Networking History

 Standalone Device
- Duplication of equipment and resources.
- Inability to communicate efficiently.
- Lack of networking Management.
 LAN (Local Access Network)
- Connects devices that are close together
 WAN (Wide Access Network)
- Interconnects LANs across a large area
Data Communication
 Address
- Source address, Destination address
 Media
- Cable, Fiber, Atmosphere
 Protocol
- Format, Procedure
- Is a set of rules, or an agreement, that determines the format and
transmission of data that make communication on a network more efficient.
OSI Model Development
- It is a framework within which networking standards can be developed.
- Researched and developed by the ISO – International Organization for
Standardizations.
- 1977: establish a subcommittee
- 1984: publish ISO-7498, the OSI – Open System Interconnection reference
model
Advantages
 Reduces complexity.
 Standardizes interfaces.
 Facilitates modular engineering.
 Ensures interoperable technology.
 Accelerates evolution.
 Simplifies teaching and learning.
Seven Layers of the OSI reference model
 Layer 7: Application (Network Processes to Application)
- Is the OSI layer that is closest to the user; it provides network services to the
user’s applications.
 File transfer
 Electronic mail
 Terminal access
 Word processing
 Intended communication partners

 Layer 6: Presentation (Data Presentation)

- Ensures that the information that the application layer of one system sends
out is readable by the application layer of another system.
 Format of data
 Data structure
 Data conversion
 Data compression
 Data encryption

 Layer 5: Session (Interhost communication)

 - Establishes, manages, and terminates sessions between two communicating
hosts.
 Sessions
 Dialog
 Conversations
 Data exchange

 Layer 4: Transport (End-to-end Connections)

- Provides reliable, transparent transfer of data over networks.
 Segments, data stream, datagram
 Connection oriented and connectionless
 End-to-end flow control
 Error detection and recovery
 Segmentation & reassembly

 Layer 3: Network (Address and Best Path)

- Provides connectivity and path selection between two host systems that may
be located on geographically separated networks.
 Packets
 Virtual circuits
 Route, routing table, routing protocol
 Logical address
 Fragmentation

 Layer 2: Data Link (Access to Media)

- Provides for the reliable transfer of data cross a physical link
 Frames
 Physical address
 Network topology
 Line discipline
 Synchronization
 Error control
 Flow control.

 Layer 1: Physical (Binary Transmission)

- Transmission of an unstructured bit stream over a physical link between end
systems.
 Electrical, mechanical, procedural and functional
 specifications
 Physical data rate
 Distances
 Physical connector
Encapsulation - the data moves from upper layer to the lower layer, and each layer
includes a bundle of information known as a header along with the actual data.
Decapsulation - the data moves from the lower layer to the upper layers, and each
layer unpacks the corresponding headers to obtain the actual data.
TCP/IP Model Development - Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
interconnect various defense department computer networks
Four Layers of TCP/IP Model
 Layer 4: Application
- Handles high-level protocols, issues of representation, encoding, and dialog
control.
 FTP, HTTP, SMNP, DNS ...
 Format of data, data structure, encode ...
 Dialog control, session management ...
  Layer 3: Transport Layer
- The transport layer deals with the quality-of-service issues of reliability, flow
control, and error correction.
 Segments, data stream, datagram.
 Connection oriented and connectionless.
 Transmission control protocol (TCP).
 User datagram protocol (UDP).
 End-to-end flow control.
 Error detection and recovery.

 Layer 2: Internet Layer

- Send source packets from any network on the internetwork and have them
arrive at the destination independent of the path and networks they took to
get there.
 Packets, Logical addressing.
 Internet Protocol (IP).
 Route, routing table, routing protocol.

 Layer 1: Network Access Layer

- Concerned with all of the issues that an IP packet requires to actually make
the physical link. All the details in the OSI physical and data link layers.
 Electrical, mechanical, procedural and functional specifications.
 Data rate, Distances, Physical connector.
 Frames, physical addressing.
 Synchronization, flow control, error control.

Network Components
Server - servers are computer that provide information to end devices:
 Email server
 Web server
 File server
Clients – are computers that send requests to the servers to retrieve information
 Web page from a web server
 Email from an email server
Peer-to-Peer – this type of network design is only recommended for very small
networks.
Advantages Disadvantages
Easy to set up No centralized administration
Less Complex Not secure
Lower Cost Not Scalable
Used for simple tasks; Slower performance
transferring files and sharing
printers

End Devices – an end device is where the message originates from or where it is
received. Data originates with an end device, flows through the network, and arrives at
an end device.
 Desktop Computer
 Laptop
 Printer
 IP Phone
 Wireless Tablet
 Telepresence Endpoint
Intermediary Network Device - An intermediary device interconnects end device.
Examples include switches, wireless access points, routers, and firewalls.
 Wireless Router
 LAN Switch
 Multilayer Switch
 Router
 Firewall Appliance
Network Media – Communication across a network is carried through a medium which
allows a message to travel from source to destination.
 Metal wires within cable – Uses electrical impulses
 Fiber-optic-cable – Uses pulses of light
 Wireless transmission – Uses modulation of specific frequencies of
electromagnetic waves.

Topology Diagrams
Physical Topology Diagram – illustrate the physical location of intermediary devices
and cable installation
Logical Topology Diagram – illustrate devices, ports, and the addressing scheme of
the network.

Common Types of Networks

Small Home Networks – connect a few computers to each other and the internet
Small Office/Home Office – enables computer within a home or remote office to
connect to a corporate network.
Medium to Large Networks – many locations with hundreds or thousands of
interconnected computers
World Wide Networks – connects hundreds of millions of computers world-wide, such
as the internet.
Local Area Network (LAN) – is a network infrastructure that spans a small
geographical area.
Wide Area Network (WAN) – is a network infrastructure that spans a wide geographical
area.
The Internet – is a worldwide collection of interconnected LANs and WANs. IETF,
ICANN, IAB were developed to help maintain structure on the internet.
Intranets – is a private collection of WANs and LANs internal to an organization that is
meant to be accessible only to the organization members or others with authorization.
Extranet – provides secure access to the network of Intranet.

Network Trends
Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) – allows users to use their own devices giving them
more opportunities and greater flexibility.
 Laptops
 Netbooks
 Tablets
 Smartphones
 E-readers
Cloud Computing – allows us to store personal files or backup our data on servers
over the internet.
 Public Clouds – available to the general public through a pay-per-use model or
for free.
 Private Clouds – Intended for a specific organization or entity such as the
government.
 Hybrid Clouds – Made up of two or more Cloud types – for example, part custom
and part public
 Custom Clouds – Built to meet the needs of specific industry, uch as healthcare
or media.

IP Addressing and Subnetting

IP Addresses – is an address used to uniquely identify a device on an IP network.
IP Address Classes
 Class A: The first octet is the network portion. Octets 2, 3 and 4 are for
subnets/hosts
- Class Range: 1.0.0.0 – 127.255.255.255
- Private Address: 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255
 Class B: The first two octets are the network portion. Octets 3 and 4 are for
subnets/hosts
- Class Range: 128.0.0.0 – 191.255.255.255
- Private Address: 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255
 Class C: The first three octets are the network portion. Octet 4 is for
subnets/hosts.
- Class Range: 192.0.0.0 – 223.255.255.255
- Private Address: 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255
Network Masks – Distinguishes which portion of the address identifies the network and
which portion of the address identifies the node.
Subnetting – Creates multiple logical networks that exist within a single Class A, B, or
C network.
 Reduced network traffic
 Optimized network performance
 Simplified management
 Facilitated spanning of large geographical distances
Classful Addressing – introduced in 1981, with classful routing, IP v4 addresses were
divided into 5 classes.
Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) – was introduced in 1993 to replace classful
addressing.
Class C /25 /26 /27 /28 /29 /30 /31 /32
Class B /17 /18 /19 /20 /21 /22 /23 /24
Class A /9 /10 /11 /12 /13 /14 /15 /16
Subnet 128 192 224 240 248 252 254 255
Mask
Network 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Size (KEY)
Power of 2 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20