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Module 1

The document provides an overview of the TCP/IP protocol suite and the OSI model, detailing their respective layers and key protocols such as HTTP, TCP, and IP. It also explains IPv4 and IPv6 addressing, including their structures, classes, and special addresses, as well as subnetting. Additionally, the document describes various network devices like routers, switches, and hubs, highlighting their functions and differences.

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casopo8594
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3 views

Module 1

The document provides an overview of the TCP/IP protocol suite and the OSI model, detailing their respective layers and key protocols such as HTTP, TCP, and IP. It also explains IPv4 and IPv6 addressing, including their structures, classes, and special addresses, as well as subnetting. Additionally, the document describes various network devices like routers, switches, and hubs, highlighting their functions and differences.

Uploaded by

casopo8594
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TCP/IP Protocols and Networking Basics

TCP/IP Protocol Suite

The TCP/IP protocol suite is the foundation of the internet and modern networking. It
consists of a set of protocols organized into layers. Each layer is responsible for specific tasks
and interacts with the layers directly above and below it.

Layers of the TCP/IP Model:

1. Application Layer: Interfaces directly with user applications. Protocols include


HTTP, FTP, SMTP, and DNS.
2. Transport Layer: Provides end-to-end communication services. Key protocols are
TCP and UDP.
3. Internet Layer: Manages logical addressing and routing. The primary protocol is IP
(Internet Protocol).
4. Network Interface Layer: Concerned with physical addressing and access to the
transmission medium. Includes Ethernet, Wi-Fi, and ARP.

Key Protocols:

• HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): Used for transmitting web pages.


• FTP (File Transfer Protocol): Used for file transfers.
• SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): Used for sending emails.
• DNS (Domain Name System): Resolves domain names to IP addresses.
• TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): Ensures reliable, ordered, and error-checked
delivery of data.
• UDP (User Datagram Protocol): Provides a connectionless, unreliable service for
low-latency transmissions.
• IP (Internet Protocol): Handles logical addressing and routing. IPv4 and IPv6 are
the two versions.
• ARP (Address Resolution Protocol): Resolves IP addresses to MAC addresses in a
local network.

OSI Model

The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a conceptual framework used to


understand and implement network protocols in seven layers. It helps in designing and
troubleshooting networks.

Seven Layers of the OSI Model:

1. Physical Layer (Layer 1):


o Function: Transmits raw bit streams over a physical medium.
o Examples: Cables (Ethernet, fiber optic), Hubs, Repeaters.
o Protocols/Technologies: Ethernet (physical aspect), USB.
2. Data Link Layer (Layer 2):
o Function: Provides node-to-node data transfer and error detection/correction.
o Examples: Switches, Bridges.
o Protocols/Technologies: Ethernet (MAC), Wi-Fi (MAC), ARP.
3. Network Layer (Layer 3):
o Function: Handles logical addressing, routing, and packet forwarding.
o Examples: Routers.
o Protocols/Technologies: IP (IPv4, IPv6), ICMP.
4. Transport Layer (Layer 4):
o Function: Provides end-to-end communication, error recovery, and flow
control.
o Examples: Gateways.
o Protocols/Technologies: TCP, UDP.
5. Session Layer (Layer 5):
o Function: Manages sessions between applications.
o Examples: N/A (mostly implemented in software).
o Protocols/Technologies: NetBIOS, RPC.
6. Presentation Layer (Layer 6):
o Function: Translates data formats, encrypts/decrypts data.
o Examples: N/A (mostly implemented in software).
o Protocols/Technologies: SSL/TLS, JPEG, ASCII.
7. Application Layer (Layer 7):
o Function: Provides network services directly to applications.
o Examples: Web browsers, Email clients.
o Protocols/Technologies: HTTP, FTP, SMTP, DNS.

IPv4 and IPv6 Addresses

IPv4 Addresses

IPv4 addresses are 32-bit numbers, typically represented in dot-decimal notation (e.g.,
192.168.1.1).

Structure:

• Network Portion: Identifies the network segment.


• Host Portion: Identifies the specific device on the network.

Classes of IPv4:

• Class A: Supports 16 million hosts on each of 128 networks.


o Format: 0.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255
• Class B: Supports 65,000 hosts on each of 16,000 networks.
o Format: 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255
• Class C: Supports 254 hosts on each of 2 million networks.
o Format: 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255
• Class D: Reserved for multicast groups.
o Format: 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255
• Class E: Reserved for experimental use.
o Format: 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255

Special IPv4 Addresses:

• Private IP Addresses:
o Class A: 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
o Class B: 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
o Class C: 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255
• Loopback Address: 127.0.0.1
• Broadcast Address: 255.255.255.255

Subnetting: Dividing a network into smaller sub-networks. Subnets are identified by a


subnet mask (e.g., 255.255.255.0).

IPv6 Addresses

IPv6 addresses are 128-bit numbers, typically represented in hexadecimal notation (e.g.,
2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334).

Structure:

• Global Unicast: Similar to IPv4 public addresses, routable on the internet.


• Link-Local: Used for communication within a local network segment.
• Unique Local: Used within a site or organization, not routable on the global internet.
• Multicast: Used for one-to-many communication.

Features of IPv6:

• Larger Address Space: 128-bit addresses provide a vastly larger number of unique
addresses.
• Simplified Header: Improves routing efficiency.
• Auto-configuration: Supports stateless address auto-configuration (SLAAC).
• No Broadcasts: Uses multicast and anycast instead of broadcast.
• Enhanced Security: IPSec is mandatory for IPv6.

Network Devices

Router

A router is a network device that forwards data packets between computer networks. It
performs traffic directing functions on the Internet.

Functions:

• Routing: Determines the best path for data packets based on IP addresses.
• Inter-network Communication: Connects different network segments.
• Packet Filtering: Uses ACLs (Access Control Lists) to filter incoming and outgoing
traffic.
• NAT (Network Address Translation): Translates private IP addresses to a public IP
address for internet access.

Types:

• Home Routers: Typically combine routing, switching, and wireless access.


• Enterprise Routers: High-performance devices used in large networks.
• Core Routers: Operate within the backbone of the network and route data across the
network.

Switch

A switch is a network device that connects devices within a local area network (LAN) and
uses MAC addresses to forward data to the correct destination.

Functions:

• MAC Address Learning: Stores MAC addresses in a table and uses it to forward
traffic.
• Frame Forwarding: Directs data packets only to the intended recipient device.
• Loop Prevention: Uses protocols like STP (Spanning Tree Protocol) to prevent
network loops.

Types:

• Unmanaged Switch: Simple, plug-and-play devices with no configuration options.


• Managed Switch: Provides more control over data traffic and network configuration,
typically used in enterprise networks.
• Layer 3 Switch: Combines switching and routing capabilities, often used in large
networks.

Hub

A hub is a basic networking device that connects multiple Ethernet devices, making them act
as a single network segment.

Functions:

• Broadcasts Data: Sends incoming data packets to all ports, regardless of the
destination.
• No Intelligence: Does not filter or manage traffic, leading to potential collisions and
inefficiencies.

Types:

• Active Hub: Amplifies the signal before broadcasting.


• Passive Hub: Simply connects devices without signal amplification.

Comparison of Devices:

• Hub vs. Switch:


o Hubs broadcast data to all devices, while switches send data only to the
intended recipient.
o Hubs operate at the OSI Physical Layer, while switches operate at the Data
Link Layer.
• Switch vs. Router:
o Switches connect devices within the same network and operate based on MAC
addresses.
o Routers connect different networks and operate based on IP addresses.

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