11

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

QUARTER 3 – MODULE 2, WEEK 2:

Mean and Variance of

Discrete Random
Variable
Statistics and Probability 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 1: Mean and Variance of Discrete Random Variable
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Author: Samantha Joyce R. Africa
Reviewers: Roderick R. Castillo, PhD.
Illustrator: Samantha Joyce R. Africa
Layout Artist: Samantha Joyce R. Africa
Management Team:
CID Chief Division ADM Coordinator: Cornelio R. Aquino, EdD
Division EPS-LRMS: Maybeline C. Bautista, EdD
Division EPS-Mathematics: Redentor C. Aquino, PhD
 11

Statistics and
Probability
Quarter 3 – Module 2, Week 2:
Mean and Variance of Discrete
Random Variable
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Statistics and Probability, 11th Grade Alternative Delivery Mode
(ADM) Module on Random Variables and Probability Distributions!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both
from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping
the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming
their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
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learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
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Notes to the Teacher

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their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

For the learner:

Welcome to the Statistics and Probability Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM)
Module on Random Variables and Probability Distribution!

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What I Need to Know competencies you are expected to learn in
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correct (100%), you may decide to skip
this module.
This is a brief drill or review to help you
What’s In link the current lesson with the previous
one.
In this portion, the new lesson will be
introduced to you in various ways such
What’s New
as a story, a song, a poem, a problem
opener, an activity or a situation.
This section provides a brief discussion of
What is It the lesson. This aims to help you discover
and understand new concepts and skills.
This comprises activities for independent
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What’s More and skills of the topic. You may check the
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Answer Key at the end of the module.
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sentence/paragraph to be filled in to
What I Have Learned
process what you learned from the
lesson.
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What I Can Do
or skill into real life situations or
concerns.
In this portion, another activity will be
given to you to enrich your knowledge or
Additional Activities
skill of the lesson learned. This also tends
retention of learned concepts.
This is a task which aims to evaluate your
Assessment level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

This contains answers to all activities in

Answer Key
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At the end of this module you will also find:

This is a list of all sources used in developing

References
this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
 What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the Random Variables and Probability Distributions. The scope of this module
permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used
recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow
the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be
changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:

1. Illustrate the mean and variance of a discrete random variable; (M11/12SP-IIIb-
2)
2. Calculate the mean and the variance of a discrete random variable; (M11/12SP-
IIIb-2)
3. Interpret the mean and the variance of a discrete random variable; (M11/12SP-
IIIb-3) and
4. Solve problems involving mean and variance of probability distributions.
(M11/12SP-IIIb-4)
 What I Know

Directions: Read and analyze the following questions carefully. Then, write the letter
of the correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. It is the central or average of its corresponding probability mass function.

A. mean C. standard deviation

B. variance D. probability

2. Determine the Mean or Expected Value of random variable below.

Tile Number of times
picked
0 2
15
1 4
15
2 8
15
3 1
15

A. 1.53 C. 2.53
B. 2.55 D. 1.55

3. What is the mean outcome if a pair of die is rolled once?

A. 1.5 C. 3.5
B. 2.5 D. 4.5
4. Find the mean of the probability distribution involving the random variable X
that gives the number of heads that appear after tossing four coins once.

A. 4 C. 2
B. 3 D. 1

5. The probabilities that a printer produces 1, 2 ,3 and 4 misprints are 42%,

28%, 18%, and 12% respectively. What is the mean value of the random
variable?
A. 1 C. 3
B. 2 D. 4

6. The random variable X, representing the number of nuts in a chocolate bar has
the following probability distribution. What is the mean?
X 2 4 6 8
1 3 3 3
P(x) 10 10
10 10

A. 3.6 C. 5.6
B. 4.6 D. 6.6
7. These are two values that describe how scattered or spread out the scores are
from the mean value of the random variable.
A. variance and standard deviation
B. mean and probability distribution
C. probability and statistics
D. mean and variance

For numbers 8 and 9.

Complete the table below using mean (μ) = 8. Write the answer in your answer
sheets.

Probability Distribution Table of Random Variable X

X 2 4 6 8
P(x) 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
(x-μ) ? ? ? ?
(x-μ)2 ? ? ? ?

10. Compute for the variance and standard deviation of the Probability
Distribution table of the Random Variable X.
A. Variance = 15; Standard Deviation = 2.74
B. Variance = 14; Standard Deviation = 3.74
C. Variance = 13; Standard Deviation = 4.74
D. Variance = 12; Standard Deviation = 5.74
Lesson
Mean of the Discrete
1 Random Variables

What’s In

Let’s find out if you are ready to learn this new lesson. Do the following, write your
answer in your answer sheet.

A. Given the values of the variables X and Y, evaluate the following summations.

X1 = 4, Y1 = 6 X3 = 5, Y3 = 3
X2 = 6, Y2 = 4 X4 = 2, Y4 = 0

(1) Σ𝑋 (3) Σ(𝑋+ 𝑌) (5) Σ4𝑋𝑌

(2) Σ𝑋Y (5) Σ𝑌

B. Construct a probability distribution of S representing the square of the number

when a die is rolled once. Copy the table in your answer sheet then write your
answer.

S
P ( s)

What’s New

Mean of a Discrete Random Variable

The Mean µof a discrete random variable is the central value or average of its
corresponding probability mass function. It is also called as the Expected Value. It
is computed using the formula:

µ= σ𝑋(𝑥) Where x is the outcome and p(x) is the probability of the outcome.
 What is It

Examples:
1. Determine the mean or Expected Value of random variable below.

X 0 1 2 3 4
P(x) 2 2 1 2 3
10 10 10 10 10

Solution:

μ = Σ ⟮𝑥(𝑥)⟯

= Σ ⟮0(102 ) + 1(102 ) + 2( 10
1
) + 3( 2
10
) + 4(103 )⟯

= Σ ⟮0 + 102 +102 + 6
10
+ 12
10
⟯

22
= or 2.2
10

Therefore, mean is 2.2 for the above random variable.

2. Find the mean of the random variable D representing the number of red color
chocolates per 160-gram pack of colored chocolate packages that has the following
probability distribution.
D 0 1 2 3
P(d) .15 .35 .25 .25

Solution:
μ = Σ ⟮𝑋(𝑥)⟯

= Σ⟮0(0.15) + 1(0.35) + 2(0.25) + 3(0.25)⟯

= Σ ⟮0 + 1.35 + 0.50 + 0.75⟯

= 2.60

So, the mean of the probability distribution is 2.60. This implies that the average
number of red chocolates per 160-gram is 2.60.

3. The probabilities that a customer will buy 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 items in a grocery store

3 1 1 2 3
are , , , , and , respectively. What is the average number of items that a
10 10 10 10 10
customer will buy?

To solve the above problem, we will follow 3 steps below.

STEPS IN FINDING THE MEAN

Step 1: Construct the probability distribution for the random variable X

representing the number of items that the customer will buy.
Step 2: Multiply the value of the random variable X by the corresponding
probability.

Step 3: Add the results obtained in Step 2. Results obtained is the mean of the
probability distribution.

Solution:

Steps Solution

Construct the probability distribution Number of Items Probability

for the random variable X representing X P( x)
the number of items that the customer 1 3
will buy. 10
2 1
10
3 1
10
4 2
10
5 3
10
Multiply the value of the random Number of Probability X • P( x )
variable X by the corresponding Items P( x)
probability. X
1 3 3
10 10
2 1 2
10 10
3 1 3
10 10
4 2 8
10 10
5 3 15
10 10
3. Add the results obtained in Step 2. Number of Probability X • P( x )
Results obtained is the mean (μ) of the Items P( x)
probability distribution. X
1 3 3
10 10
2 1 2
10 10
3 1 3
10 10
4 2 8
10 10
5 3 15
10 10
TOTAL 31
= 3.1
10

Using the formula:

31
μ = Σ𝑿•(𝒙)= 10
=𝟑.𝟏

So, the mean of the probability distribution is 3.1. This implies that the average
number of items that the customer will buy is 3.1.
Lesson Variance and Standard
1 Deviation of the Discrete
Random Variables
The variance and standard deviation describe the amount of spread,
dispersion, or variability of the items in a distribution. How can we describe the
spread or dispersion in a probability distribution? In this lesson, you will learn how
to compute the variance and standard deviation of a discrete probability distribution.

Now, let us find out how can we find the variance and standard deviation of a discrete
probability distribution.

What’s New

Variance and Standard Deviation of a Random Variable

The variance and standard deviation are two values that describe how scattered or
spread out the scores are from the mean value of the random variable. The variance,
denoted asσ2, is determined using the formula:
σ2 = ∑ (𝑥− μ)²•𝑝(𝑥)
The standard deviation σ is the square root of the variance, thus,
σ = ∑ (𝑥− μ)²•𝑝(𝑥)

σ2 - variance σ –standard deviation

µ - mean p(x) –probability of the outcome

What is It
Let’s try!

Let’s have examples:

1. The number of cars sold per day at a local car dealership, along with its
corresponding probabilities, is shown in the succeeding table. Compute the variance
and the standard deviation of the probability distribution by following the given
steps. Write your answer in your answer sheets.

Number of Cars Sold X Probability P(x)

0 10%
1 20%
2 30%
3 20%
4 20%
In solving the problem, let’s follow the steps below.
STEPS IN FINDING THE VARIANCE AND STANDARD DEVIATION
1. Find the mean of the probability distribution.
2. Subtract the mean from each value of the random variable X.
3. Square the result obtained in Step 2.
4. Multiply the results obtained in Step 3 by the corresponding probability.
5. Get the sum of the results obtained in Step 4. Results obtained is the value of the
variance of probability distribution.

Now let’s solve the problem.

STEPS SOLUTION

1. Find the mean of the Number of Probability X • P (x)

probability distribution Car Sold P (x)
using the formula: X
μ = Σ𝑋𝑃(𝑥) 0 0.1 0
1 0.2 0.2
2 0.3 0.6
3 0.2 0.6
4 0.2 0.8
TOTAL 2.2

μ = Σ𝑿•(𝒙)=𝟐.𝟐

2. Subtract the mean from X P(x) X • P (x) X-µ

each value of the random 0 0.1 0 0-2.2 = -2.2
variable X. 1 0.2 0.2 1-2.2 = -1.2
2 0.3 0.6 2-2.2 = -0.2
3 0.2 0.6 3-2.2 = 0.8
4 0.2 0.8 4-2.2 = 1.8
3. Square the results X P(x) X • P (x) X - µ (X - µ)2
obtained in Step 2. 0 0.1 0 -2.2 4.84
1 0.2 0.2 -1.2 1.44
2 0.3 0.6 -0.2 0.04
3 0.2 0.6 0.8 0.64
4 0.2 0.8 1.8 3.24
4. Multiply the results X P(x) X •P(x) X - µ (X - µ) (X - µ)2•P(x)
2

obtained in Step 3 by the 0 0.1 0 -2.2 4.84 0.484

corresponding probability. 1 0.2 0.2 -1.2 1.44 0.288
2 0.3 0.6 -0.2 0.04 0.012
3 0.2 0.6 0.8 0.64 0.128
4 0.2 0.8 1.8 3.24 0.648
5. Get the sum of the
X P(x) X •P(x) X-µ (X - µ)2 (X - µ)2•P(x)
results obtained in Step 4.
The result is the value of 0 0.1 0 -2.2 4.84 0.484
the variance. So, the 1 0.2 0.2 -1.2 1.44 0.288
formula is: 2 0.3 0.6 -0.2 0.04 0.012
σ2 = Σ(𝑥− μ)2•p(x) 3 0.2 0.6 0.8 0.64 0.128
4 0.2 0.8 1.8 3.24 0.648
TOTAL = 1.56

σ2 = Σ(𝒙− μ)2 • p(x) = 1.56

To Solve for Standard Deviation:

Get the square root of the variance

σ2 = Σ(𝒙− μ)2 • p(x)
= 1.56

σ = √1.56
= 1.25
So, the variance of the number of cars sold per day is 1.56 and the standard
deviation is 1.25.

2. When three coins are tossed once, the probability distribution for the random
variable X representing the number of heads that occur is given below. Compute
the variance and standard deviation of the probability distribution.

Solution:

Follow the steps in finding variance and standard deviation of the probability
distribution.

STEPS SOLUTION

1. Find the mean of the Number of Probability X • P (x)

probability distribution Car Sold P (x)
using the formula: X
μ = Σ𝑋𝑃(𝑥) 0 1 0
8
1 3 3
8 8
2 3 6
8 8
3 1 3
8 8
TOTAL
𝟏𝟐
= 1.5
𝟖

μ = Σ𝑿•𝑷(𝒙)=1.5

2. Subtract the mean from X P(x) X • P (x) X-µ

each value of the random 0 1 0 0-1.5 = -1.5
variable X. 8
1 3 13 1-1.5 = -0.5
8 8
2 3 6 2-1.5 = 0.5
8 8
3 1 3 3-1.5 =1.5
8 8
3. Square the results X P(x) X • P (x) X-µ (X - µ)2
obtained in Step 2. 0 1 0 -1.5 2.25
8
1 3 13 -0.5 0.25
8 8
2 3 6 0.5 0.25
8 8
3 1 3 1.5 2.25
8 8
 4. Multiply the results X P(x) X •P(x) X-µ (X - µ)2 (X - µ)2•P(x)
obtained in Step 3 by the 0 1 0 -1.5 2.25 0.281
corresponding probability. 8
1 3 13 -0.5 0.25 0.093
8 8
2 3 6 0.5 0.25 0.093
8 8
3 1 3 1.5 2.25 0.281
8 8
5. Get the sum of the
X P(x) X •P(x) X-µ (X - µ)2 (X - µ)2•P(x)
results obtained in Step 4.
0 1 0 -1.5 2.25 0.281
The result is the value of
the variance. So, the 8
1 3 13 -0.5 0.25 0.093
formula is:
σ2 = Σ(𝑥− μ)2•p(x) 8 8
2 3 6 0.5 0.25 0.093
8 8
3 1 3 1.5 2.25 0.281
8 8
TOTAL = 0.748

σ2 = Σ(𝒙− μ)2 • p(x) = 0.748

To solve for Standard Deviation
σ2 = Σ(𝒙− μ)2 • p(x)
= 0.74

σ = √0.74
= 0.86
The mean in tossing 3 coins with probability of Head will show up is 0.86
and the variance is 0.74, then the standard deviation is 0.86.

What’s More

A. Determine the mean or expected value of each Random

Variable. Write your answer in your answer sheets.

1. D 3 6 9 12
P (d) 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.2

t 5 10 20 t 5
2.
P(t) 50% 12% 38% P(t) 50%

3. Find the mean of the probability distribution of the random variable X,

which can take only the values 1, 2, and 3, given that P(1) =1033, P(2) =
13, and P(3) = 1233.

4. The probabilities of a machine manufacturing 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5

defective parts in one day are 0.75, 0.17, 0.04, 0.025, 0.01, and 0.005
respectively. Find the mean of the probability distribution.
 B. Determine the Variance and Standard Deviation of each random
variable. Write your answer in your answer sheets.
1.
S 1 2 3 4 5
P(s) 15 15 15 15 15

2.
A 3 6 9 12
P(a) 0.6 0.1 0.2 0.1

3.
M 3 5 7 9
P(m) 40% 25% 15% 20%

4. The random variable X, representing the number of nuts in a chocolate bar has
the following probability distribution. Compute the variance and standard
deviation. X

X 2 4 6 8 10
P(x) 1 3 3 2 1
10 10 10 10 10

5. The number of items sold per day in a sari-sari store, with its corresponding
probabilities, is shown in the table below. Find the variance and standard deviation
of the probability distribution.

A 20 21 22 23 24
P(a) 0.20 0.30 0.30 0.20 0.10

What I Have
Learned
Answer the following questions in your own understanding.

1. How to compute the mean of a discrete random

variable? State the 3 steps. Write your answer in
your answer sheets.

2. How to find the variance and standard deviation of a

discrete random variable? Write your answer in your
answer sheets.
 What I Can Do

Make a study about how many sheets of paper you consumed weekly in answering
your Self Learning Modules. Record the quantity (total number of sheets) per subject,
then construct a probability distribution. Compute the mean, variance, and the
standard deviation of the probability distribution you made. Interpret the result, then
find out how many weeks you will consume 50 sheets of pad paper.

Assessment

1Find the mean, variance, and standard deviation of the following

probability distribution then interpret the computed values. Write your answer in
your answer sheets.

1. Variable f representing the number of male teachers per Elementary school.

f 7 8 9 10 11
P(f) 40% 32% 11% 9% 8%

2. The number of mobile phones sold per day at a retail store varies as shown in
the given probability distribution below. Find the expected number of mobile
phones that will be sold in one day.

w 40 43 48 50 60
P(w) 0.2 0.2 0.35 0.23 0.02

3. Number of monthly absences of Juan Dela Cruz based on his previous records of
absences as presented in the probability distribution below.

Number of Absences (X) Percent P(x)

4 25%
5 30%
6 30%
7 15%

4. The number of computers sold per day at a local computer store, along with its
corresponding probabilities, is shown in the table below.

Number of Computer Sold X Probability P(x)

0 0.1
4 0.2
8 0.3
11 0.2
13 0.2
 Additional Activities

Observe yourself in a day. Find out how many hours you spend in the following
activities: house chores, answering Self Learning Modules,
planting/gardening, using social media like Facebook, messenger, tiktok,
Instagram, and YouTube, listening to music, watching television, and
sleeping. Record your data. Construct a probability distribution, then
compute the mean (μ), variance (σ2), and standard deviation (σ) of the
probability distribution that you made.
References

Books

Belecina, R. R., Baccay, E. S., & Mateo, E. B. (2016).

Statistics and Probability. Rex Book Store.

Ocampo, J. J., & Marquez, W. G. (2016). Senior High Conceptual Math & Beyond
Statistics and Probability. Brilliant Creations Publishing, Inc.

Website

britannica.com. (2021). Retrieved from Britannica:

https://www.britannica.com/science/statistics/Random-variables-and-
probability-distributions

courses.lumenlearning.com. (n.d.). Retrieved from lumen Boundless Statistics:

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-statistics/chapter/discrete-
random-variables/

personal.utdallas.edu. (n.d.). Retrieved from:

https://personal.utdallas.edu/~scniu/OPRE-
6301/documents/Random_Variables_Applications.pdf

statistics.libretexts.org. (2021). Retrieved from Statistics Library:

https://stats.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Statistics/Book%3A_I
ntroductory_Statistics_(Shafer_and_Zhang)/04%3A_Discrete_Random_Varia
bles/4.E%3A_Discrete_Random_Variables_(Exercises)