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OSI Network Model: Architecture & Layers

The OSI model is a seven-layer framework developed by ISO for standardizing network communication, with each layer serving distinct functions such as application services, data formatting, session management, and reliable data transport. Key features include a layered approach, modular design, interoperability, and the encapsulation process for data flow. In comparison to the TCP/IP model, the OSI model is more theoretical with its seven layers, while TCP/IP is practical with four layers used in real networks.

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12 views2 pages

OSI Network Model: Architecture & Layers

The OSI model is a seven-layer framework developed by ISO for standardizing network communication, with each layer serving distinct functions such as application services, data formatting, session management, and reliable data transport. Key features include a layered approach, modular design, interoperability, and the encapsulation process for data flow. In comparison to the TCP/IP model, the OSI model is more theoretical with its seven layers, while TCP/IP is practical with four layers used in real networks.

Uploaded by

Ashagrie Goshu
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© © All Rights Reserved
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OSI Network Model: Architecture & Layers

The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a conceptual framework developed by ISO
(International Organization for Standardization) to standardize network communication. It
consists of seven layers, each with distinct functions.

7 Layers of the OSI Model (Architecture)


Layer Name Function Example Protocols/Technologies

Provides network services to end users (e.g.,


7 Application HTTP, FTP, SMTP, DNS, Telnet
email, file transfer).

Converts data formats (encryption, compression,


6 Presentation SSL/TLS, JPEG, GIF, ASCII
encoding).

Manages sessions/connections between


5 Session NetBIOS, RPC, PPTP
applications.

4 Transport Ensures reliable or unreliable delivery (TCP/UDP). TCP, UDP, SCTP

3 Network Handles addressing and routing of packets. IP, ICMP, ARP, RIP, OSPF

Transfers frames over physical networks, Ethernet (802.3), Wi-Fi (802.11),


2 Data Link
manages MAC addressing. PPP, VLAN

Defines hardware, transmission media, and


1 Physical Cables, Hubs, Fiber Optics, RS-232
signals.

Key Features of the OSI Model

1. Layered Approach – Each layer performs specific tasks and interacts with adjacent layers.
2. Modular Design – Allows different network technologies to work together.
3. Interoperability – Enables communication between different vendor devices.
4. Encapsulation & Decapsulation – Data is passed through layers, adding or removing headers as
needed.

Data Flow Through the OSI Model (Encapsulation Process)


1. Application Layer (Layer 7): Creates data for transmission.
2. Presentation Layer (Layer 6): Formats and encrypts data.
3. Session Layer (Layer 5): Establishes and maintains communication sessions.
4. Transport Layer (Layer 4): Segments data and ensures reliable/unreliable delivery.
5. Network Layer (Layer 3): Assigns logical addressing (IP) and routes packets.
6. Data Link Layer (Layer 2): Adds MAC addresses and error checking, forming frames.
7. Physical Layer (Layer 1): Converts frames into electrical/optical signals for transmission.

Comparison: OSI vs TCP/IP Model


Feature OSI Model TCP/IP Model

Layers 7 Layers 4 Layers (Application, Transport, Internet, Network Access)

Protocol-Based? Conceptual Practical (Used in real networks)

Example Protocols Theoretical framework TCP, IP, HTTP, FTP, SMTP, etc.

Would you like a detailed explanation of any specific layer or a real-world example? 🚀

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