Module 1: Calculus 2 Week 1: February 1 – 5, 2021

SY: 2020-2021 /Second Sem/BS ECE 1

I. Introduction
How do you find the area under a curve? What about the length of any curve? Is there a way to make sense
out of the idea of adding infinitely many infinitely small things? Integral calculus gives us the tools to answer
these questions and many more. Surprisingly, these questions are related to the derivative, and in some sense,
the answer to each one is the opposite of the derivative. – Khan Academy

For this module we are going to learn what is anti-differentiation and the math behind this very innovative
tool.
II. Subject Matter
Integral Calculus: Anti-differentiation, Indefinite Integrals, simple power formula.
III. Learning objectives
• Students be able to understand what is anti-differentiation (Understanding)
• Students be able to differentiate Definite and Indefinite Integral (Understanding)
• Students be able to apply and solve integrals using simple power formula (Applying)
IV. Examples and Discussions
Topic1: ANTI-DIFFERENTIATION
What is anti-differentiation?

Text book Explanation:

Teacher’s Explanation:
In other words, antidifferentiation is reversing the process differentiation. Anti-differential is widely
known as Integral Calculus.

𝒅 SAND
(GLASS)
𝒅𝒙
Imagine a glass, if we try to apply differential calculus to it, we are trying break it into infinitely
many very little pieces to understand what changes happen, thus differential is the study of rate
of change.
Module 1: Calculus 2 Week 1: February 1 – 5, 2021
SY: 2020-2021 /Second Sem/BS ECE 1

∫ SAND 𝑑𝑥 GLASS

And if try to reverse the process we have to apply integration to the infinitely little pieces of
sand to come up with a glass, thus integral is the study of summation of infinitely very small
changes/values.
You may also watch: https://www.khanacademy.org/math/ap-calculus-ab/ab-integration-
new/ab-6-1/v/introduction-to-integral-calculus
Additional info:
The Math behind Integration was introduced by Wilhelm Gottfried and Isaac Newton but it was
Georg Friedrich Bernhard Reiman who further developed and established the concept using the
Riemann Sum. You may also watch https://youtu.be/CXCtqBlEZ7g

INTEGRAL CALCULUS

INDEFINITE DEFINITE

𝒃
∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝑭(𝒙) + 𝑪 ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝑭(𝒃) − 𝑭(𝒂) = 𝒌
𝒂

• Has no limits • Has an upper(b) and lower(a) limit

• The result is a family of function of F(x) • The result is definite number or a
• Has an arbitrary constant “C” constant “k”.
• Doesn’t have an arbitrary constant
Module 1: Calculus 2 Week 1: February 1 – 5, 2021
SY: 2020-2021 /Second Sem/BS ECE 1

Topic 2: INDEFINITE INTEGRAL CALCULUS

There are two way we can evaluate a function using Integration and that is Definite and
Indefinite integration. The difference is shown above. Today we are going to focus first on
Indefinite Integral Calculus. Indefinite IC answers the question; “what function(𝐹 (𝑥 )) when
differentiated gives f(x)?”
Parts:

The constant of
integration/arbitrary
Integral sign ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝑭(𝒙) + 𝑪 constant

Integrand The indefinite integral

Variable of
Integration

∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 is read as the integral of f(x) with respect to x.

Example 1: what is the integral of 2𝑥?

Solution: we can rewrite the problem to its equation form

∫(2x)dx =?

Remember that what we are looking for is what function when differentiated gives
2𝑥?
The answer is 𝑥 2 . Because if try to get the differential of 𝑥 2 using the differential
𝑑
rule (𝑥 𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1.
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
(𝑥 2 ) = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Then the function that gives a result of 2𝑥, when differentiated is 𝑥 2 .

𝐹 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2
Therefore: ∫(𝟐𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒄
Module 1: Calculus 2 Week 1: February 1 – 5, 2021
SY: 2020-2021 /Second Sem/BS ECE 1

Example 2: evaluate ∫(6𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 ?

Solution:

what we are looking for is what function when differentiated gives 6𝑥 2 ?

The answer is 2𝑥 3 . Because if try to get the differential of 𝑥 3 using the differential
𝑑
rule (𝑐𝑥 𝑛 ) = 𝑐𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 .
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
(2𝑥 3 ) = 6𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
Then the function that gives a result of 6𝑥 2 , when differentiated is 2𝑥 3 .
𝐹 (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 3
Therefore: ∫(𝟔𝒙𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝒄

Example 3: evaluate ∫(5)𝑑𝑥 ?

Solution:
what we are looking for is what function when differentiated gives 5?
The answer is 5𝑥. Because if try to get the differential of 5𝑥 using the differential
𝑑
rule (𝑐𝑥 ) = 𝑐.
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
(5𝑥 ) =5
𝑑𝑥
𝐹 (𝑥 ) = 5.

Therefore: ∫(𝟓)𝒅𝒙 = 𝟓𝒙 + 𝒄

Thoughts to ponder: what is the use of the arbitrary constant “c”?

Remember that the differential of any constant number is zero, so if we try to get the

Integral of zero, it can be any number and this uncertainty is the reason why it is called
Indefinite integral.

For more examples you may watch: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MMv-027KEqU

Module 1: Calculus 2 Week 1: February 1 – 5, 2021
SY: 2020-2021 /Second Sem/BS ECE 1

Quick test: do Exercise 1 on the exercises content on a 1 whole sheet of paper,

solutions must be precisely like from the examples above.

Introduction for topic 3:

Is taking the anti-derivative of a function hard? Well yes because just like the
comparison before with Differential and Integral. Differential is breaking the glass into million
pieces, while integration is putting the pieces back together. Thinking a function that will satisfy
a derivative of the given can be quite tricky and hard, we can also use the Reimann Sum/Integral
to get the integral of a function but still the process will extensive and still hard, luckily for us we
can just follow the simplified rules formulated from the differential formulas, and this are called
the Integral formulas. First from the list is the Power Formula.

Topic 3: SIMPLE POWER FORMULA

The power rule for integrals allows us to find the indefinite (and later the definite) integrals of a variety of
functions like polynomials, functions involving roots, and even some rational functions. If you can write it
with an exponent, you probably can apply the power rule.

𝒙𝒏+𝟏
Formula 1: Power formula ∫(𝒙𝒏 )𝒅𝒙 = + 𝒄 ; 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒏 ≠ −𝟏
𝒏+𝟏

To apply the rule, simply take the exponent and add 1. Then, divide by that same value. Finally, don’t
forget to add the constant C.

Example 1: what is the integral of 𝑥 2 ? (examples on Polynomials)

Solution: we can rewrite the problem to its equation form

∫(𝑥 2 )dx ; where n = 2

Using the power formula; we can just simply substitute the value of 𝑛 = 2

𝒙𝟐+𝟏
∫(𝒙𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 = +𝒄
𝟐+𝟏
Then simplifying the exponent and denominator of the polynomial equation

𝒙𝟑
∫(𝒙𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 = +𝒄
𝟑
Module 1: Calculus 2 Week 1: February 1 – 5, 2021
SY: 2020-2021 /Second Sem/BS ECE 1

𝒙𝟑
Therefore, the integral of 𝒙𝟐 𝒊𝒔 +𝒄
𝟑

Example 21: Evaluate ∫ 4 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥. (examples on Polynomials)

Solution: for this problem we can apply some of the properties of Integration

Property 1: ∫ 𝑘𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 "k" 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

Property 2: ∫(𝑓 (𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥))𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ± ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

And we are going to use property 1, which means we can factor out any constant
out of the integral sign. Factoring out the constant 4 on the equation leads to:

Process Explanation
∫(4x 3 )dx = 4 ∫ x 3 dx Use property 1 of integration
x 3+1
4 ∫ x 3 dx = 4 ( )+c Now we can apply the power formula to
3+1
∫ x 3 dx ; where n = 3
x4 Add the numbers in the exponent and
= 4( )+ c
4 denominator.
4x 4
= +c Simplify; 4 divided by 4 is 1
4

= 𝑥4 + 𝑐 No need to write down 1 as a coefficient

Therefore ∫ 𝟒𝒙𝟑 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙𝟒 + 𝒄

Example 3: Integrate 6𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 7? (examples on Polynomials)

Solution:

Process Explanation
∫(6𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 7)dx We can rewrite the problem to its equation form
Apply Property 2 of integration that means we
∫(6𝑥 2 )dx + ∫(8𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 − ∫(7)𝑑𝑥 can distribute the integral to the terms/sub-
functions on the equation
Use Property 1 of Integration to factor out the
6 ∫(𝑥 2 )dx + 8 ∫(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 − 7 ∫(1)𝑑𝑥
constants
 Module 1: Calculus 2 Week 1: February 1 – 5, 2021
SY: 2020-2021 /Second Sem/BS ECE 1

x 2+1 Integrate 𝑥 2 ; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 = 2 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚,

6( ) + 8 ∫(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 − 7 ∫(1)𝑑𝑥
2+1 using the power formula, then simplify
x3 𝑥 1+1 Integrate 𝑥 ; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 = 1 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 2𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚,
6( )+ 8( ) − 7 ∫(1)𝑑𝑥
3 1+1 using the power formula, then simplify
𝑥2 Change 1 𝑡𝑜 𝑥 0 ; because they are just equal
2𝑥 + 8 ( ) − 7 ∫(𝑥 0 )𝑑𝑥
3 using the law of exponent where any number
2
raised to zero is equal to 1. (𝑥 0 ) = 1
𝑥 0+1 Integrate 𝑥 0 ; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 = 0 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚,
2𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 − 7( ) using the power formula, then simplify
0+1
Final answer! Don’t forget to add the arbitrary
2𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 − 7𝑥+c
constant “c”

Therefore, the integral of 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟖𝒙 − 𝟕 𝒊𝒔 𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟕𝒙 + 𝒄

Realization: at example number 3, we see that if try to get the integral of a constant the
result is just the constant multiplied by the variable of integration. And this leads to a
much simpler formula for constants derived from the power formula.

∫(𝒌)𝒅𝒙 = 𝒌𝒙 + 𝒄
Formula 2: Constant Formula

Example 4: what is the integral of √𝑥? (Examples with radicals)

Solution: we can rewrite the problem to its equation form

∫(√𝑥)dx

1
Using the law of exponent where 𝑛√𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑛 ; we can rewrite √𝑥.
1
√𝑥 = 𝑥 2
1
We can now apply the power formula to the equation where 𝑛 = 2
1
1 𝑥 2+1
∫(𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
1
2+1
Then simplifying the exponent and denominator of the polynomial equation
3
𝑥2
= +𝑐
3
2
Module 1: Calculus 2 Week 1: February 1 – 5, 2021
SY: 2020-2021 /Second Sem/BS ECE 1

Finally, by simplifying the denominator using the properties of divisions of

𝑎 𝑐
fractions where 𝑏/𝑐 = 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏

3 2
= x2 ( ) + c
3
𝟑
𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝟐√𝒙𝟑
= + 𝒄 𝒐𝒓 +𝒄
𝟑 𝟑
2
Example 5: Evaluate ∫ 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 (examples with negative exponent)

Solution:

Process Explanation
2
We can rewrite 𝑥2 using the law of exponent,
2 1
= 2𝑥 −2 where 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑥 −𝑛
𝑥2

∫(2𝑥 −2 )dx = 2 ∫(𝑥 −2 )𝑑𝑥 Apply Property 1 of integration

x −2+1 Integrate 𝑥 −2 ; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 = −2, using the power
= 2( )+𝑐
−2 + 1 formula.
x −1
2( )+ 𝑐 simplify
−1
−2𝑥 −1 + 𝑐 Divide 2 by -1
−1
−2 Rewrite 𝑥 using the law of exponent, where
+𝑐 1
𝑥 𝑥𝑛
= 𝑥 −𝑛
𝟐 −𝟐
∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = +𝒄 Final answer!
𝒙 𝒙

Alternative solution: you can use my derived formula for negative exponents and
radicals, if you are having trouble following the steps.

𝒎+𝒏
𝒏 𝒏𝒙 𝒏
∫ √𝒙𝒎 𝒅𝒙 = +𝒄
Formula 3 & 4: 𝒎+𝒏
𝒌 −𝒌
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = +𝒄
𝒙𝒏 (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒙𝒏−𝟏

for more examples: https://www.mathbootcamps.com/power-rule-integrals/

 Module 1: Calculus 2 Week 1: February 1 – 5, 2021
SY: 2020-2021 /Second Sem/BS ECE 1

Quick test: do Exercise 2 on the exercises content on a 1 whole sheet of paper,

solutions must be on table form just like the examples above.

V. Exercises
Exercise 1: get the integral of the following functions of x. (2pts final answer, 1pt solution &
explanation)
1. What is the integral of 3𝑥 2 ?
2. Evaluate ∫(10𝑥)𝑑𝑥
3. Evaluate ∫(−2)𝑑𝑥

Exercise 2: Evaluate the following. (2pts final answer, 1pt solution & explanation)
1. ∫ 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥
2
2. ∫(2𝑥 3 − 𝑥 3 + 10𝑥 − 7)𝑑𝑥
4 5
3. ∫( √𝑥 3 − 3 )𝑑𝑥
𝑥

VI. Assessment/Evaluation
Write your answer on a 1 whole sheet of paper, and follow the format.

Name: __________________ Date passed: ___________

Course & yr. level: _______________ Score: ____________

Directions: Read the instructions carefully before answering.

I. In your own words, how did you understand Anti-differentiation? (minimum of 100 words)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

II. What is the difference between Definite and Indefinite Integral? (Minimum of 100 words)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

III. Evaluate the following Integrals (3pts final answer & 2pts solutions)
1. ∫ 3𝑑𝑥
2. ∫(6𝑥)𝑑𝑥
3. ∫(𝑥 − 2)𝑑𝑥
4. ∫( 3√𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
 Module 1: Calculus 2 Week 1: February 1 – 5, 2021
SY: 2020-2021 /Second Sem/BS ECE 1

10
5. ∫(𝑥3 )𝑑𝑥
6. ∫(3𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 121)𝑑𝑥
3 20
7. ∫ (12 √𝑥 5 − 𝑥5 ) 𝑑𝑥

√𝑥+3𝑥 2 −4
Bonus point: Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥

VII. Learning Resources/References

• Khan Academy website and youtube
• Calculus a complete course 9th edition by Robert A. Adams
• University Calculus: Early Transcendentals by Hass, Heil
• Higher Engineering Mathematics 8th edition by John Bird
• Precaculus: Mathematics for Calculus 7th edition by James Stewart
• Brilliant.org