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Enma 103 Module 4

The document discusses exact differential equations, defining them as equations derived from differentiating a function without additional operations. It outlines the condition for exactness involving two functions and their partial derivatives, along with solved examples demonstrating the process of testing for exactness and finding solutions. Additionally, it includes an assignment with two differential equations for practice.

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38 views3 pages

Enma 103 Module 4

The document discusses exact differential equations, defining them as equations derived from differentiating a function without additional operations. It outlines the condition for exactness involving two functions and their partial derivatives, along with solved examples demonstrating the process of testing for exactness and finding solutions. Additionally, it includes an assignment with two differential equations for practice.

Uploaded by

houzisart
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MODULE 4

EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

A differential equation is said to be 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐t if it is has been derived by differentiating a function


𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) and performing no other operation.

Condition for exactness: Given two functions 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) and 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) which together with their first
and second partial derivatives are continuous and differentiable, then a necessary and sufficient
condition that

𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0


𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
To be an exact differential equation =
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙

Solved Examples:

1. (𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚)𝒅𝒙 + (𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎


𝜕𝑀
Test for exactness: 𝑀 = 𝑥 + 2𝑦 =2
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑁
𝑁 = 2𝑥 + 𝑦 =2
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝐹
= 𝑀 = 𝑥 + 2𝑦 (1)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝐹
= 𝑁 = 2𝑥 + 𝑦 (2)
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝐹
From (1) ∫ 𝜕𝑥 = ∫(𝑥 + 2𝑦)𝑑𝑥 taking y as constant

𝑥2
𝐹= + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑇(𝑦) (3)
2

𝑥2
Differentiate partially 𝐹 = + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑇(𝑦) with respect to y
2
𝜕𝐹
= 2𝑥 + 𝑇 ′ (𝑦)
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝐹
But from (2) = 2𝑥 + 𝑦
𝜕𝑦

Equate: 2𝑥 + 𝑇′(𝑦) = 2𝑥 + 𝑦
𝑇 ′ (𝑦) = 𝑦

Integrate with respect to y: ∫ 𝑇 ′ (𝑦) = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦


𝑦2
𝑇 (𝑦 ) = substitute in (3)
2

𝑥2 𝑦2
𝐹= + 2𝑥𝑦 +
2 2

𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
+ 𝟐𝒙𝒚 + = 𝒄 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫
𝟐 𝟐

2. (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 + (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟐𝒙𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒚 − 𝟐𝒙𝟑 𝒚)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎


𝜕𝑀
Test for exactness: 𝑀 = cos 2𝑦 − 3𝑥2 𝑦2 = 𝜕𝑦
= −2 sin 2𝑦 − 6𝑥 2 𝑦

𝜕𝑁
𝑁 = cos 2𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑦 − 2𝑥3 𝑦 = = −2 sin 2𝑦 − 6𝑥 2 𝑦
𝜕𝑥

1
𝜕𝐹
= 𝑀 = cos 2𝑦 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 (1)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝐹
= 𝑁 = cos 2𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑦 − 2𝑥 3 𝑦 (2)
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝐹
From (1) ∫ 𝜕𝑥 = ∫(cos 2𝑦 − 3𝑥2 𝑦2 )𝑑𝑥 taking y as constant

𝐹 = 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑦 − 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 + 𝑇(𝑦) (3)


Differentiate partially 𝐹 = 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑦 − 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 + 𝑇(𝑦) with respect to y
𝜕𝐹
= −2𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑦 − 2𝑥 3 𝑦 + 𝑇′(𝑦)
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝐹
But from (2) = cos 2𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑦 − 2𝑥 3 𝑦
𝜕𝑦

Equate: −2𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑦 − 2𝑥3 𝑦 + 𝑇′(𝑦) = cos 2𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑦 − 2𝑥3 𝑦


𝑇 ′ (𝑦) = cos 2𝑦

Integrate with respect to y: ∫ 𝑇 ′ (𝑦) = ∫ cos 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦


1
𝑇(𝑦) = sin 2𝑦
2
substitute in (3)
1
𝐹 = 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑦 − 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 + sin 2𝑦
2
𝟏
𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒚 − 𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟐 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒚 = 𝒄 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫
𝟐

3. (𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 + (𝒙𝟐 𝒚 + 𝒚 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎


𝜕𝑀
Test for exactness: 𝑀 = 1 + 𝑦2 + 𝑥𝑦2 = = 2𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑁
𝑁 = 𝑥2 𝑦 + 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 = = 2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝐹
= 𝑀 = 1 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦 2 (1)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝐹
= 𝑁 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 (2)
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝐹
From (1) ∫ 𝜕𝑥 = ∫(1 + 𝑦2 + 𝑥𝑦2 )𝑑𝑥 taking y as constant
1
𝐹 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 𝑥 + 2 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑇 (𝑦 ) (3)
1
Differentiate partially 𝐹 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 𝑥 + 2 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑇(𝑦) with respect to y
𝜕𝐹
= 2𝑦𝑥 + 𝑦𝑥 2 + 𝑇′(𝑦)
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝐹
But from (2) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑦

Equate: 2𝑦𝑥 + 𝑦𝑥2 + 𝑇′(𝑦) = 𝑥2 𝑦 + 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦


𝑇 ′ (𝑦) = 𝑦

Integrate with respect to y: ∫ 𝑇 ′ (𝑦) = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦


1
𝑇(𝑦) = 𝑦 2 substitute in (3)
2

2
1 1
𝐹 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 𝑥 + 2 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 2 𝑦2

𝟏 𝟏
𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒄 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫
𝟐 𝟐
Assignment #2:
1. 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 − (1 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = 0
2. (𝑎2 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 𝑑𝑦 = 0

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