Kingdom Animalia
eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophs, locomotion,
sexual reproduction, have sense organs, no cell wall
Chordates Non chordates
(notochord pr) (notochord abs)
Invertebrates
Vertebrates Invertebrates
Notochord Notochord retained
Becomes throughout life
Vertebral or present only
Column in larval stage
Germ layers
Triploblastic
Diploblastic
(Porifera cnidaria, ctenophora) (remaining phylums)
Platyhelminthes Aschelminthes Annelida onwards
Acoelomate Pseudocoelomate Coelomate
Blood filled coelom= haemocoel
Metameric Segmentation segmentation
inside and outside the body. Eg earthworm. Exoskleleton
Tapeworm has false segmentation,
pseudometamerism
Endoskeleton, Endo & Exo
The Non Chordates:
Phylum:Porifera
Pore bearing
E.g of some sponges: Sycon, Spongilla (fresh
water sponge), Euspongia (bath sponge)
Sycon
Sponges
Characteristics of Poriferans:
1. Solitary (found alone) or colonial (in group), sedentary (cannot move).
2. Lives in Marine/fresh water.
3. Asymmetrical or radial symmetrical. No tissues present
4. Ostia( pores)open into Spongocoel opens out Osculum
5. Choanocytes (collar cells) intracellular digestion
6. Endokeleton in the form of Ca spicules or spongin fibres
7. Sexual and asexual reproduction ( budding, gemmule
formation). Hermaphrodites or bisexual.(Both sex organs)
8. Capable of regeneration 9. Feed on detritus
Spongilla, Bath sponge,
Fresh water Euspongia
sponge
Endo
skeleton
in the
Ostia form
Of
spicules
choanocyte
Jelly Fish
(Aurelia)
Corals
Sea
Anemone
Budding
Hydra
Cnidocytes
Special
stinging
cells
Skin
Polyp
Cylindrical
sedentary
Medusa
Umbrella shaped
Free swimming
Characteristics of Cnidaria/Coelenterata:
1. Mostly marine, few fresh water eg Hydra.
2. Show radial Symmetry and are diploblastic
3. Tentacles with cnidocytes( stinging cells,
which have toxin filled sac nematocysts).
Function: Locomotion/offence and defense
4. Tissues present
5. Mouth gastrovascular cavity/ coelenteron
serving for digestion and circulation. No anus
6. Two forms present Polyp/medusa
7. Nervous system in the form of a nerve net
8. Asexual (budding) and sexual reproduction.
They are hermaphrodites/ bisexual.
Pleurobrachia
Ctenoplana (comb Phylum Ctenophora (Sea goose berries)
Jelly) Sea goose berries/ comb
jellies
Marine only
Radially symmetrical
Diploblastic
External rows of cilia
Bioluminescent ( emission of
light)
Sexual reproduction
Show external fertilization
Liver fluke
Fasciola
Lives in the bile duct of
sheep ( endoparasite)
Planaria
Lives in fresh water (free living)
Taenia/ Pork or beef tapeworm :
Adult lives in man and larva lives in
cow or pig. Eating poorly cooked beef
or pork results in infection
A 28 feet long tapeworm was
recovered from this woman.
Suckers hooks
Characteristics of Platyhelminthes:
1. Flat body covered by cuticle, which protects it from
enzymes and secretions of host.
2. Endoparasite /free living
3. Bilateral symmetry and acoelomate.
4. Parasites have suckers/hooks for attachment in host
5. Digestive sys absent in parasites. If present it is
incomplete with only mouth no anus.
6. Excretion by flame cells (protonephridia).
7. Nervous sys in form of nerve ring and nerve cords.
8. Most are Hermaphrodites/bisexual, show regeneration.
*
Excretory Ducts with flame cells
Male
Female
Echinococcus/ Dog
Schistosoma or blood tapeworm ( wolf, fox, lion):
fluke invades through A type of tape worm. Larval
unbroken skin when form lives in small intestine
swimming or wading in of man. Adult lives in the
contaminated water. dog. Eggs pass out in
Adults live in veins of faeces and infect
intestine. Eggs released intermediate hosts like
in stool or urine. sheep, Cattle etc.
Wuchereria or thread worms/ filarial
worm cause elephantiasis. Spread by
female Culex mosquito.
Worm lives in lymphatic vessels
which get blocked leading to edema
(swelling).
Pin worms or
Enterobius infects
large intestine.
Female will lay
thousands of eggs
around the anus
which causes
itching. Eggs get
lodged on fingers,
under nails, clothes
which spreads
infection.
Ascaris- Lives in small Rhabditis lives in
Intestine of man. damp soil may
temporarily infect a
host
Female
Male
Hook worm
infection
Dracunculus / Guinea worm infection occur through
drinking water. Mature Female Worm after mating with
male migrates to subcutaneous skin. The female causes
blisters through which it releases larvae when blister
comes in contact with water.
Phylum Aschelminthes:
1. Mostly Parasitic, few free living eg Rhabditis.
2. Body thread like, bilaterally symmetrical,
pseudocoelomate.
3. Body covered by tough cuticle to protect against
enzymes and secretions of host.
4. Body wall has longitudinal muscles, circular muscles
absent.
5. Digestive system is complete, with mouth and anus.
6. Excretion by canals or protonephridia.
7. Nervous sys has nerve rings and nerves.
8. They are unisexual, show sexual dimorphism, eg in
Ascaris, female worm longer than male. Male has a
curved posterior end.
Leeches (Hirudinea)
are ectoparasites
and sanguivorous
( blood sucking).
Saliva of leech
contains hirudin
which prevents the
Suckers blood of the host
from clotting I.e it is
an anticoagulant.
Parapodia are used for
locomotion
Neries/sand worms- lives in burrows along the sea
shore. Aquatic, unisexual, nocturnal and carnivorous
Earthworm
show copulation
though they are
hermaphrodites
Aphrodite /sea
mouse lives at the
bottom of the
ocean
Phylum: Annelida
1. Free living, few parasitic
2. Bilaterally symmetrical and true coelomate
3. Metamerically segmented.Ie segmentation outside
coincides with segmentation inside.
4. Locomotion by parapodia(neries) or suckers(leech)
or setae (earthworm). Have longitudinal and
circular muscles in body wall.
5. Respiration through body surface.
6. Closed circulatory sys. Blood never leaves blood
vessels. Haemoglobin in plasma.
7. Dig sys complete with mouth & anus.
8. Nervous sys has nerve ring & nerve cord
9. Excretion by nephridia
10.They are mostly bisexual
Nerve ring and nerve cord of
Earthworm
Nephridium
Setae
Arthropoda
(jointed legs &
chitinous exosketon)
Butterfly
Grass hopper
Praying Mantis
Moth
Dog infested with
ticks
Giant wood spider &
Signature spider Eg Spiders, scorpions,
ticks, mites, fleas. All
have 8 legs except fleas
.
Female scorpions
carrying young ones
on back. Scorpion is
viviparous, whereas
other arthropods are
oviparous
cephalothorax
Crabs & Prawn abdomen
Centipede Millipede
Venomous bite Non venomous
Phylum Arthropoda:
1. They are present every where, occupy a variety of habitats, free living
2. Bilaterally symmetrical & coelomate.
3. They have an exoskeleton of chitinous cuticle. I.e cuticle has chitin which
is a hard polysaccharide (complex sugar).
4. Due to a hard exoskeleton that prevents growth they show moulting or
ecdysis.
5. Body divided into head, thorax, abdomen. In some head and thorax is
fused to form cephalothorax.
6. Show metameric segmentation.
7. Digestive sys complete.
8. Circulatory system is of the open type. Blood ( haemolymph) is colourless
and comes out of blood vessels into open spaces called as sinuses.
9. Respiration by gills ( in aquatic forms), trachea ( in insects) book lungs in
scorpions
10. Excretion takes place by green glands or malpighian tubules
11. Nervous sys consists of nerve ring, and double solid ganglionated nerve
cord
12. Sexual reproduction. Animals are unisexual, show sexual dimorphism,
oviparous (egg laying). Exception is the scorpion which is viviparous
13. Fertilization internal ( egg & sperm fuse within the body of female)
14. In some arthropods, eggs develop without fertilization→ Parthenogenesis
Trachea- respiratory organ of Book lungs- Respiratory organs in
insects scorpions and spiders
Excretory
organs
Green
glands
Excretory organs
Nervous
system of
cockroach
MOULTING/ ECDYSIS
1 3
4
2
moult
Clams & Oyster
Loligo
Loligo (squid) & sepia
Octopus
Dentalium
Slug
Chiton
PILA- water snail
Head
Gills
Visceral
Mantle
mass
FOOT
Phylum mollusca:
1. Soft bodied animals, mostly marine, few are found in fresh water.
2. Bilaterally symmetrical or radially symmetrical
3. Body divisible into head, foot, visceral mass. Body is enclosed in
thick muscular fold called mantle. Mantle secretes shell.
4. Shell may external or internal or absent.
5. Digestive system is well developed and complete. Buccal cavity has
a rasping organ Radula with teeth.
6. Respiration by gills (ctenidia) or lungs
7. Locomotion by foot or arms
8. Open circulatory system. Blood leaves arteries and fills open spaces
in the body called sinuses. ( except octopus & sepia). Respiratory
pigment is Cu containing , blue coloured haemocyanin.
9. Excretion by kidneys, also called as Organ of Bojanus
10. Nervous system has ganglia ( groups of nerve cells) and sense
organs like eyes and tentacles
11. Sexes separate, direct or indirect development, oviparous
Organ of
Bojanus/
kidney
Radula
Star Fish
Mouth
Aboral/ dorsal surface Oral/ ventral surface
Brittle Star
Sea Lily
Feather Star(Antedon)
Sea Cucumber
Sea Urchin
Phylum Echinodermata:
1. Exclusively marine animals which are benthoic (occupy bottom
region of ocean)
2. Radially symmetrical, with pentamerous symmetry (show 5 arms)
and no distinct head.
3. Body has a spiny exoskeleton with calcareous plates
4. Have a water vascular system which helps in locomotion. Water
enters and leaves the system through a madreporite. Water moves
into ring canal and tube feet.
5. Circulatory system is of the open type
6. They are carnivorous feeding on molluscs
7. Nervous system has a ring around mouth and radial nerves
8. Respiration by gills
9. They are unisexual and have great powers of regeneration
Balanoglossus,
ACORN WORM
•PHYLUM HEMICHORDATA:
1. Exclusively marine animals that live in burrows at the bottom of
the ocean.
2. Body soft, unsegmented, divided into proboscis, collar, trunk
3. Body cavity has a rod like diverticulum considered as a notochord
4. Respiration by gills
5. Open circulatory system, blood colourless
6. Unisexual forms
7. This phylum is a connecting link between chordates and non
chordates
Saccoglossus
