‫البرمجة‬

‫ ادخال البيانات‬.1
‫ معالجة البيانات‬.2
‫ استخراج النتائج‬.3

To solve a problem  
 Program
YouNeed

To create a program  
 Algorithm
YouNeed

To create an algorithm  
 Tools
YouNeed

To implement tools  
 programming Language
YouNeed

Visual Basic
1– Visual Basic Environment

1
Toolbox and Controls

Introduction

A Windows control, also called a control, is an object

that allows the user to interact with the computer. Such
an object must be displayed on the screen or somehow
made available to the user who can then click it, move it,
resize it, type in it or retrieve something from it. Because
there are so many operations a user can perform on the
computer, controls are separate in categories according to
their functionality and their roles in an application.
Nevertheless, to make your application effective, as the
developer, you will decide what the user can do with
your application and what should be excluded.

When creating your application, you add controls to it as you judge them
relevant for the possible assignments that can be performed on your
application. While working, you will deal with two big categories of
controls.

Controls Fundamentals

You as the developer will decide what control should be available in your
application, what functionality that control should provide, and what the

2
user can do with it. Some of the functionality is controlled by the
operating system because such functionality is part of the computer's
behavior. Some other aspects are under your control.

When creating your application, you will most likely start from a form.
Other controls are added to the form. To use one of them, you will get it
from an object called the Toolbox and then add them to the form. Once a
control is available to you, you can customize its appearance and
behavior.

To implement their intended assignment, one of the most regular

operations a control can perform is to fire events.

Control Selection

To provide the necessary functionality for your application, you will use
controls from the Toolbox and add them to another component such as a
form. The control you pick up from the Toolbox is also referred to as a
child control. The control or object on which you add a child control is
referred to as its parent or host. This can be a form or another object that
has the capacity to host other controls.

To identify a control on the Toolbox, you can position the mouse on it. A
tool tip would appear.
To add a control to a host, on the toolbox, you can double-click it.
Alternatively, you can click the control on the toolbox and then "draw" it
on the host. You can keep adding controls to a host as necessary.
If you want to add a control over and over again, you can press and hold
Ctrl, click the control on the Toolbox, then draw it in the desired area on
the host. Every time you draw, the control would be added to the form or
host. Once you have added enough controls, you can release Ctrl.
If you select a control by mistake, you can simply click another. The new
one would become selected. If you clicked a control but don't want any
control at all, you can click the Pointer button. You cannot select more
than one control to add to a host.

Properties of Controls
Introduction
If you access a code when designing the application, it is said that you are
working at design time. If you access a control with code, it is said that
you are at run time. Therefore, design time refers to the form being

3
designed while displaying in Visual Basic. Run time refers to the time the
control is displaying to the user.
After adding a control to the application, you can customize it. For
example, you can change some parts of its appearance. You can also give
it assignments. These are done from two parts: the Properties window and
the Code editor.
Controls are broadly classified in two groups. A control is referred to as
graphical if the user can see it. There are other controls that will work
behind the scenes at run time. Such control are not graphical (an example
is the Timer). They can be referred to as static. The user never sees these
controls. There are some other controls not considered graphical because
the user cannot directly change their values. For example, a control that
displays only text (such is the case for the Label) is not considered
graphical.
A Windows control is an object that imitates a real world object. As such,
it is made of characteristics that define it. A characteristic is also called a
property. A property is any aspect that describes an object.
Once you have a control, you can change its properties in the Properties
window. This is considered that you are controlling the properties at
"design time". To change the properties of a control, first select it, then
proceed with changing the desired properties in the Properties window.
To control a form's properties with code, you will refer to itself. A form
refers to itself using the Me keyword. To change the properties of a
control with code, you refer to it by its name. Whether dealing with a
form or a control, after typing Me for the form, or the name of the
control, type a period. A list of the properties (and possibly other objects
that we will know eventually) will appear. You can continue typing or
simply select from the list. And continue with your coding. Not all
properties can be changed with code.

Controls Names
Everything on a computer must have a name. In the same way, to refer to
a control in your code, you must give it a name. When you add a new
control to your application, it receives a default name. When necessary,
which will be almost all the time, you should change that name to a more
recognizable one.
To change the name of a control, first select it. Then, in the Properties
window, click (Name) and type the desired name. Refrain from changing
the name of a control with code.

4
Properties, methods, and events
Properties of Controls
Naming Controls
The Control's Location

Controls Text and Caption

Some controls are meant to display or sometimes request text from the
user. For such controls, this text is referred to as caption while it is simply
called text for some other controls. This property is not available for all
controls.

If a control displays text, it then has a Caption or a Text field in the

Properties window. After adding such a control to a form, its Caption or
its Text field may the same text as its name. At design time, to change the
text of the control, click either its Caption or its Text field and type the
desired value. For most controls, there are no strict rules to follow for this
text. Therefore, it is your responsibility to type the right value.

The text provided in a Caption or Text fields of a text-based control can

only be set “as is” at during design. If you want the text to change while
the application is running, you can format it. For example, such a control
can display the current time or the name of the user who is logged in.
These format attributes cannot be set at deign time. To change the text of
a text-based control at run time, either assign a simple string or provide a
formatted string to either the Caption or the Text property.

Control's Visibility

5
Visible property set to True. hide a control, set its Visible property to
False
Control's Availability
When a control is enabled, the user can click it or type in it. You can also
prevent this type of action by disabling the control
Tab Sequence
This means that, whether you click an object, type something using the
keyboard, move the mouse on the screen, or press and click at the same
time, a message is composed

Categories of Events
The Keyboard Events
The Click Event
The Double-Click Event
The Right-Click Event
The Focus Events

Introduction to Data Types

String
Dim VariableName As DataType
Dim CountryName As String

CountryName = ""

Boolean
Dim IsMarried As Boolean

IsMarried = False

Byte
Dim StudentAge As Byte

Integer
Dim MusicTracks As Integer

6
 Decimal Data Types
A real number is one that displays a decimal part. This means that the
number can be made of two sections separated by a symbol that is
referred to as the Decimal Separator or Decimal Symbol. This symbol is
different by language, country, group of languages, or group of countries.

Single
A single is a decimal number whose value can range from –3.402823e38
and –1.401298e-45 if the number is negative, or 1.401298e-45 and
3.402823e38 if the number is positive

Dim Distance As Single

Double
This is used for a variable that would hold numbers that range from
1.79769313486231e308 to –4.94065645841247e–324 if the number is
negative or from 1.79769313486231E308 to 4.94065645841247E–324 if
the number is positive.
Dim Distance As Double

Currency
Dim StartingSalary As Currency
Date
Dim DateOfBirth As Date

Object
An Object is almost anything else that you want to use in your program.

Variant
A Variant can be used to declare any kind of variable. You can use a variant when you
can't make up your mind regarding a variable but, as a beginning programmer, you
should avoid it.
Here is a table of various data types and the amount of memory space each one uses:

Data Description Range

type
Byte 1-byte binary data 0 to 255
Integer 2-byte integer – 32,768 to 32,767
Long 4-byte integer – 2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647

7
Single 4-byte floating-point – 3.402823E38 to – 1.401298E – 45
number (negative values)
1.401298E – 45 to 3.402823E38
(positive values)
Double 8-byte floating-point – 1.79769313486231E308 to
number – 4.94065645841247E – 324 (negative
values)
4.94065645841247E – 324 to
1.79769313486231E308 (positive
values)
Currency 8-byte number with fixed – 922,337,203,685,477.5808 to
decimal point 922,337,203,685,477.5807
String String of characters Zero to approximately two billion
characters
Variant Date/time, floating-point Date values: January 1, 100 to
number, integer, string, or December 31, 9999
object. Numeric values: same range as Double
16 bytes, plus 1 byte for String values: same range as String Can
each character if a string also contain Error or Null values
value.
Boolean 2 bytes True or False
Date 8-byte date/time value January 1, 100 to December 31, 9999
Object 4 bytes Any Object reference

Constants
The Carriage Return-Line Feed Constant
vbCrLf

Operators
^,+,-,*,/,\ integer division,mod,&,_ line continuation
String concatination
dblResult = dblOperand1 + " " + dblOperand2
remarks
' This line will not be considered as part of the code
Rem I can write anything I want on this line
Logical operators
=,<>,<,>,<=,>=
NOT or and
If statement

If ConditionToCheck Then Statement

If Condition Then

8
 Statement1
Statement2
Statementn
End If
If ConditionToCheck Then
Statement1
Else
Statement2
End If

If Condition1 Then
Statement1
ElseIf Condition2 Then
Statement2
ElseIf Conditionk Then
Statementk
End If

Select Case Expression

Case Expression1
Statement1
Case Expression2
Statement2
Case Expressionk
Statementk
End Select

Loops Repeaters

The Do...While Loop

The formula of the Do... While loop is:

Do While Condition
Statement(s)
Loop

Do
Statement(s)
Loop While Condition

Do Until Condition

9
Statement(s)
Loop

Do
Statement(s)
Loop Until Condition

For Counter = Start To End

Statement(s)
Next

For Counter = Start To End Step Increment

Statement(s)
Next Counter

For Each Element In Group

Statement(s)
Next Element

Built-in Logical Constants: NULL

A variable is said to be null when its value is invalid or doesn't bear any significant or
recognizable value.
Built-in Logical Constants: TRUE and FALSE

An expression is said to be false if the result of its comparison is 0. Otherwise, the

expression is said to bear a true result.

Message Boxes
MsgBox Message, [Buttons], [Title], [HelpFile], [Context]
Button Value Display
vbOKOnly 0
vbOKCancel 1
vbAbortRetryIgnore 2
vbYesNoCancel 3
vbYesNo 4
vbRetryCancel 5

10
 Icon Value Description
vbCritical 16
vbQuestion 32
vbExclamation 48
vbInformation 64

Here is an example:
Private Sub Form_Load()
MsgBox "Are you ready for exam", vbYesNo Or vbQuestion
End Sub

When treated as a function, MsgBox returns a value. This value

corresponds to the button the user clicks on the message box.
Depending on the buttons the message box is displaying, after the user
has clicked, the MsgBox function can return one of the following
values:
Button Return Value
vbOK 1
vbCancel 2
vbAbort 3
vbRetry 4
vbIgnore 5
vbYes 6
vbNo 7

Table 6.3. The default buttons displayed in a message box.

Named Literal Value Description

vbDefaultButton1 0 The first button is the default.

11
 vbDefaultButton2 256 The second button is the default.
vbDefaultButton3 512 The third button is the default.

The following MsgBox() function produces the message box shown in Figure 6.4:

intPress = MsgBox("Are you ready for the report?", vbQuestion + _

vbYesNoCancel, "Report Request")

12
First Program
Copy text

Private Sub Command1_Click()

End
End Sub

Private Sub Command2_Click()

Text2.Text = Text1.Text
End Sub

13
TextBox, Command Button, Label

Private Sub Command1_Click()

Text3.Text = Val(Text1.Text) + Val(Text2.Text)
End Sub
Private Sub Command2_Click()
Text3.Text = Val(Text1.Text) - Val(Text2.Text)
End Sub
Private Sub Command3_Click()
Dim x As Double
Dim y As Double
Dim z As Double
x = Val(Text1.Text)
y = Val(Text2.Text)
z=x*y
Text3.Text = z
End Sub
Private Sub Command4_Click()
Text3.Text = Val(Text1.Text) / Val(Text2.Text)
End Sub
Private Sub Command5_Click()
End
End Sub

TextBox Text1
Text=""
TextBox Text2

14
Text=""
TextBox Text3
Text=""
CommandButton Command1
Caption = "add"
CommandButton Command2
Caption = "subtract"
CommandButton Command3
Caption = "multiply"
CommandButton Command4
Caption = "divide"
CommandButton Command5
Caption = "end"

Label Label1
Caption = "first number"
Label Label2
Caption = "second number"
Label Label3
Caption = "result"

15
List Box

Private Sub Command1_Click()

If Trim(Text1.Text) = "" Then
MsgBox "text is empty"
Else
List1.AddItem Text1.Text
Label1.Caption = "number of items = " + Str(List1.ListCount)
End If
End Sub

Private Sub Command2_Click()

End
End Sub

Private Sub Command3_Click()

If Trim(Text1.Text) = "" Or Trim(Text2.Text) = "" Then
MsgBox "empty text"
Else
If Val(Text2.Text) > List1.ListCount Then

16
MsgBox "position is greater than the list"
Else
List1.AddItem Text1.Text, Val(Text2.Text)
Label1.Caption = "number of items = " + Str(List1.ListCount)
End If
End If
End Sub

Private Sub Command4_Click()

If List1.ListIndex = -1 Then
MsgBox "Please select an item"
Else
List1.RemoveItem List1.ListIndex
Label1.Caption = "number of items = " + Str(List1.ListCount)
End If
End Sub

Private Sub Command5_Click()

List1.Clear
Label1.Caption = "number of items = " + Str(List1.ListCount)

End Sub

Private Sub List1_Click()

Text3.Text = List1.Text
Text4.Text = List1.ListIndex
Text5.Text = List1.List(List1.ListIndex)
End Sub

List1.columns = 0 | 1…n
List1.sorted = True | False
List1.visible = True | False
List1.Enabled = True | False

17
 ComboBox

Styles

0 Combo Box
1 Simple Combo = textbox
2 Drop Down List

Private Sub Combo1_Click()

Text1.Text = "Your Country is" & vbCrLf & Combo1.Text
End Sub

Private Sub Command1_Click()

Dim st As String
Dim i As Integer
Dim found As Boolean
If Trim(Combo1.Text) = "" Then
MsgBox "empty text"
Exit Sub
Else
st = Trim(Combo1.Text)
End If
found = False
'For i = 0 To Combo1.ListCount –1
'If st = Trim(Combo1.List(i)) Then
'found = True
'Exit For
'End If
'Next
If inlist(st) Then found = True

18
If found Then
MsgBox "Item is already in the list"
Else
Combo1.AddItem st
MsgBox "new item " & st & " was added"
End If
End Sub

Private Sub Command2_Click()

End
End Sub

Private Sub Form_Load()

Combo1.AddItem "Iraq"
Combo1.AddItem "Syria"
Combo1.AddItem "Lebanon"
Combo1.AddItem "Egypt"
End Sub

Private Function inlist(a As String) As Boolean

Dim i As Integer
inlist = False
For i = 0 To Combo1.ListCount –1
If a = Trim(Combo1.List(i)) Then
inlist = True
Exit For
End If
Next i
End Function

19
 CheckBox, Option, Scroll

Private Sub Check1_Click()

If Check1.Value = 0 Then
Text1.FontItalic = False
Else
Text1.FontItalic = True
End If
End Sub

Private Sub Check2_Click()

If Check2.Value = 0 Then
Text1.FontBold = False
Else
Text1.FontBold = True
End If
End Sub

Private Sub Command1_Click()

If Check1.Enabled Then
Check1.Enabled = False
Command1.Caption = "Activate CheckBoxes"
Else

20
Check1.Enabled = True
Command1.Caption = "DeActivate CheckBoxes"
End If

If Check2.Enabled Then
Check2.Enabled = False
Else
Check2.Enabled = True
End If
End Sub

Private Sub Command2_Click()

End
End Sub

Private Sub Form_MouseMove(Button As Integer, Shift As Integer, X As

Single, Y As Single)
With Text1
If X < .Left Or X > .Left + .Width Or Y < .Top Or Y > .Top + .Height
Then
Text1.Visible = True
End If
End With
End Sub

Private Sub HScroll1_Change()

Text1.FontSize = HScroll1.Value
End Sub

Private Sub Option1_Click()

Text1.ForeColor = vbRed
End Sub

Private Sub Option2_Click()

Text1.ForeColor = vbBlack
End Sub

Private Sub Option3_Click()

Text1.ForeColor = vbGreen
End Sub

Private Sub Option4_Click()

Text1.BackColor = vbWhite
End Sub

21
Private Sub Option5_Click()
Text1.BackColor = vbYellow
End Sub

Private Sub Option6_Click()

Text1.BackColor = vbBlue
End Sub

Private Sub Text1_MouseMove(Button As Integer, Shift As Integer, X As

Single, Y As Single)
Text1.Visible = False
End Sub

Constant Value Description

vbBlack &h00 Black

vbRed &hFF Red

vbGreen &hFF00 Green

vbYellow &hFFFF Yellow

vbBlue &hFF0000 Blue

vbMagenta &hFF00FF Magenta

vbCyan &hFFFF00 Cyan

vbWhite &hFFFFFF White

Checkbox Values
0 Unchecked
1 Checked
2 Grayed
 Caption
Option
 Caption
Value True | False

22
 The Input Box
InputBox (prompt[, title][, default][, xpos][, ypos][, helpfile, context])
default String expression displayed in the text box as the default response if no
other input is provided. If you omit default, the text box is displayed empty.

The Character To ASCII Conversion

Chr(Number)
Case Conversion
Function UCase(Letter As Char) As Char
Function UCase(Expression As String) As String
Is it Empty?
IsEmpty(Expression)
Is it Null?
IsNull(Expression)

Dialog Box, image

23
Private Sub Command1_Click()

Dim fname As String

Dim filenum As Integer
On Error GoTo last
CD1.Filter = "All Files (*.*)|*.*|Text Files|*.txt"
CD1.FilterIndex = 2
CD1.DefaultExt = "txt"

CD1.CancelError = True
CD1.ShowOpen
If Trim(CD1.FileName) = "" Then
MsgBox "Canceled By the User"
Else
fname = CD1.FileName
End If
' Read the file's contents into the control.
filenum = FreeFile()
Open fname For Input As #filenum
Text1.Text = Input$(LOF(filenum), filenum)
Close #filenum

24
last:
End Sub

Private Sub Command2_Click()

End
End Sub

Private Sub Command3_Click()

Dim fname As String
Dim filenum As Integer
On Error GoTo last
CD1.Filter = "Bitmap (*.BMP)|*.BMP|JPG Files|*.jpg"
CD1.FilterIndex = 2
CD1.DefaultExt = "jpg"

CD1.CancelError = True
CD1.ShowOpen
If Trim(CD1.FileName) = "" Then
MsgBox "Canceled By the User"
Exit Sub
Else
fname = CD1.FileName
End If
Img1.Stretch = True
Img1.Picture = LoadPicture(fname)
last:
End Sub

25
Example

Private Sub Command1_Click()

Dim stdinfo As String

Dim stdt As Date

Dim deg(4) As Integer

Dim i As Integer

Dim sum As Integer

Dim average As Single

Text2.Text = ""

stdinfo = "Student Report" + vbCrLf

26
If Text1.Text = "" Then

MsgBox "Student Name required"

Exit Sub

Else

stdinfo = stdinfo + "Student Name: " + Text1.Text + vbCrLf

End If

If Combo1.Text = "" Then

MsgBox "Department Required"

Exit Sub

Else

stdinfo = stdinfo + "Department :" + Combo1.Text + " Engineering"

+ vbCrLf

End If

If List1.ListIndex = -1 Or List2.ListIndex = -1 Then

MsgBox "Please Select Level and/or Section"

Exit Sub

Else

stdinfo = stdinfo + "Level: " + List1.Text + " Section: " + List2.Text

+ vbCrLf

End If

If Option1.Value Then

stdinfo = stdinfo + "Gender: " + "Male" + vbCrLf

End If

27
If Option2.Value Then

stdinfo = stdinfo + "Gender: " + "Female" + vbCrLf

End If

stdinfo = stdinfo + Text1.Text + " Can Speak "

If Check1.Value = 1 Then

stdinfo = stdinfo + " Arabic and"

End If

If Check2.Value = 1 Then

stdinfo = stdinfo + " English and"

End If

If Check3.Value = 1 Then

stdinfo = stdinfo + " French"

End If

If Right(stdinfo, 3) = "and" Then

stdinfo = Mid(stdinfo, 1, Len(stdinfo) - 3)

End If

stdinfo = stdinfo + vbCrLf

If Text3.Text = "" Or Not IsDate(Text3.Text) Then

MsgBox "Date of Birth Required"

Exit Sub

Else

stdt = CDate(Text3.Text)

stdinfo = stdinfo + "Date of Birth is: " + Text3.Text + vbCrLf + "

Age is: " + Str((Now() - stdt) \ 365) + " Years" + vbCrLf

28
End If

If Math.Text = "" Then

Math.Text = InputBox("Enter Degree of Math", "Missing Degree")

End If

deg(1) = Val(Math.Text)

If Survey.Text = "" Then

Survey.Text = InputBox("Enter Degree of Survey", "Missing

Degree")

End If

deg(2) = Val(Survey.Text)

If Programming.Text = "" Then

Programming.Text = InputBox("Enter Degree of Programming",

"Missing Degree")

End If

deg(3) = Val(Programming.Text)

If Concrete.Text = "" Then

Concrete.Text = InputBox("Enter Degree of Concrete", "Missing

Degree")

End If

deg(4) = Val(Concrete.Text)

sum = 0

For i = 1 To 4

sum = sum + deg(i)

Next i

average = sum / 4

29
stdinfo = stdinfo + "Degrees for student " + Text1.Text + vbCrLf

stdinfo = stdinfo + "Math = " + Math.Text + vbCrLf

stdinfo = stdinfo + "Survey = " + Survey.Text + vbCrLf

stdinfo = stdinfo + "Programming = " + Programming.Text +

vbCrLf

stdinfo = stdinfo + "Concrete = " + Concrete.Text + vbCrLf

stdinfo = stdinfo + "Average = " + Str(average) + vbCrLf

stdinfo = stdinfo + "Student status :"

Select Case Int(average)

Case 90 To 100: stdinfo = stdinfo + "Execlent"

Case 80 To 89: stdinfo = stdinfo + "V. Good"

Case 70 To 79: stdinfo = stdinfo + "Good"

Case 60 To 69: stdinfo = stdinfo + "Intermediate"

Case 50 To 59: stdinfo = stdinfo + "Fair"

Case Is < 50: stdinfo = stdinfo + "Fail"

End Select

stdinfo = stdinfo + vbCrLf

CD1.Flags = cdlCFBoth

CD1.ShowFont

Text2.FontSize = CD1.FontSize

Text2.FontBold = CD1.FontBold

Text2.FontItalic = CD1.FontItalic

Text2.Font = CD1.FontName

30
Text2.Text = stdinfo

End Sub

Private Sub Command2_Click()

End

End Sub

Private Sub Command3_Click()

Dim fnum As Integer

Dim fname As String

If Trim(Text2.Text) = "" Then

MsgBox "No Report"

Exit Sub

End If

fname = ""

CD1.DefaultExt = "txt"

CD1.Filter = "Text Files|*.txt"

CD1.ShowSave

fname = CD1.FileName

If Trim(fname) = "" Then

Exit Sub

End If

31
fnum = FreeFile()

Open fname For Output As #fnum

Print #fnum, Text2.Text

Close #fnum

End Sub

Private Sub Command4_Click()

CD1.ShowPrinter

Printer.Print Text2.Text

Printer.EndDoc

End Sub

32
Picture box

Private Sub Command1_Click()

Dim x, y As Single
P1.Cls
x = P1.Width
y = P1.Height
P1.Line (0, 0)-(x, y), vbRed
P1.Line (0, y)-(x, 0), vbGreen

End Sub

Private Sub Command2_Click()

Dim x, y, z, r As Single
Dim i As Integer
P1.Cls
x = P1.Width
y = P1.Height
If x > y Then
z = y - 10
Else
z = x - 10
End If
r=z/2
For i = 1 To 4
P1.Circle (z / 2, z / 2), r, vbBlue

33
r=r/2
Next i

End Sub

Private Sub Command3_Click()

P1.Cls
x = P1.Width
y = P1.Height
If x > y Then
z = y - 10
Else
z = x - 10
End If
P1.Line (10, 10)-(x / 2, y / 2), vbRed, B
End Sub

Private Sub Command4_Click()

P1.Cls
x = P1.Width
y = P1.Height
If x > y Then
z=y
Else
z=x
End If
P1.Line (x / 2, y / 2)-(x, y), vbBlue, BF

End Sub

Private Sub Command5_Click()

Dim pi As Single
pi = 3.141
P1.Cls
x = P1.Width
y = P1.Height
sc = y / 2
For i = 0 To 2 * pi Step 2 * pi / 360
P1.PSet (i / (2 * pi) * x, y / 2 - sc * Sin(i)), vbRed
Next i

End Sub

34
Private Sub Command6_Click()
End
End Sub

Circle [Step] (x, y), radius, [color, start, end, aspect]

Line [Step] (x1, y1) [Step] - (x2, y2), [color], [B][F]
PSet [Step] (x, y), [color]

Private Sub Command7_Click()

Dim pi As Single

pi = 3.141

P1.Cls

P1.Scale (0, 1)-(2 * pi, -1)

For i = 0 To 2 * pi Step 2 * pi / 360

P1.PSet (i, Sin(i)), vbRed

Next i

P1.Scale

End Sub

35
Two Forms

Form1 subroutines
Private Sub Command1_Click()
Form2.Show
End Sub

Private Sub Command2_Click()

End
End Sub

Private Sub Command3_Click()

List1.AddItem Text1.Text
End Sub
Form2 subroutines

36
Private Sub Command1_Click()
Text1.Text = Form1.Text1.Text
End Sub

Private Sub Command2_Click()

Text2.Text = Form1.List1.List(Val(Text3.Text))
End Sub

Private Sub Command3_Click()

Dim i As Integer
List1.Clear
For i = 0 To Form1.List1.ListCount-1
List1.AddItem Form1.List1.List(i)
Next i

End Sub

Private Sub Command4_Click()

Form2.Hide
End Sub

37
 Built in Functions
Sin ()
Cos ()
Tan ()
Abs ()
Atn ()
Exp ()

Round(expression [,numdecimalplaces])

Fix () The difference between Int and Fix is that if number is negative,
Int returns the first negative integer less than or equal to number, whereas
Fix returns the first negative integer greater than or equal to number. For
example, Int converts -8.4 to -9, and Fix converts -8.4 to -
Int ()
Log ()Returns a Double specifying the natural logarithm of a number.
Logn(x) = Log(x) / Log(n) The following example illustrates a custom
Function that calculates base-10 logarithms:
Static Function Log10(X)
Log10 = Log(X) / Log(10#)
End Function

Rnd () Rnd[(number)]
The optional number argument is a Single or any valid numeric
expression.
Return Values
If number is Rnd generates

Less than zero The same number every time, using number as the seed.

Greater than zero The next random number in the sequence.

Equal to zero The most recently generated number.

Not supplied The next random number in the sequence.

Remarks
The Rnd function returns a value less than 1 but greater than or equal to
zero.
The value of number determines how Rnd generates a random number:
For any given initial seed, the same number sequence is generated
because each successive call to the Rnd function uses the previous
number as a seed for the next number in the sequence.

38
Before calling Rnd, use the Randomize statement without an argument
to initialize the random-number generator with a seed based on the
system timer.
To produce random integers in a given range, use this formula:
Int((upperbound - lowerbound + 1) * Rnd +
lowerbound)
Here, upperbound is the highest number in the range, and lowerbound is
the lowest number in the range.
Note To repeat sequences of random numbers, call Rnd with a negative
argument immediately before using Randomize with a numeric
argument. Using Randomize with the same value for number does not
repeat the previous sequence.
Sgn ()
If number is Sgn returns

Greater than zero 1

Equal to zero 0

Less than zero -1

Sqr () Returns a Double specifying the square root of a number.

Function Derived equivalents

Inverse Sine Arcsin(X) = Atn(X / Sqr(-X * X + 1))

Inverse Cosine Arccos(X) = Atn(-X / Sqr(-X * X + 1)) + 2 * Atn(1)

Hyperbolic Sine HSin(X) = (Exp(X) – Exp(-X)) / 2

Hyperbolic Cosine HCos(X) = (Exp(X) + Exp(-X)) / 2

Hyperbolic Tangent HTan(X) = (Exp(X) – Exp(-X)) / (Exp(X) + Exp(-X))

IsDate(expression)
IsNumeric(expression)
IsEmpty(expression) Returns a Boolean value indicating whether a
variable has been initialized.
IsNull(expression) Returns a Boolean value that indicates whether an
expression contains no valid data (Null).

Converting functions
CBool(expression)
CByte(expression)

39
CCur(expression)
CDate(expression)
CDbl(expression)
CDec(expression)
CInt(expression)
CLng(expression)
CSng(expression)
CStr(expression)
CVar(expression)
Function Return Range for expression argument
Type

Cbool Boolean Any valid string or numeric expression.

Cbyte Byte 0 to 255.

Ccur Currency -922,337,203,685,477.5808 to

922,337,203,685,477.5807.

Cdate Date Any valid date expression.

CDbl Double -1.79769313486232E308 to

-4.94065645841247E-324 for negative values;
4.94065645841247E-324 to
1.79769313486232E308 for positive values.

Cdec Decimal +/-79,228,162,514,264,337,593,543,950,335 for

zero-scaled numbers, that is, numbers with no
decimal places. For numbers with 28 decimal
places, the range is
+/-7.9228162514264337593543950335. The
smallest possible non-zero number is
0.0000000000000000000000000001.

Cint Integer -32,768 to 32,767; fractions are rounded.

CLng Long -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647; fractions are

rounded.

CSng Single -3.402823E38 to -1.401298E-45 for negative

values; 1.401298E-45 to 3.402823E38 for positive
values.

CStr String Returns for CStr depend on the expression

argument.

Cvar Variant Same range as Double for numerics. Same range

as String for non-numerics.

40
String functions
LTrim(string)
RTrim(string)
Trim(string)
Left(string, length)
Right(string, length).
Mid(string, start[, length])
Len(string | varname)
LCase(string)
UCase(string)
Str() Asc() Chr()
Val()

Date and Time Functions

Now ()
Date ()
Time () Returns a Variant (Date) indicating the current system time
DateDiff(interval, date1, date2[, firstdayofweek[, firstweekofyear]])
The DateDiff function syntax has these named arguments:
Part Description

interval Required. String expression that is the interval of time you

use to calculate the difference between date1 and date2.

date1, date2 Required; Variant (Date). Two dates you want to use in
the calculation.

firstdayofweek Optional. A constant that specifies the first day of the

week. If not specified, Sunday is assumed.

firstweekofyear Optional. A constant that specifies the first week of the

year. If not specified, the first week is assumed to be the
week in which January 1 occurs.

Settings
The interval argument has these settings:
Setting Description

yyyy Year

q Quarter

m Month

y Day of year

d Day

41
w Weekday

ww Week

h Hour

n Minute

s Second

Dim TheDate As Date ' Declare variables.

Dim Msg
TheDate = InputBox("Enter a date")
Msg = "Days from today: " & DateDiff("d", Now, TheDate)
MsgBox Msg

Format(expression[, format[, firstdayofweek[, firstweekofyear]]])

The Format function syntax has these parts:
Part Description

expression Required. Any valid expression.

format Optional. A valid named or user-defined format expression.

firstdayofweek Optional. A constant that specifies the first day of the week.

firstweekofyear Optional. A constant that specifies the first week of the year.

Settings
The firstdayofweek argument has these settings:
Constant Value Description

vbUseSystem 0 Use NLS API setting.

VbSunday 1 Sunday (default)

vbMonday 2 Monday

vbTuesday 3 Tuesday

vbWednesday 4 Wednesday

vbThursday 5 Thursday

vbFriday 6 Friday

vbSaturday 7 Saturday

42
The firstweekofyear argument has these settings:
Constant Value Description

vbUseSystem 0 Use NLS API setting.

vbFirstJan1 1 Start with week in which

January 1 occurs (default).

vbFirstFourDays 2 Start with the first week

that has at least four days in
the year.

vbFirstFullWeek 3 Start with the first full

week of the year.

Remarks
To Format Do This

Numbers Use predefined named numeric formats or create user-defined

numeric formats.

Dates and times Use predefined named date/time formats or create user-defined
date/time formats.

Date and time serial Use date and time formats or numeric formats.
numbers

Strings Create your own user-defined string formats.

Dim MyTime, MyDate, MyStr
MyTime = #17:04:23#
MyDate = #January 27, 1993#

' Returns current system time in the system-defined long

time format.
MyStr = Format(Time, "Long Time")

' Returns current system date in the system-defined long

date format.
MyStr = Format(Date, "Long Date")

MyStr = Format(MyTime, "h:m:s") ' Returns "17:4:23".

MyStr = Format(MyTime, "hh:mm:ss AMPM") ' Returns
"05:04:23 PM".
MyStr = Format(MyDate, "dddd, mmm d yyyy") ' Returns
"Wednesday,
' Jan 27 1993".
' If format is not supplied, a string is returned.
MyStr = Format(23) ' Returns "23".

' User-defined formats.

43
MyStr = Format(5459.4, "##,##0.00") ' Returns
"5,459.40".
MyStr = Format(334.9, "###0.00") ' Returns "334.90".
MyStr = Format(5, "0.00%") ' Returns "500.00%".
MyStr = Format("HELLO", "<") ' Returns "hello".
MyStr = Format("This is it", ">") ' Returns "THIS IS
IT".

44
Modules, Functions and Procedures

To create another sub routine, on the main menu, click Tools -> Add

Procedure...
Sub SquarePerimeter()
Dim dblSide As Double
Dim dblPerimeter As Double

45
 dblSide = Form1.txtSide
dblPerimeter = dblSide * 4

Form1.txtPerimeter.Text = dblPerimeter
End Sub

Public Sub SquareArea()

Dim dblSide As Double
Dim dblArea As Double

dblSide = Form1.txtSide
dblArea = dblSide * dblSide

Form1.txtArea.Text = dblArea
End Sub

Calling a Sub Routine

Private Sub cmdCalcArea_Click()

SquareArea
End Sub

Private Sub cmdCalcPerimeter_Click()

SquarePerimeter
End Sub
Functions

Introduction

Like a sub routine, a function is used to perform an assignment. The main

difference between a sub routine and a function is that, after carrying its
assignment, a function gives back a result. We also say that a function
"returns a value". To distinguish both, there is a different syntax you use
for a function.
Function FunctionName() As DataType

End Function

Function RectPerimeter()
Dim dblLength As Double
Dim dblHeight As Double

46
 dblLength = Form1.txtLength.Text
dblHeight = Form1.txtHeight.Text

RectPerimeter = (dblLength + dblHeight) * 2

End Function

Public Function RectArea()

Dim dblLength As Double
Dim dblHeight As Double

dblLength = Form1.txtLength.Text
dblHeight = Form1.txtHeight.Text

RectArea = dblLength * dblHeight

End Function

Arguments and Parameters

Passing Arguments (By Value)

Private Sub txtResult_GotFocus()

Dim dblHours As Double
Dim dblSalary As Double

dblHours = txtHours
dblSalary = txtSalary

CalcAndShowSalary dblHours, dblSalary

End Sub

Sub CalcAndShowSalary(Hours As Double, Salary As Double)

Dim dblResult As Double

dblResult = Hours * Salary

txtResult = dblResult

End Sub

Passing Arguments By Reference

Private Sub Form_Load()

47
 Dim FName As String
FName = "Albert Edou Nkoulou"
GetFullName FName
Caption = FName
End Sub

Sub GetFullName(ByRef FullName As String)

FullName = "Nguyen, Hermine"
End Sub

Function RectPerimeter(ByVal dblLength As Double, _

ByVal dblHeight As Double)
RectPerimeter = (dblLength + dblHeight) * 2
End Function

Sub RectArea(ByVal dblLength As Double, _

ByVal dblHeight As Double, _
ByRef dblSurface As Double)
dblSurface = dblLength * dblHeight

End Sub

Built-In Functions

Conversion Functions

Function
Name Return Type Description
Converts an expression into a
CBool Boolean
Boolean value
Converts an expression into Byte
CByte Byte
number
Converts and expression into a date
CDate Date
or time value
Converts an expression into a
CDbl Double
flowing-point (decimal) number
Converts an expression into an
CInt Integer
integer (natural) number
Converts an expression into a
CCur Currency
currency (monetary) value
CLng Long Converts an expression into a long

48
 integer (a large natural) number
Converts an expression into a
CSng Single
flowing-point (decimal) number
CStr String Converts an expression into a string

String-Based Functions

Date and Time Functions

The Date() and Time() functions can be combined and are represented by
a function called Now.
Day - Month – Year
Forms
The Startup Position of a Form

Frames

A frame is used as a place holder for other controls; therefore, it is

called a container.

49
Menu

50
Private Sub about_Click()
MsgBox "This is a menu driven program"
End Sub

Private Sub calc_Click(Index As Integer)

Dim x As Double
Dim r1 As Double
Dim r2 As Double
If Trim(Text1.Text) = "" Then
MsgBox "Empty text", vbExclamation
Exit Sub
ElseIf Not IsNumeric(Text1.Text) Then
MsgBox "text written is not a number"
Exit Sub
End If
x = Val(Text1.Text)

51
r1 = x / 2
‘r2 = r1
one:
r2 = (x / r1 + r2) / 2 ‘Do
‘r1 = r2
If Abs (r1 - r2) >= 0.000001 Then ‘r2 = (x / r1 + r2) / 2
r1 = r2 Loop Until Abs (r1 - r2) < 0.000001
GoTo one
End If
Text2.Text = r2
Text4.Text = Sqr(Val(Text1.Text))
End Sub
Private Sub Command1_Click()
End
End Sub

Private Sub Command2_Click()

If Trim(Text3.Text) = "" Then
MsgBox "Text is Empty", vbInformation
Exit Sub
End If
List1.AddItem Text3.Text
End Sub

Private Sub exit_Click(Index As Integer)

Call Command1_Click
End Sub

52
Private Sub help_Click()
MsgBox "Sorry there is no help"
End Sub

Private Sub rev_Click()

List1 = revlist(List1)
End Sub

Private Function revlist(tmplist As ListBox) As ListBox

Dim x As Integer
Dim n As Integer
Dim s As String
n = tmplist.ListCount
x=n\2
For i = 1 To x
s = tmplist.List(i - 1)
tmplist.List(i - 1) = tmplist.List(n - i)
tmplist.List(n - i) = s
Next i
Set revlist = tmplist
End Function

53
ByRef ByVal
Scrollbar
Small change = 5
Largechange=20
Min=0, max=255

Private Sub Command1_Click()

End
End Sub

Private Sub Command2_Click()

54
Dim x As Double
Dim y As Double
x = CDbl(Text2.Text)
y = CDbl(Text3.Text)
Call swap1(x, y)
MsgBox "x= " + Str(x) + " y= " + Str(y)
End Sub

Private Sub Command3_Click()

Dim x As Double
Dim y As Double
x = CDbl(Text2.Text)
y = CDbl(Text3.Text)
Call swap2(x, y)
MsgBox "x= " + Str(x) + " y= " + Str(y)
End Sub

Private Sub HScroll1_Change()

Dim color As Long
color = RGB(HScroll1.Value, HScroll2.Value, HScroll3.Value)
If Option1.Value Then
Text1.ForeColor = color
Else
Text1.BackColor = color
End If
End Sub

Private Sub HScroll2_Change()

Dim color As Long

55
color = RGB(HScroll1.Value, HScroll2.Value, HScroll3.Value)
If Option1.Value Then
Text1.ForeColor = color
Else
Text1.BackColor = color
End If
End Sub

Private Sub HScroll3_Change()

Dim color As Long
color = RGB(HScroll1.Value, HScroll2.Value, HScroll3.Value)
If Option1.Value Then
Text1.ForeColor = color
Else
Text1.BackColor = color
End If
End Sub

Private Sub swap1(ByVal a As Double, ByVal b As Double)

Dim t As Double
t=a
a=b
b=t
End Sub

Private Sub swap2(ByRef a As Double, ByRef b As Double)

Dim t As Double
t=a
a=b

56
b=t
End Sub

Private Sub Text1_DblClick()

CD1.ShowColor
If Option1.Value Then
Text1.ForeColor = CD1.color
Else
Text1.BackColor = CD1.color
End If

End Sub

57
58