Lesson 1: Particle Nature of Matter

• MATTER
- is anything that takes up space and has mass.
- Matter is anything that has mass and volume.
- Mass refers to the total amount of matter in a body.
- Volume refers to the total amount of space occupied by a body of matter.
- The ratio of mass and volume is called density.

• Particle Theory of Matter

- The particle theory of matter or the kinetic molecular theory of matter describes the microscopic
properties of atoms (or molecules) and their interactions, which result in observable macroscopic
properties (such as pressure, volume, and temperature).
- The theory can be used to explain why matter exists in different phases (solid, liquid, and gas), as
well as how matter can change from one phase to the next.

The postulates of the particle theory of matter are given as:

1. All matter is made up of tiny particles known as atoms.
2. Particles of matter are constantly in motion.
3. Particles of matter attract each other.
4. Particles of matter have spaces between them.
5. As temperature increases, particles of matter move faster.
6. Atoms of the same element are essentially identical, and atoms of different elements are
different.

Three States of Matter

1. SOLIDS
• Solid consists of closely packed particles and its properties include density, mass, and volume.
• It has definite shape and volume.
• Vibrate at fixed position.
• Held together by strong attractive forces. It is difficult to compress the particles.
• Solid can be classified as:
▪ Crystalline solid is a solid whose atoms or molecules are arranged in an orderly,
geometric, three-dimensional structures like crystals.
▪ Metallic solid - a solid consisting of positive metal ions that are easily hammered into thin
sheets like iron and copper wire.
▪ Amorphous solid - a solid whose particles are not arranged in a regular pattern like glass,
rubber, and plastics.
• Characteristics of Solids:

▪ Malleability - the ability to be hammered into thin sheets.

▪ Elasticity - ability to stretch and return to original position.
▪ Brittleness - ease with which it breaks.
▪ Hardness - ability to resist scratching.
▪ Tensile strength - resistance to breaking under pressure.
 • Based on the kinetic particle theory, the particles that make up a solid can be described by the
following characteristics:
❑ The particles are arranged in an orderly manner and are closely packed in solids.
❑ They are held together by very strong attractive forces.
❑ They have very low kinetic energy, which limits their movement to vibrations and
rotations about its fixed positions.
❑ They cannot move freely and stay beside each other.
❑ As a result of the particles’ characteristics, solids have a fixed shape. Solids also have a
fixed volume. They cannot be compressed because the particles are already very close to
each other.

2. LIQUIDS
• Liquid is a phase of matter which consists of more loosely packed particles.
• It has a definite volume and takes the shape of the container.
• Liquid flows easily because its particles have enough space and have less attractive force.
• The spaces in the particles allows particles to be compressed a little bit.
• Properties:
o Fluidity - the ability to flow.
o Viscosity - the resistance of liquid to flow.
o Surface tension - the energy required to increase the surface area of a liquid.
o Capillary Action - the adhesive forces between molecules such as cohesion and adhesion.
• Vibrate and move from one place to another.
• Liquid crystals are a state of matter which has properties between those of conventional liquids and
those of solid crystals.
• For instance, a liquid crystal may flow like a liquid, but its molecules may be oriented in a crystal-
like way. `
• Based on the kinetic particle theory, the particles that make up a liquid can be described by the
following characteristics:
❑ The particles are arranged in a less closely packed, disorderly manner compared to solids.
❑ They are held together by weaker attractive forces compared to solid particles.
❑ They have more kinetic energy than the solid particles of the same substance.
❑ The particles are attracted to one another strongly which hold them together and make it
possible to have a definite volume.
❑ The particles move more freely
❑ These characteristics result in liquids not having a fixed shape. Also, liquids do not have a
fixed volume and are not compressible. This is because the particles are still somehow
closely packed together.

3. GASES
• Gases a phase of matter where the particles are so loose, they have no defined form or volume. Some
important properties of gas are temperature, a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles
of matter and pressure, the measurement of force over area.
• Gas particles are far from each other that is why they have the weak attractive force and can flow
easily. They occupy the entire space available.
• Attractive forces exist within and between particles.
• The attractive forces that hold particles together are called intramolecular forces.
 • The forces that can hold together identical particles such as water particles are called intermolecular
forces.
• Based on the kinetic particle theory, the particles that make up a gas can be described by the
following characteristics:
• The particles in a gas are arranged in a very disordered manner.
• They are also very far apart from one another.
❑ They are held together by weaker attractive forces compared to liquid particles.
❑ They have high kinetic energy.
❑ The particles can move freely and rapidly in any direction.

Lesson 2: The Phase Change

• What is Physical Change?

- a change from one state to another without changing the chemical composition of a substance.
- It involves a change in physical appearance.
- When the particles of matter as the matter changes state, the particles gained energy and moved
more quickly.

• Phase Changes
➢ Melting
 The process wherein solid-state changes to a liquid state is known as melting.
 When a solid is heated, it absorbs energy enough to overcome the force that holds the
particles together.
 The attraction between particles becomes less allowing them to move freely.
 Melting point is the temperature at which solid turns into a liquid.
➢ Evaporation
 is the change from liquid to gas.
 Boiling point is the temperature at which vapor pressure becomes high that causes
bubbles to form inside the body of the liquid and evaporation happens.
 As liquid absorbs energy when heated, the closer particles of liquid become separated.
 When a liquid is heated, the molecules move faster and get a little further apart.
➢ Condensation
 The process of a gas turning into a liquid is called condensation.
 When a gas loses heat, the particles become closer and roll over as it turns into liquid.
 When the particle of gas is heated, the particles move faster.
➢ Freezing
 This process allows the particles to get closer and have rigid position.
 The temperature wherein a liquid solidifies is called freezing point.
 The particles can no longer move freely instead, they will just vibrate.
➢ Sublimation
 The conversion of a substance from the solid to the gaseous state without its
becoming liquid is called sublimation.
➢ Deposition
 is the change of state from a gas to a solid.

• Temperature - allows the particles to move faster or slower and farther apart of closer.