = sqrt(E/ρ)

2. Frequency and Wavelength


Relationship:
v=f*
λ

3. Intensity of Sound:
I = P/A
PROCEDURE-
1. Speed of Sound in Air:
a. Choose a long, open area where you can safely
measure sound travel.
b. Strike the tuning fork and hold it at one end
while a partner stands at a measured distance
(e.g., 100 meters).
c. Start the stopwatch as soon as you strike the
tuning fork and stop it when your partner hears the
sound and signals you.
d. Record the time taken for the sound to travel
the distance.
e. Calculate the speed of sound in air using the
formula: Speed = Distance / Time.

2. Speed of Sound in Water:


a. Fill a large container with water.
b. Submerge the tuning fork in water or place a
speaker underwater to generate sound.
c. Measure a distance of about 1 meter from the
sound source.
d. Again, have a partner listen for the sound and
record the time it takes for the sound to travel the
distance.
e. Calculate the speed of sound in water using
the formula: Speed = Distance / Time.

3. Speed of Sound in a Solid:


a.Take a metal rod or wooden stick and firmly
strike one end with a hammer or hit it with a tuning
fork.
b. Have your partner stand at a known distance
from the other end of the solid material.
c. Measure the distance along the solid material
and record the time taken for the sound to reach
your partner.
d. Calculate the speed of sound in the solid using
the formula: Speed = Distance / Time.

OBSERVATION-
SPEED OF
MEDIUM DISTANCE TIME
SOUND(m/
OF SOUND (Meter) (Sec)
s)
1. Air 340 1.0 340

2. Wat 1500 1.0 1500


er
3. Stee 5000 1.0 5000
l
CONCLUSION –
From the values in the table, we
can conclude the following about
the speed of sound in different
mediums:

1. Speed Variation: The speed of


sound varies significantly
depending on the medium through
which it travels. In air, the speed is
much slower (340 m/s) compared
to water (1500 m/s) and steel
(5000 m/s). This shows that sound
travels faster in denser materials.

2. Medium Density: The higher


speed of sound in water and steel
compared to air indicates that
denser mediums allow sound
waves to transmit more quickly.
This is because the molecules in
denser materials are closer
together, facilitating quicker energy
transfer.

3. Practical Implications: This


information can be useful in various
applications, such as underwater
communication, sonar technology,
and understanding how sound
behaves in different environments.

Overall, the data demonstrates


that the medium plays a crucial
role in the propagation speed of
sound.
PRECAUTIONS-
1. Controlled Environment: Conduct the
experiment in a controlled environment to
minimize external factors that could affect
sound speed, such as temperature and
humidity.

2. Distance Measurement: Measure


distances accurately when calculating the
speed of sound. Use a measuring tape or ruler
to avoid errors.

3. Avoiding Obstacles: Make sure there are


no obstacles in the path of sound waves, as
they can reflect or absorb sound, leading to
inaccurate results.

4. Temperature Monitoring: Be aware that


the speed of sound is affected by temperature.
It’s important to keep the temperature
consistent throughout the experiment.
5. Data Recording: Carefully record all data
during the experiment to ensure that results
can be analysed accurately later.
SOURCE OF ERROR –
Here are some potential sources of error in an
experiment measuring the speed of sound:

1. Background Noise: Ambient noise can


interfere with the measurement of sound
waves, making it difficult to determine the
exact moment the sound is produced and
received.

2. Reflection and Refraction: Sound


waves can reflect off surfaces or refract
through different mediums, which can
alter the path of the sound and affect the
measurements.

3. Human Error: Mistakes in timing or


recording data can occur, especially if
multiple people are involved in the
experiment.
BIBLIOGRAPHY –

1. www.google.com
2. www.wikipedia.com
3. www.projectreports.c
om
4. www.physicsprojects.
com
5.Comprehensive
practical . book of
11th.

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