Chapter 11

APPLICATION OF HIGH-SPEED
DSP IN OPTICAL
COMMUNICATIONS

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Fig. 11.2.1. Block diagram of a coherent receiver with electronic domain compensation of chromatic dispersion and PMD.

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Fig. 11.2.2. Block diagram of a FIR filter based on the multiple tapped delay lines. T is a unit delay which is the sampling period
and bk (k=1, 2, …N) is the weight factor after the kth delay line.

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Fig. 11.2.3. Real (black) and imaginary (red) parts (A) and the phase (B) of the impulse response as the function of the normalized time.
Solid lines were obtained by Eq. (11.2.5) and open dots were obtained by an FIR filter using weight coefficients of Eq. (11.2.6) with the
filter order of N=174.

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Fig. 11.2.4. Block diagram of an optical transmitter with the capability of digital electronic domain pre-compensation.

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Fig. 11.2.5. (A) Real (solid line)and imaginary (dotted line) of the optical field created by the transmitter, (B) normalized optical power
generated by the transmitter, and (C) normalized amplitude waveform obtained at the receiver.

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Fig. 11.2.6. DSP structure for PMD compensation and polarization de-multiplexing.

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Fig. 11.2.7. Carrier phase estimation with M parallel processing channels.

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Fig. 11.2.8. Functionality of a carrier phase estimation processing unit.

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Fig. 11.2.9. (A) Block diagrams of blind phase search (BPS) algorithm, and (B) configuration of block m in (A) in which each sample is
phase rotated by φm.

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Fig. 11.3.1. Spectra of analog SCM (A) where spectral guard band is required and OFDM (B) with significant spectral overlap between
adjacent subcarrier channels.

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Fig. 11.3.2. Block diagram of an OFDM system with N subcarrier channels.

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Fig. 11.3.3. Block diagram of an OFDM transmitter using IDFT for frequency up-conversion.

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Fig. 11.3.4. Matrices of data mapping in an OFDM transmitter. The matrix on the left side is in frequency domain, and the matrix on the
right side is in time domain.

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Fig. 11.3.5. Block diagram of an OFDM receiver using DFT for frequency down-conversion.

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Fig. 11.3.6. Matrices of data mapping in an OFDM receiver. The matrix on the left side is in frequency domain, and the matrix on the right
side is in time domain.

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Fig. 11.3.7. Illustration of cyclic prefix to mitigate the impact of differential delay ΔG between subcarrier channels. The bottom part shows
the data sequence of one subcarrier with cyclic prefix of length u.

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Fig. 11.3.8. Block diagram of an OFDM optical system with intensity modulation and direct detection (IMDD).

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Fig. 11.3.9. (A) Example of an OFDM electric waveform generated at the DAC output, (B) the Fourier transform of this OFDM electric
waveform, (C) OFDM waveform of the intensity-modulated optical signal (Pave is the average optical power), and (D) Normalized optical
power spectral density with a strong carrier component. Dashed line in (D) shows the transfer function of an ideal optical band-pass filter
(BPF) to select a single sideband.

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Fig. 11.3.10. Spectrum of an OFDM signal with guard band in the low frequency, and two times oversampling.

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Fig. 11.3.11. Data are mapped into columns of OFDM matrix frame.

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Fig. 11.3.12. Power spectral density of an OFDM signal carrying nine subcarrier channels with 1Gb/s NRZ data on each subcarrier
channel.

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Fig. 11.3.13. Measured BER of the center subcarrier channel (referring to the spectrum shown in Fig. 11.3.12) as the function of the
receiver bandwidth.

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Fig. 11.3.14. (A) Spectra of the signal channel to be selected (red solid line) and the nearest cross talk channel (blue dashed line) as the
function of the normalized frequency (Δf is the data rate on each subcarrier channel), (B) time-domain waveform of the cross talk channel
when the receiver bandwidth is infinite, and (C) time-domain waveform of the cross talk channel when the receiver bandwidth is equal to
Δf [receiver transfer function is shown as the dotted line in (A)].

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Fig. 11.3.15. Comparison between time-domain waveforms and frequency spectra of OFDM (left column) and Nyquist frequency-division
multiplexing (right column).

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Fig. 11.3.16. (A) Nyquist filter amplitude transfer functions of Eq. (11.3.7) with 1GHz bandwidth and with β=0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 and
(B) raised-cosine filter transfer functions of Eq. (11.3.8) with 1GHz bandwidth and with β=0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6.

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Fig. 11.3.17. (A) and (C): Spectra of 1Gb/s NRZ data and the transfer function of a Nyquist filter with T=1 ns and β=0 and β=0.3,
respectively. Insets show spectra after filtering. (B) and (D): Eye diagrams of the NRZ-modulated signal filtered by Nyquist filters
with β=0 and β=0.3 as shown in (A) and (C).

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Fig. 11.3.18. Block diagram of a Nyquist-FDM optical system based on the high-speed DAC, ADC, and DSP. a1(t), a2(t), …aN(t) are digital
data channels.

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Fig. 11.3.19. Block diagram of a digital-analog hybrid approach of Nyquist-FDM optical system based on the parallel processing of
relatively low-speed subcarrier channels in the digital domain, and multiplexing/de-multiplexing them by analog FR circuits.

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Fig. 11.3.20. Block diagrams of I/Q frequency up-conversion of two data channels. Frequency down-conversion uses the same block
diagram but follows reverse direction (dashed red arrows).

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Fig. 11.3.21. (A) N pairs of channels multiplexed through FDM in the electric domain and (B) electric spectrum is converted into optical
domain through optical single-sideband modulation.

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Fig. 11.3.22. Block diagrams of I/Q frequency up-conversion, shifting the I and the Q channels to the upper and lower sidebands
independently.

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Fig. 11.3.23. Block diagram of a hybrid digital-RF subcarrier transmitter generating four4 subcarrier channels. Broadband receiver with
high- speed ADC is used in the receiver to recover all subcarrier channels.

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Fig. 11.3.24. RF spectra of hybrid digital-RF multiplexing with four subcarriers. (A) All four subcarrier channels are fully loaded with data,
and (B) the upper sideband if 1, 3, and 5GHz subcarriers and the lower sideband of the 7GHz subcarrier are loaded with data while the
opposite sidebands of these subcarriers are empty.

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Fig. 11.3.25. OSSB optical spectrum measured with an optical spectrum analyzer with 0.01nm resolution bandwidth (A), and coherent
heterodyne detection (B).

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Fig. 11.3.26. Two double-sideband RF subcarriers at 5 and 7.2GHz, each carrying I and Q channels. (A) Spectrum measured with a
high-speed receiver. (B) EVM of recovered digital subcarrier channels.

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Fig. 11.3.27. Two single-sideband RF subcarriers at 5 GHz and 7.2GHz, each carrying an I or Q channel. (A) Spectra measured with a
high-speed receiver. (B) EVM of recovered digital subcarrier channels.

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Fig. 11.3.28. (A) Block diagram of frequency down-conversion based on the IQ mixing in the receiver, (B) spectra of recovered I
(black) and Q channel (yellow) on the 7.2GHz RF carrier, and (C) measured EVM of I and Q channels.

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Fig. 11.3.29. (A) EVM as the function of OSNR for DSB and SSB-modulated subcarriers, (B) SSB-modulated RF spectrum at receiver,
and (C) DSB-modulated RF spectrum at receiver.

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Fig. 11.3.30. (A) OFDM spectrum with 2.5GHz signal bandwidth, and a 2.5-GHz guard band is reserved at low frequency. (B) Spectrum
of photocurrent in which noise level is increased significantly within the guard band due to SSBI.

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Fig. 11.3.31. (A) Block diagram of iterative digital SSBI compensation in a direct-detection OFDM receiver and (B) received signal spectra
before (red) and after (blue) SSBI compensation. (Note: the signal sidebands of the red spectrum without compensation are blocked by
the blue spectrum.)

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Fig. 11.3.32. Examples of time trajectories of optical field on the complex plane with four different values of 1/max{|s(t)|2}.

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Fig.11.3.33. Block diagram of a KK receiver.

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Fig. 11.3.34. (A) OSSB spectrum, (B) electric spectrum after direct detection with a photodiode, (C) spectrum of recovered signal optical
field amplitude, and (D) recovered constellation diagram.

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Fig. 11.3.35. Block diagram of a DSCM optical system with complex optical field modulation and coherent detection.

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Fig. 11.3.36. Optical spectra of an OFDM-modulated signal with 5 (blue), 10 (red), and 1 (green) subcarrier channels measured by an
OSA. Insets are the corresponding optical spectra with 5 channels (A), 10 channels (B), and one channel (C) measured with coherent
heterodyne detection for fine spectral resolution.

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Fig. 11.3.37. Examples of measured BER vs. OCNR with different number of subcarrier channels. (A) Back-to-back and (B) over 75-km
standard single-mode fiber.

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Fig. 11.3.38. BER measured as a function of the channel index for (A) when the local oscillator was tuned to channel 9 and (B) when the
local oscillator was tuned to the center optical carrier.

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