English for Academic and Professional Purposes Threat the well-being of the residents.

General Directions: Read the directions carefully to answer the activities

correctly. Kindly write your answer in a one (1 whole sheet of intermediate
paper. Label your answer sheet properly.
Lesson 2. Text Structure
Task 1
I. Directions: Read the following passages and identify the text structure being used. Choose your
answer from the box. Write your answer in your answer sheet.

Problem and Solution Exemplification/Classification

Persuasion Comparison and Contrast
Cause and Effect Chronological Order
Sequence

1. Many people are confused about why our economy went to shambles in 2008. The crisis was actually
the result of a combination of many complex factors. First, easy credit conditions allowed people who were
high-risk or unworthy of credit to borrow, and even people who had no income were eligible for large
loans. Second, banks would bundle these toxic loans and sell them as packages on the financial market.
Third, large insurance firms backed these packages, misrepresenting these high-risk loans as safe
investments. Fourth, because of the ease of acquiring credit and the rapid growth in the housing market,
people were buying two or three houses, intending to sell them for more than they paid. All of these
factors created bubbles of speculation. These bubbles burst, sending the whole market into a downward
spiral, causing employers to lose capital and lay off employees. Consumer spending then plummeted and
most businesses suffered. The economy is like a big boat, and once it gets moving quickly in the wrong
direction, it’s hard to turn it around.

2. All matter, all things can be changed in two ways: chemically and physically. Both chemical and physical
changes affect the state of matter. Physical changes are those that do not change the make-up or identity
of the matter. For example, clay will bend or flatten if squeezed, but it will still be clay. Changing the shape
of clay is a physical change, and does not change the matter’s identity. Chemical changes turn the matter
into a new kind of matter with different properties. For example, when paper is burnt, it becomes ash and
will never be paper again. The difference between them is that physical changes are temporary or only last
for a little while, and chemical changes are permanent, which means they last forever. Physical and
chemical changes both affect the state of matter.

3. During the Revolutionary War, Americans learned just how important friends can be. When the
Americans declared independence on July 4, 1776, they had virtually no allies. But on February 6, 1778,
after the American victory at Saratoga, the French assisted the American cause. The French went into
deep debt helping the Americans. The Americans would receive additional help in June of 1779, when the
Spanish joined the fight against the British. They would secure Southern ports and supply lines. Without
the help of these allies, many more Americans would have died in the fight for independence.

4. From airplanes to forklifts, hydraulic power is the strength behind many amazing technologies that
affect our daily lives, even the breaks on your school bus, but how do they work? First, fluid is rapidly
released into a chamber through a valve. As the fluid collect, the valve is slammed shut which causes a
pressure spike. Because the chamber is sealed, the pressure has nowhere to go. The hydraulic mechanism
channels the pressure and provides great power.

5. Having good attendance is important because attendance determines the school’s funding. Some
students have poor attendance, and the school has tried many ways of addressing this: teachers have
talked to parents on the phone and the school has mailed letters. Yet, some students still maintain poor
attendance. Next, the staff will attempt to schedule parent/teacher/administrator conferences with
students who are habitually absent. Hopefully, this will help more students get to school everyday.

6. Different students attend various types of schools; however, they can usually be classified as either
public, private religious, private non-religious, or alternative. Public schools are funded by the state, and
the majority of students in the United States attend them. Private religious schools are based around a
particular faith, such as Catholicism, Judaism, and so forth. The religion is part of the everyday lives of the
students and they also learn about the faiths. All types of private schools do not receive state funding.
Therefore, private non-religious schools are simply just that: schools which do not receive state funding
and have the ability to make their own rules. Alternative schools can be made up of a variety of different
categories, such as the Montessori program or technical schools. Most students who attend class in an
actual school building go to one of these types of institutions.

Source: EAPP ADM Module 2, Department of Education

English for Academic and Professional Purposes Threat the well-being of the residents.

7. Due to the increasing number of population in the community, the volume of garbage has drastically
increased as well. This has greatly concerned the people living near the riverbanks. This has put their
health in great jeopardy; thus, the residents of Barangay Maligaya urge the local officials to investigate
this issue in order to prevent health problems that
Task 2
Read and analyze the information on the common text structure below.

Common Text Structure

It is important to note that there is no official list of text structures. Different writers
have different lists of text structures. A nonfiction text can have one overall text structure or
several different text structures.

What is a text structure?

A text structure refers to the internal organization of a text. According to Meyer (1985), as
authors write a text to communicate an idea, they will use a structure that goes along with the
idea.

Common Text Structures

Chronological Order

It is also known as time order. This structure is organized from one point in time to
another.
Sequence

Steps described in the order they occur. It does not take place in a specific point in time.

Cause-Effect

This structure shows how one or more causes led to one or more effects. Many texts do
not include just one cause leading to one effect– instead, there may be several causes and
several effects.

Problem-Solution

The text structure presents a problem, and shows how it can be (or has been) solved. The
key difference between cause-effect and problem-solution is that the latter always present a
solution while the former does not.

Compare-Contrast

This text structure shows how two or more ideas or items are similar or different. The text
may use a clustered approach, with details about one topic followed by the details about the
other. It may also show an alternating approach, with the author going back between the two
topics.

Exemplification/Classification

An exemplification paragraph develops a general statement--the topic sentence--with one

or more specific examples. A classification paragraph divides things into groups, classes, or
categories. It also organizes ideas into divisions based on criteria or standards.

Persuasion
This text structure convinces readers to agree to an argument or claim about a particular
topic.

How does text structure help readers?

As it turns out, a knowledge of text structure can be very helpful for readers. When
readers do not have a strong knowledge of the topic of a text, they depend more on the
structure (Cataldo & Oakhill). A well-written text guides the reader through the content.
Source: EAPP ADM Module 2, Department of Education
English for Academic and Professional Purposes Threat the well-being of the residents.

Research shows that efficient searchers using the structure of the text can help them find
specific information, and make and interpret arguments. The structure of the text can help
readers find answers to questions, as well. Text structure is also an important component to
summarizing. When readers summarize, they need to reflect the text structure in the summary.

For these reasons, it is important that students are exposed to the various text structures.

Task 3. (Group Work)

Let’s Organize
Arrange the given information using the appropriate graphic organizer that may be
chosen from the options given. You may modify the graphic organizer based on the
available information. Answer only the activity intended to your respective strand.

FOR ABM Strand

Many people are confused about why our economy went to shambles in 2008. The crisis
was actually the result of a combination of many complex factors. First, easy credit
conditions allowed people who were high-risk or unworthy of credit to borrow, and even
people who had no income were eligible for large loans. Second, banks would bundle
these toxic loans and sell them as packages on the financial market. Third, large
insurance firms backed these packages, misrepresenting these high-risk loans as safe
investments. Fourth, because of the ease of acquiring credit and the rapid growth in the
housing market, people were buying two or three houses, intending to sell them for
more than they paid. All of these factors created bubbles of speculation. These bubbles
burst, sending the whole market into a downward spiral, causing employers to lose
capital and lay off employees. Consumer spending then plummeted and most
businesses suffered. The economy is like a big boat, and once it gets moving quickly in
the wrong direction, it’s hard to turn it around.

FOR AS Strand

With the increasing concern over climate change, the automotive industry faces
pressure to reduce its carbon footprint. Governments worldwide are implementing
stricter emissions regulations, which has prompted manufacturers to invest in cleaner
technologies. The focus is shifting toward hybrid and fully electric vehicles, which
Source: EAPP ADM Module 2, Department of Education
English for Academic and Professional Purposes Threat the well-being of the residents.

produce fewer emissions than traditional combustion engines. In addition, alternative

fuels, such as hydrogen and biofuels, are being explored as sustainable options for
powering vehicles.

Task 4
I. Read the passages and identify the text structure being used. Write only the letter
of your choice.

a. problem and solution b. compare and contrast

c. chronological d. cause and effect
e. sequence / process f. persuasion
g. exemplification/classification

1. Making ice-cream is not easy. Cream and sugar have to first be mixed in a frozen
container. Ingredients may be added at this point, if desired. The mixture must be stirred
and whipped until the cream and sugar mixture is frozen. Depending on the equipment,
this may take as long as an hour. After the ice-cream is prepared, it must be kept frozen
until it is ready to be enjoyed. Making ice-cream is difficult, but most people would agree
that it is worth the trouble.

2. There are two types of people in this world: cat people and dog people. Which type
are you? Well, if you like a pet that is low maintenance, you might be a cat person. Cats
are easier to take care of than dogs because cats are very independent. Since they use
litter boxes, they do not have to be taken outside to go potty like dogs. Also, cats clean
themselves while dogs need occasional baths. If you prefer a pet that requires more
attention, you may be a dog person. Most dogs are very loyal and obedient. You can play
games like fetch or tug of war with a dog. Dogs will also alert you when someone is
outside of your home, whereas cats will usually just stay quiet. Both cats and dogs like to
be petted, and they both make excellent pets, but it takes a certain kind of person to
own them. Which kind of person are you?

3. Fireworks are beautiful; but as with many beautiful things, they are also dangerous.
Misusing fireworks can result in property damage, injury, and even the loss of life. Such
accidents usually happen for one of two reasons. The operators may be using poorly
manufactured products, such as fireworks with fuses that burn too quickly. A defective
firework can cause even the most skilled operator to have an accident. Other times,
however, it is the operator who is at fault. The operator may be unskilled or distracted
and make a mistake, such as setting up an explosion sequence improperly or not
accounting for conditions in the environment, like soundproof foaming. For these reasons
Source: EAPP ADM Module 2, Department of Education
English for Academic and Professional Purposes Threat the well-being of the residents.

even the most beautiful fireworks display can turn really ugly really quickly.

4. Working on a computer may be easier and safer than working in a mine, but it does
not come without risks. Using a computer for a long time can lead to poor eyesight,
muscle loosening, back pain, and injuries to the hands and wrists. If you find yourself
working or playing on a computer quite regularly, take a few steps to prevent these
problems. When you are computing for a long time, take frequent breaks. Get up and
walk around every once and while. Exercise a little bit. Take your eyes off of the
computer screen. Stretch your hands and wrists. Straighten your back. It can be hard to
pull yourself away from your computer once you get into a zone, but your body will thank
you later if you do. Make your health a priority.

5. One of the most popular, sought-after, and expensive shoes ever marketed are the Air
Jordan shoes. The first Air Jordan shoes were released in 1985. These shoes were not
legal to wear on the court since they did not have any white on them, but Jordan wore
them to every game anyway, getting fined $5000 for each appearance. The next Air
Jordan shoes came out in 1986. These shoes were unique for basketball shoes, because
they were made in Italy, which gave them a luxury feel. Two years later, the third Air
Jordan shoes were released. These were the first shoes with the visible air pocket in the
back and were the inspiration for many later shoe designs. The Air Jordan shoe line has
had a long history of successful and noteworthy releases.

6. Imagine a child as young as ten years old on the website Facebook chatting with a
grown man or grown woman. Should parents let their children as young as ten years old
be on Facebook? Parents should not let their children or child be on Facebook because
on Facebook there are a lot of things that are said and done that a child of that age
should not be able to see. If a parent approves of a child being on Facebook it is very
inappropriate. Because that child may tell a story about their age and someone much
older may see it and think their telling the truth and start sending them messages and
the child might not like it at all. When a child that young is on a website like Facebook
they might get excited and go overboard. For example, the child might tell where they
live, their address, and a lot more information that is not needed. In conclusion, parents
should not let children under age get on Facebook because many different things can
happen.

7. There are four main levels of the Boy Scouts of America. Boys who are in first grade or
are seven years old can enter the Tiger Cubs. Each Tiger Cub has an adult partner.
Uniforms are optional for Tiger Cubs. Scouts and adults may wear orange Tiger T-shirts
and hats. Boys who are in second grade or are at least eight years old can join the Cub
Scouts. The Cub Scouts wear blue uniforms with blue and gold scarves. Boys who are 11
to 17 years old can join the Boy Scouts. Boy Scouts wear khaki uniforms that include
caps, scarves, shirts, and pants. Boys and girls who are 14 to 20 years old can join the
Venturing program. This program helps young people develop leadership skills. Members
of the Venturing program wear green uniforms.

8-10 Identify how the information in the text are organized. Create an
appropriate graphic organizer of your choice that highlights the author’s idea.
Answer only the activity intended to your respective strand.
Point/s Criteria
3 The cited information is relevant and clearly presented
with the use of appropriate graphic organizer.
2 The cited information is copied from the original text
and presented through the use of any graphic
organizer.
1 The cited information is limited presented through a

Source: EAPP ADM Module 2, Department of Education

English for Academic and Professional Purposes Threat the well-being of the residents.

graphic organizer.

FOR HUMSS Strand

Explanations of the interrelation between competition and cooperation have
evolved over the time. Early research into competition and cooperation defined each of
them in terms of the distribution of rewards related to each. Competition was defined as
a situation in which rewards are distributed unequally on the basis of performance,
cooperation on the other hand, was defined as a situation in which rewards are
distributed equally on the basis of mutual interactive behavior among individuals. In
current understanding, competition is not viewed as opposite of cooperation, instead,
cooperation is viewed as integral component of competition. Cooperation is necessary
among team members, perhaps in a sporting event or in a political race, in order to win
the competition, it is equally important to understand that cooperation is of great
importance between teams in that same sporting event or ground rules of the game or
election in order to compete.

FOR ICT Strand

Most mobile phones sold today have an operating system that was either
designed by Apple or Google. Apple makes the iOS operating system powering their
iPhones and iPads. Google makes the Android operating system that can be found on
many different mobile phones and tablets. Both of these operating systems allow users
to connect to app stores and download applications.

Lesson 2

ANSWER KEY

Task 1
1. Sequence
2. Problem – Solution
3. Cause – Effect
4. Chronological
5. Exemplification/Classification
6. Compare and Contrast
7. Persuasion

Task 4

Source: EAPP ADM Module 2, Department of Education

English for Academic and Professional Purposes Threat the well-being of the residents.

Test II
8-10 Answers vary.

Source: EAPP ADM Module 2, Department of Education