66 Chapter 3

71. y = Aekt , dy/dt = kAekt = k(Aekt ) = ky.

73. (a) y  = −xe−x + e−x = e−x (1 − x), xy  = xe−x (1 − x) = y(1 − x).

2 2 2 2
(b) y  = −x2 e−x /2
+ e−x /2
= e−x /2
(1 − x2 ), xy  = xe−x /2
(1 − x2 ) = y(1 − x2 ).

75. (a)

(b) The percentage converges to 100%, full coverage of broadband internet access. The limit of the expression in
the denominator is clearly 53 as t → ∞.

(c) The rate converges to 0 according to the graph.

f (x) − f (0) 
77. f (x) = e3x , f  (0) = lim = 3e3x x=0 = 3.
x→0 x−0
 
10h − 1 d x  d x ln 10 
79. lim = 10  = e  = ln 10.
h→0 h dx x=0 dx x=0

√  
9[sin−1 ( 3
+ Δx)]2 − π 2 d  3  π 3
81. lim 2
= (3 sin−1 x)2  √ = 2(3 sin−1 x) √  = 2(3 )  = 12π.
Δx→0 Δx dx 3 1 − x2 √
3 3 1 − (3/4)
x= 2 x= 2

1 − e−kt 1 − e−kt d 
83. lim+ 9.8 = 9.8 lim = 9.8 (−e−kt )k=0 = 9.8 t, so if the fluid offers no resistance, then the
k→0 k k→0+ k dk
speed will increase at a constant rate of 9.8 m/s2 .

Exercise Set 3.4

dy dx
1. =3
dt dt
dy dx dx 1
(a) = 3(2) = 6. (b) −1 = 3 , =− .
dt dt dt 3

dx dy
3. 8x + 18y =0
dt dt
 √
1 1 dy dy 1 dx 5 dx √
(a) 8 √ · 3 + 18 √ = 0, = −2. (b) 8 − 18 · 8 = 0, = 6 5.
2 2 3 2 dt dt 3 dt 9 dt

5. (b) A = x2 .

dA dx
(c) = 2x .
dt dt
Exercise Set 3.4 67

  
dA  dx  dA 
(d) Find given that = 2. From part (c), = 2(3)(2) = 12 ft2 /min.
dt x=3 dt x=3 dt x=3


dV dh dr
7. (a) V = πr h, so 2
= π r2 + 2rh .
dt dt dt

   
dV  dh  dr  dV 
(b) Find given that = 1 and = −1. From part (a), = π[102 (1)+2(10)(6)(−1)] =
dt h=6, dt h=6, dt h=6, dt h=6,
r=10 r=10 r=10 r=10
−20π in3 /s; the volume is decreasing.

dy dx 
y x −y 2
2 dθ dt dt , dθ = cos θ x dy − y dx .
9. (a) tan θ = , so sec θ =
x dt x2 dt x2 dt dt

  
dθ  dx  dy  1 π
(b) Find given that = 1 and = − . When x = 2 and y = 2, tan θ = 2/2 = 1 so θ =
dt x=2, dt x=2, dt x=2, 4 4
y=2 y=2
 y=2 √ 2  
π 1 dθ  (1/ 2) 1 5
and cos θ = cos = √ . Thus from part (a),  = 2
2 − − 2(1) = − rad/s; θ is decreasing.
4 2 dt x=2, 2 4 16
y=2

dA
11. Let A be the area swept out, and θ the angle through which the minute hand has rotated. Find given that
dt
dθ π 1 dA dθ 4π 2
= rad/min; A = r2 θ = 8θ, so =8 = in /min.
dt 30 2 dt dt 15

dr  dA dA dr dr 1 dA
13. Find given that = 6. From A = πr2 we get = 2πr so = . If A = 9 then πr2 = 9,
dt A=9  dt dt dt dt 2πr dt
√ dr  1 √
r = 3/ π so  = √ (6) = 1/ π mi/h.
dt A=9 2π(3/ π)

 
dV  dr 4 dV dr dV 

15. Find given that = −15. From V = πr3 we get = 4πr2 so = 4π(9)2 (−15) = −4860π.
dt r=9 dt 3 dt dt dt 
r=9
Air must be removed at the rate of 4860π cm3 /min.


dx  dy dx dy dx y dy
17. Find  given that = −2. From x2 +y 2 = 132 we get 2x +2y = 0 so =− . Use x2 +y 2 = 169
dt y=5 dt dt dt dt x dt

dx  5 5
to find that x = 12 when y = 5 so  = − (−2) = ft/s.
dt y=5 12 6

13
y

dx dy
19. Let x denote the distance from first base and y the distance from home plate. Then x2 +602 = y 2 and 2x = 2y .
dt dt
√ dy x dx 50 125
When x = 50 then y = 10 61 so = = √ (25) = √ ft/s.
dt y dt 10 61 61
68 Chapter 3

ft x
60

y First

Home

 
dy  dx  dy dx dy x dx
21. Find given that = 880. From y 2 = x2 + 30002 we get 2y = 2x so = . If
dt x=4000 dt x=4000 dt dt dt y dt
dy  4000
x = 4000, then y = 5000 so  = (880) = 704 ft/s.
dt x=4000 5000

Rocket

y
x

Camera

3000 ft

23. (a) If x denotes the altitude, then r−x = 3960, the radius of the Earth. θ = 0 at perigee, so r = 4995/1.12 ≈ 4460;
the altitude is x = 4460 − 3960 = 500 miles. θ = π at apogee, so r = 4995/0.88 ≈ 5676; the altitude is
x = 5676 − 3960 = 1716 miles.

(b) If θ = 120◦ , then r = 4995/0.94 ≈ 5314; the altitude is 5314 − 3960 = 1354 miles. The rate of change of the
dx dr dr dθ 4995(0.12 sin θ) dθ
altitude is given by = = = . Use θ = 120◦ and dθ/dt = 2.7◦ /min = (2.7)(π/180)
dt dt dθ dt (1 + 0.12 cos θ)2 dt
rad/min to get dr/dt ≈ 27.7 mi/min.


dh  dV 1
25. Find given that = 20. The volume of water in the tank at a depth h is V = πr2 h. Use similar
dt h=16 dt 3
 2
r 10 5 1 5 25 dV 25 dh dh
triangles (see figure) to get = so r = h thus V = π h h = πh3 , = πh2 ; =
 h 24 12 3 12 432 dt 144 dt dt
144 dV dh  144 9
, = (20) = ft/min.
25πh2 dt dt h=16 25π(16)2 20π

10

24
h

  2 
dV  dh 1 2 1 1 h 1 dV 1 dh dV 
27. Find given that = 5. V = πr h, but r = h so V = π h= πh3 , = πh2 , =
dt h=10 dt 3 2 3 2 12 dt 4 dt dt h=10
1
π(10)2 (5) = 125π ft3 /min.
4
Exercise Set 3.4 69

dh ds 1
29. With s and h as shown in the figure, we want to find given that = 500. From the figure, h = s sin 30◦ = s
dt dt 2
dh 1 ds 1
so = = (500) = 250 mi/h.
dt 2 dt 2

s
h

30°

Ground

dy dx  dx dy dy x dx
31. Find given that = −12. From x2 + 102 = y 2 we get 2x = 2y so = . Use x2 + 100 = y 2
dt dt y=125 dt dt dt y dt
√ √
 √ dy 15 69 36 69
to find that x = 15, 525 = 15 69 when y = 125 so = (−12) = − . The rope must be pulled at
√ dt 125 25
36 69
the rate of ft/min.
25
Pulley

y
10

x Boat

 
dx  dθ 2π π dx 2 dθ dx 
33. Find given that = = rad/s. Then x = 4 tan θ (see figure) so = 4 sec θ , =
dt θ=π/4 dt 10 5 dt dt dt θ=π/4
 π   π 
4 sec2 = 8π/5 km/s.
4 5
x

4 θ

Ship
 
dz  dx dy 
35. We wish to find given = −600 and = −1200 (see figure). From the law of cosines, z 2 =
dt x=2, dt dt x=2,
y=4 y=4
dz dx dy dy dx dz
x + y − 2xy cos 120 = x + y − 2xy(−1/2) = x + y 2 + xy, so 2z
2 2 ◦ 2 2 2
= 2x + 2y +x +y , =
  dt dt dt dt dt dt
1 dx dy √ √
(2x + y) + (2y + x) . When x = 2 and y = 4, z 2 = 22 + 42 + (2)(4) = 28, so z = 28 = 2 7, thus
2z  dt dt
dz  1 4200 √
= √ [(2(2) + 4)(−600) + (2(4) + 2)(−1200)] = − √ = −600 7 mi/h; the distance between missile
dt x=2, 2(2 7) 7
y=4
70 Chapter 3

√
and aircraft is decreasing at the rate of 600 7 mi/h.

P x Aircraft

120º
y
z

Missile

 
dy  dx  8 8
37. (a) We want  given that  = 6. For convenience, first rewrite the equation as xy 3 = + y 2 then
dt x=1, dt x=1, 5 5
y=2 y=2 
dy dx 16 dy dy y 3
dx dy  23
3xy 2 + y3 = y , = , so  = (6) = −60/7 units/s.
dt dt 5 dt dt 16 dt dt x=1, 16
y − 3xy 2 y=2 (2) − 3(1)22
5 5

dy
(b) Falling, because < 0.
dt


2 2
39. The coordinates of P are (x, 2x), so the distance
 between P and the point (3, 0) is D = (x − 3) + (2x − 0) =
√ dD  
dx  dD 5x − 3 dx dD  12
5x2 − 6x + 9. Find given that = −2. = √ , so = √ (−2) = −4
dt x=3 dt x=3 dt 5x2 − 6x + 9 dt dt x=3 36
units/s.

dx dy dy
41. Solve =3 given y = x/(x2 +1). Then y(x2 +1) = x. Differentiating with respect to x, (x2 +1) +y(2x) = 1.
dt dt dx
dy dy/dt 1 1
But = = so (x +1) +2xy = 1, x +1+6xy = 3, x +1+6x /(x +1) = 3, (x +1) +6x2 −3x2 −3 =
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
dx dx/dt 3 3 √
0, x4 + 5x2 − 2 = 0. By the quadratic formula applied to x2 we obtain x
2
= (−5 ± 25 + 8)/2. The minus sign is
√ √
spurious since x2 cannot be negative, so x2 = (−5 + 33)/2, and x = ± (−5 + 33)/2.

 
dS  ds  1 1 1 1 ds 1 dS
43. Find given that = −2. From + = we get − 2 − 2 = 0, so
dt s=10 dt s=10 s S 6  s dt S dt
dS S ds2
1 1 1 dS  225
= − 2 . If s = 10, then + = which gives S = 15. So  = − (−2) = 4.5 cm/s.
dt s dt 10 S 6 dt s=10 100
The image is moving away from the lens.

dr
45. Let r be the radius, V the volume, and A the surface area of a sphere. Show that is a constant given
dt
dV 4 dV dr
that = −kA, where k is a positive constant. Because V = πr3 , = 4πr2 . But it is given that
dt 3 dt dt
dV dV dV
= −kA or, because A = 4πr2 , = −4πr2 k which when substituted into the previous equation for gives
dt dt dt
dr dr
−4πr2 k = 4πr2 , and = −k.
dt dt

47. Extend sides of cup to complete the cone and let V0 be the volume of the portion added, then (see figure)
 2
1 r 4 1 1 1 h 1 dV 1 dh
V = πr2 h − V0 where = = so r = h and V = π h − V0 = πh3 − V0 , = πh2 ,
3  h 12 3 3 3 3 27 dt 9 dt
dh 9 dV dh  9 20
= , = (20) = cm/s.
dt πh2 dt dt h=9 π(9)2 9π
Exercise Set 3.5 71

6 r

2
h
6

Exercise Set 3.5

1. (a) f (x) ≈ f (1) + f  (1)(x − 1) = 1 + 3(x − 1).

(b) f (1 + Δx) ≈ f (1) + f  (1)Δx = 1 + 3Δx.

(c) From part (a), (1.02)3 ≈ 1 + 3(0.02) = 1.06. From part (b), (1.02)3 ≈ 1 + 3(0.02) = 1.06.


√
√ f (x) ≈ f (x0 ) + f (x0 )(x − x0 ) = 1 + (1/(2 1)(x − 0) = 1 + (1/2)x, so
3. (a) √ with x0 = 0 and x = −0.1, we have
0.9 = f (−0.1) ≈ 1 + (1/2)(−0.1) = 1 − 0.05 = 0.95. With x = 0.1 we have 1.1 = f (0.1) ≈ 1 + (1/2)(0.1) = 1.05.

dy
Δy Δy

dy

x
(b) –0.1 0.1

5. f (x) = (1 + x)15 and x0 = 0. Thus (1 + x)15 ≈ f (x0 ) + f  (x0 )(x − x0 ) = 1 + 15(1)14 (x − 0) = 1 + 15x.

7. tan x ≈ tan(0) + sec2 (0)(x − 0) = x.

9. x0 = 0, f (x) = ex , f  (x) = ex , f  (x0 ) = 1, hence ex ≈ 1 + 1 · x = 1 + x.

11. x4 ≈ (1)4 + 4(1)3 (x − 1). Set Δx = x − 1; then x = Δx + 1 and (1 + Δx)4 = 1 + 4Δx.

1 1 1 1 1 1
13. ≈ − (x − 1), and 2 + x = 3 + Δx, so ≈ − Δx.
2+x 2 + 1 (2 + 1)2 3 + Δx 3 9

π 1
15. Let f (x) = tan−1 x, f (1) = π/4, f  (1) = 1/2, tan−1 (1 + Δx) ≈ + Δx.
4 2
  
√ √ √ 1 √ 1  √ 1 
17. f (x) = x + 3 and x0 = 0, so x+3 ≈ 
3 + √ (x − 0) = 3 + √ x, and f (x) − 3+ √ x  < 0.1 if
2 3 2 3 2 3 
|x| < 1.692.
0
-2 2

-0.1
| f (x) – ( 3 + 2 13 x)|