Scribd
Upload
5 views17 pages

Report

The laboratory report details an experiment on generating periodic rectangular signals with varying duty cycles using a 555 Timer IC, aimed at observing their Fourier domain representation. It includes theoretical background, apparatus used, observations, and results, confirming the relationship between duty cycle, frequency, and Fourier coefficients. The experiment successfully demonstrated the effects of integrating and filtering on the generated signals, emphasizing the importance of signal synthesis in communication systems.

Uploaded by

vash27221
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
5 views17 pages

Report

The laboratory report details an experiment on generating periodic rectangular signals with varying duty cycles using a 555 Timer IC, aimed at observing their Fourier domain representation. It includes theoretical background, apparatus used, observations, and results, confirming the relationship between duty cycle, frequency, and Fourier coefficients. The experiment successfully demonstrated the effects of integrating and filtering on the generated signals, emphasizing the importance of signal synthesis in communication systems.

Uploaded by

vash27221
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 17

Analog and Digital Communication Lab

Laboratory report submitted for the partial fulfillment


of the requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of
Technology in
Electronics and Communication Engineering

by

Student Name: AMAN JAISWAL - Roll No.: 23UEC513


Course Coordinator
Dr. Anirudh Agrawal/ Dr. Harish Kumar Kumawat/ Dr. Akash Gupta
Dr. Vaibhav Kumar Gupta/ Dr. Navneet Upadhyay (ECE)

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering


The LNM Institute of Information Technology, Jaipur

January 2025
Copyright © The LNMIIT 2025
All Rights Reserved
Contents

Chapter​ Page

1​ Experiment No. - 01............................................................................................................................1


1.1​ AIM............................................................................................................................................1
1.2​ Apparatus Used.......................................................................................................................... 1
1.3​ Theory........................................................................................................................................ 1
1.3.1​ Fourier Series:............................................................................................................... 1
1.3.2​ Circuit operation............................................................................................................2
1.3.2.1​ For duty cycle ≤ 50%.................................................................................... 2
1.3.2.2​ For duty cycle ≥ 50%.................................................................................... 3
1.4​ Observations.............................................................................................................................. 3
1.4.1​ Calculation.................................................................................................................... 4
1.4.2​ Observation Table......................................................................................................... 5
1.5​ Result Screenshots..................................................................................................................... 6
1.6​ Conclusions..............................................................................................................................14
1.7​ Precautions............................................................................................................................... 14
Chapter 1

Experiment No. - 01

1.1​ AIM

1.​ To generate periodic rectangular signals of varying duty cycles (10%, 30%, 50%, and 75%).

2.​ Observe the Fourier domain representation of the above generated periodic signals.

3.​ Observe the change in spectrum of the signals when passed through an integrator/low-pass R-C
filter.

1.2​ Apparatus Used

1.​555 Timer IC​ 3. Resistors​ 5. Capacitors​ 7. Breadboard


2.​DC Power Supply +5 Volts​ 4. Digital Storage Oscilloscope​ 6. Connecting Wires

1.3​ Theory

1.3.1​ Fourier Series:

Fourier Series: We know that continuous time periodic signals are represented by the Fourier series. The
Fourier series of a signal x(t) with fundamental time period T and fundamental frequency ω0 = 2π/T
is given by following expression:

where the series coefficients are

A sinusoid of frequency kω0 is called the kth harmonic of the sinusoid of fundamental frequency ω0. Signal x(t)
with period T and amplitude 5V is shown in Figure 1.1.
Figure 1.1: Rectangular signal with half duty cycle

Figure/Connection Diagram:

Figure 1.2: 555 Timer IC in Astable mode

We will use a 555 timer IC to generate periodic rectangular signals. For this we connect 555 in
astable mode as shown in Figure 1.2.

1.3.2​ Circuit operation

1.3.2.1​ For duty cycle ≤ 50%

In astable mode, the 555 timer puts out a continuous stream of rectangular pulses having a specified
duty cycle (≤ 50%) with desired time period. Resistor Ra is connected between +V cc and the discharge
pin (pin 7). Resistor Rb is connected between the discharge pin (pin7) and the trigger (pin 2) along with
the threshold pin (pin 6). The capacitor C charges through the path with Ra and the diode and
discharges only through Rb. There are two discharge paths available: i) through Rb, ii) through diode.
However, diode being in the reverse biased condition offers high impedance and hence the discharge
path chosen is Rb. It is because pin 7 has a low impedance to ground during output low intervals of the
cycle, therefore provides a path for discharge to the capacitor during off time. The charge and
discharge times are given
by t1 = 0.693(Ra)C and t2 = 0.693(Rb)C respectively. The total time period is
T = t1 + t2 = 0.693(Ra + Rb)C (1.3)
and hence the frequency
f = 1/T = 1.44 (Ra + Rb)C (1.4)
If we change the resistance Rb the duty cycle and frequency of the rectangular wave changes.

1.3.2.2​ For duty cycle ≥ 50%


1.4​ Observations

1.4.1​ Calculation
1.4.2​ Observation Table

Fourier series coefficients


S. D (Duty Ra Rb Ton Toff D1 (Observed B.W.
No. Cycle) D) a0 a1 a2 a3
1 10% 15KΩ 130KΩ 0.1s 0.9s 12.7% 7.8KHz -3.35dB -2.15dB -2.95dB -4.15dB
2 30% 44KΩ 101KΩ 0.3s 0.7s 35.7% - 6.25dB 5.05dB -1.75dB -16.5dB
3 50% 1KΩ 72KΩ 0.5s 0.5s 49.8% - 9.05dB 6.65dB -3.35dB -7.35dB
4 75% 72KΩ 36KΩ 0.75s 0.25s 75.5% 3.8KHz 13dB 3.05dB 251mdB -5.75dB

1.5​ Result Screenshots

1.5.1​ a.) 10% Duty Cycle


1.5.1​ b.) 10% Duty Cycle FFT
1.5.2​ a.) 30% Duty Cycle

1.5.2​ b.) 30% Duty Cycle FFT


1.5.3​ a.) 50% Duty Cycle
1.5.3​ b.) 50% Duty Cycle FFT
1.5.4​ a.) 75% Duty Cycle

1.5.4​ b.) 75% Duty Cycle FFT


1.5.5​ a.) 75% Duty Cycle with low pass filter having cutoff frequency of 5Khz ;
​ ​ R=3KΩ ; C = 0.01uF
1.5.5​ b.) 75% Duty Cycle with low pass filter having cutoff frequency of 5Khz ;
​ ​ R=3KΩ ; C = 0.01uF ; FFT
1.6​ Conclusions
The experiment successfully demonstrated the generation of periodic rectangular signals with varying duty cycles
(10%, 30%, 50%, and 75%) using a 555 Timer IC in astable mode. The Fourier domain representation of these
signals was observed, highlighting the spectral components for each duty cycle. The experiment further showcased
the impact of passing these signals through an integrator or low-pass RC filter, effectively demonstrating the
attenuation of higher-order harmonics. The theoretical calculations, along with practical observations, confirmed
the relationship between the duty cycle, frequency, and the Fourier coefficients. This study reinforces the
importance of understanding signal synthesis and spectral analysis in communication systems.

1.7​ Precautions
1.​ Check the connections before switching on the kit.

2.​ Connections should be done properly.

3.​ Observation should be taken properly.

You might also like