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E-NOTES 1-Ch14 - OSCILLATION

Chapter 14 discusses oscillation, focusing on periodic motion and simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.). It explains key concepts such as periodic functions, Fourier analysis, and the differential equations governing S.H.M., along with definitions of displacement, amplitude, time period, frequency, and energy in oscillatory systems. The chapter also includes equations for displacement, velocity, and acceleration in S.H.M., as well as the total energy of a harmonic oscillator.

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Keshav Jha
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23 views6 pages

E-NOTES 1-Ch14 - OSCILLATION

Chapter 14 discusses oscillation, focusing on periodic motion and simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.). It explains key concepts such as periodic functions, Fourier analysis, and the differential equations governing S.H.M., along with definitions of displacement, amplitude, time period, frequency, and energy in oscillatory systems. The chapter also includes equations for displacement, velocity, and acceleration in S.H.M., as well as the total energy of a harmonic oscillator.

Uploaded by

Keshav Jha
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHAPTER 14- OSCILLATION

E-NOTES
STD-11 POST 1

PERIODIC MOTION-Any motion that repeats itself over and over again after equal interval of time is
called periodic or harmonic motion.

EXAMPLE- a. Motion of planet around the sun.

b. Motion of hands of a clock.

PERIODIC FUNCTION AND FOURIER ANALYSIS-

Let us consider the function satisfy the condition

f (θ + T) = f (θ)

A function satisfying this property is said to be periodic function having a period T

sin(θ +2π) = sin θ

cos(θ +2π) = cos θ

if this θ stands for some dimensional quantity such as time t, then we can construct periodic functions
with period t as follows f1 (t) = sin and g1(t) = cos

replacing t by (t+ T) we have

f1(t+ T) = f1 (t) and g1(t + T) =g1 (t)

Hence it is possible to construct two infinite sets of periodic functions such as

Fn(t) = sin , n = 1,2,3……

gn(t) = cos , n = 0,1,2,3……

FOURIER THEOREM- It states that any arbitrary function F(t) with period T can be expressed as the
unique combination of sine and cosine functions with suitable coefficients.

F(t) = b0 + b1 cos + b2 cos + b3 cos + …… + a1 sin + a2 sin + a3 sin + ……..

Where b0, b1, b2,……., a1, a2, a3,….. are called Fourier coefficients. If all the Fourier coefficients are zero
except a1 and b1, thenb1

F (t) = a1 sin + b1 cos

This equation is a special periodic motion equation called S.H.M


Some example of periodic functions

SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION ( S.H.M.)

A particle is executing SHM if it moves to and fro about a mean position under the action of a restoring
force which is directly proportional to its displacement from the mean position and is always directed
towards the mean position.

EXAMPLES

a. Vibration of a tuning fork


b. Oscillation of a freely suspended magnet in a uniform magnetic field.

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION FOR SHM

The restoring force of a particle executing SHM is given by

F = -kx

²
By Newton’s second law F = m
²

²
m = - kx
²

²
put k/m =ω2 then = - ω2x
²

²
+ ω2x =0 ………….1
²

hence solution of equation 1 is


x = A cos (ωt + φ0)

where A is amplitude of oscillating particle.

φ = (ωt + φ0), is the phase of the oscillating particle.

φ0 is the initial phase at t=0.

Some important terms in S.H.M

Displacement- The distance of the oscillating particle from its mean position at any instant is called
its displacement. It is denoted by x.

Amplitude- The maximum displacement of the oscillating particle on either side of its mean position
is called its amplitude. It is denoted by A. For xmax=± A

Time period- The time taken by a particle to complete one oscillation is called its time period. It is
denoted by T.

T= = 2π 𝑚/𝑘

Frequency- It is defined as the number of oscillations completed per unit time by a particle.It is
denoted by ν (nu).

ν = 1/T.

its SI unit is per second or Hertz (Hz).

Angular Frequency- It is the quantity obtained by multiplying frequency ν by a factor of 2π. It is


denoted by ω.

ω = 2πν = 2π/T

Phase- The phase of a vibrating particle at any instant gives the state of a particle as regard its
position and the direction of motion at that instant.

UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION IN S.H.M

(Equation of displacement, velocity and acceleration)

Consider a particle P moving along a circle of radius A with uniform angular velocity ω. Let P’ be the
foot of perpendicular drawn from point P to the diameter X, then P’ is called the projection of P on
the diameter. Thus as P revolves along the circumference of the circle, P’ moves to and fro about the
point O( centre) along the diameter. The motion of P’ about O is said to S.H.M.
Then displacement of projection P from centre at any instant t is x = OP

In right- angled triangle PP’O

φ= ωt + φ0

<P’OP = ωt + φ0

OP’/OP = cos (ωt + φ0)

x/A = cos (ωt + φ0)

x = A cos (ωt + φ0) …………1

This equation gives displacement of a particle in S.H.M at any instant.

Differentiating equation 1 w.r.t. time t

= v(t) = - Aω sin (ωt + φ0) …………….2

This equation gives velocity of a particle in S.H.M

Negative sign shows that the velocity of P’ is directed towards negative X-direction.

v(t) = - Aω 1 − cos²(𝜔𝑡 + φ)

v(t) = -ω 𝐴² − 𝑥²

Differentiating equation 2 w.r.t. time t

²
= a (t) = -A ω² cos (ωt + φ0) = - ω²x ………………3
²

This equation expresses the acceleration of a particle executing S.H.M


Fig; phase relationship between displacement, velocity and acceleration in S.H.M

TOTAL ENERGY IN S.H.M

The energy of a harmonic oscillator is partly kinetic and partly potential. When a body is displaced
from its equilibrium position by doing work upon it, it aquires potential energy. When the body is
released, it begins to move back with a velocity, acquiring kinetic energy.

(i) Kinetic Energy- The displacement of a particle executing S.H.M is given by


X = A cos (ωt + φ0)
Velocity, v(t) = = - Aω sin (ωt + φ0)
2
Hence KE = ½ mv
= ½ m A2ω2 sin2 (ωt + φ0)
= ½ m A2ω2 {1- cos2 (ωt + φ0) }
= ½ m ω2 (A2 – x2)
(ii) Potential energy- The restoring force acting on the particle is given by
F = -kx
Then work done against the restoring force
dW = - F dx = kx dx
the total workdone in moving a particle from mean to distance x is given by
W = ∫ 𝑑𝑊 = ∫ 𝑘 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ½ k x2
U = ½ m A2ω2 cos2 (ωt + φ0)
(iii) Total energy- K + U
= ½ m ω2 (A2 – x2) + ½ m ω2x2
= ½ m ω 2 A2
Graphical representation

Fig: PE, KE and TE as a function of time t for a harmonic oscillator

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